Scottish people - Wikipedia

The Scots (Scots: Scots Fowk; Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich) are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged in the early Middle Ages ... Scottishpeople FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch EthnicgroupnativetoScotland ThisarticleisabouttheScottishpeopleasanethnicgroup.ForresidentsornationalsofScotland,seeDemographicsofScotland. "Scotsman"redirectshere.Forthenewspaper,seeTheScotsman.Fortheautomobile,seeStudebakerScotsman. "Scot"redirectshere.ForpeopleandotherthingsnamedScottorScot,seeScott.Forotheruses,seeScot(disambiguation). ScottishpeopleTotalpopulationc. 28 –c. 40millionA[1]Regionswithsignificantpopulations Scotland4,446,000(2011)identifiesasScottishdescentonly[2]SignificantScottishdiasporain UnitedStates5,457,798[3](Scottish)B3,056,848[3](Scotch-Irish) Canada4,799,005[4](2016)C Australia2,023,474[5](2016)D NewZealandEstimated1-2millionofScottishdescent,including25,953Scottish-born[6][7] England795,000[8] SouthAfrica11,160(estimate)[8]: 10  IsleofMan2,403[9] HongKong1,459[10][11]FLanguagesEnglish(ScottishEnglish)ScotsScottishGaelicReligionPresbyterianismCatholicismEpiscopalianismIrreligionotherminoritygroupsAThesefiguresareestimatesbasedoncensusdataofpopulationsandofficialsurveysofidentity.[12][13][unreliablesource?][14][failedverification][15] BScottishAmericansandScotch-IrishAmericans CScottishCanadians DScottishAustralians EScottish-bornpeopleinEnglandonly FNumberofpeopleborninScotland. St.KildanssittingonthevillagestreetVictorian-eraPropertyoftheNationalTrustforScotlandtakenin1886. PartofaseriesontheCultureoftheUnitedKingdom History Georgianperiod NapoleonicWars Regencyperiod Victorianperiod BritishEmpire Edwardianperiod FirstWorldWar Interwarperiod SecondWorldWar Post-warperiod(socialhistory) Brexit PeopleHistoricpeoples Celtic Germanic British English Scottish Welsh NorthernIrish Cornish Irish Manx Modernethnicities Britishidentity WhiteBritish AsianBritish BlackBritish BritishJews BritishArabs BritishMixed GypsyorIrishTraveller Languages English England Scotland Wales Ireland Scots UlsterScots ScottishGaelic Welsh Cornish Angloromani BritishSignLanguage Mythologyandfolklore Mythology Folklore England Scotland Wales Ireland&NorthernIreland Cuisine English Scottish Welsh Cornish NorthernIrish Anglo-IndianandSouthAsian Festivals NewYear'sDay Hogmanay GoodFriday EasterMonday MayDay VictoriaDay SpringBankHoliday TheTwelfth LateSummerBankHoliday Samhain ChristmasDay BoxingDay St.George'sDay St.Andrew'sDay St.David'sDay St.Patrick'sDay VEDay Religion Christianity Noreligion Islam Hinduism Judaism Buddhism ModernPaganism Art Englishart Scottishart Welshart Irishart Literature English Scottish NorthernIrish Welsh-language Otherlanguages Musicandperformingarts Music Media Radio Television Cinema Sport FootballinEngland FootballinScotland FootballinWales FootballinNorthernIreland CricketinEngland CricketinIreland CricketinScotland CricketinWales Rugbyunion Rugbyleague Icehockey Gaelicgames Monuments WorldHeritageSites BuckinghamPalace PalaceofWestminster AngeloftheNorth Stonehenge Symbols Flag Coatofarms Monarchy Britannia Dieuetmondroit InDefens "GodSavetheQueen" Thistle Tudorrose  UnitedKingdomportalvte TheScots(Scots:ScotsFowk;ScottishGaelic:Albannaich)areanationandethnicgroupnativetoScotland.Historically,theyemergedintheearlyMiddleAgesfromanamalgamationoftwoCeltic-speakingpeoples,thePictsandGaels,whofoundedtheKingdomofScotland(orAlba)inthe9thcentury.Inthefollowingtwocenturies,theCeltic-speakingCumbriansofStrathclydeandtheGermanic-speakingAnglesofnorthNorthumbriabecamepartofScotland.IntheHighMiddleAges,duringthe12th-centuryDavidianRevolution,smallnumbersofNormannoblesmigratedtotheLowlands.Inthe13thcentury,theNorse-GaelsoftheWesternIslesbecamepartofScotland,followedbytheNorseoftheNorthernIslesinthe15thcentury. Inmodernusage,"Scottishpeople"or"Scots"referstoanyonewhoselinguistic,cultural,familyancestralorgeneticoriginsarefromScotland.TheLatinwordScoti[16]originallyreferredtotheGaels,butcametodescribeallinhabitantsofScotland.[17]Consideredpejorativebysome,[18]thetermScotchhasalsobeenusedforScottishpeople,primarilyoutwithScotland.[19] PeopleofScottishdescentliveinmanycountries.Emigration,influencedbyfactorssuchastheHighlandandLowlandClearances,ScottishemigrationtovariouslocalesthroughouttheBritishEmpire,andlatterlyindustrialdeclineandunemployment,haveresultedinthespreadofScottishlanguagesandculture.LargepopulationsofScottishpeoplesettledthe'NewWorld'landsofNorthandSouthAmerica,AustraliaandNewZealand.ThehighestconcentrationsofpeopleofScottishdescentintheworldoutsideofScotlandareinNovaScotiaandPrinceEdwardIslandinCanada,OtagoandMurihiku/SouthlandinNewZealand,theFalklandIslands,andNorthernIrelandintheUnitedKingdom.CanadahasthehighestlevelofScottishdescendantspercapitaintheworldandthesecond-largestpopulationofScottishdescendants,aftertheUnitedStates.[20] Contents 1Etymology 2Scottishethnicandculturalgroups 2.1Historyofethnogeneses 2.2Constructsofaunitaryethnicity 3Scottishdiaspora 3.1UnitedStates 3.2Canada 3.3Australia 3.4NewZealand 3.5UnitedKingdom 3.6RestofEurope 3.7Africa 3.8LatinAmerica 4ScotsinmainlandEurope 4.1Netherlands 4.2Russia 4.3Poland 4.4Italy 5Culture 5.1Language 5.1.1ScottishEnglish 5.1.2Scots 5.1.3ScottishGaelic 5.2Religion 5.3Literature 5.4Folklore 5.5Scienceandengineering 5.6Music 5.7Sport 5.8Cuisine 5.9Clans 6Anglicisation 7Seealso 8Notes 9References 10Sources 11Furtherreading 12Externallinks Etymology[edit] Seealso:Scotia OriginallytheRomansusedScotiatorefertoIreland.[21][22][23]TheVenerableBede(c.672or673–27May,735)usesthewordScottorumforthenationfromIrelandwhosettledpartofthePictishlands:"ScottorumnationeminPictorumparterecipit."Thiswecaninfertomeanthearrivalofthepeople,alsoknownastheGaels,intheKingdomofDálRiata,inthewesternedgeofScotland.ItisofnotethatBedeusedthewordnatio(nation)fortheScots,whereheoftenreferstootherpeoples,suchasthePicts,withthewordgens(race).[24]Inthe10th-centuryAnglo-SaxonChronicle,thewordScotismentionedasareferencetothe"LandoftheGaels".ThewordScottorumwasagainusedbyanIrishkingin1005:ImperatorScottorumwasthetitlegiventoBrianBórumabyhisnotary,MaelSuthain,intheBookofArmagh.[25]ThisstylewassubsequentlycopiedbytheScottishkings.BasileusScottorumappearsonthegreatsealofKingEdgar(1074–1107).[26]AlexanderI(c.1078–1124)usedthewordsRexScottorumonhisgreatseal,asdidmanyofhissuccessorsuptoandincludingJamesVI.[27] InmoderntimesthewordsScotandScottishareappliedmainlytoinhabitantsofScotland.ThepossibleancientIrishconnotationsarelargelyforgotten.ThelanguageknownasUlsterScots,spokeninpartsofnortheasternIreland,istheresultof17th-and18th-centuryimmigrationtoIrelandfromScotland. IntheEnglishlanguage,thewordScotchisatermtodescribeathingfromScotland,suchasScotchwhisky.However,whenreferringtopeople,thepreferredtermisScots.ManyScottishpeoplefindthetermScotchtobeoffensivewhenappliedtopeople.[28]TheOxfordDictionarydescribesScotchasanold-fashionedtermfor"Scottish".[29] Scottishethnicandculturalgroups[edit] Historyofethnogeneses[edit] Furtherinformation:GenetichistoryoftheBritishIsles,PrehistoricScotland,andScandinavianScotland IntheEarlyMiddleAges,Scotlandsawseveralethnicorculturalgroupsmentionedincontemporarysources,namelythePicts,theGaels,theBritons,andtheAngles,withthelastofthesesettlinginthesoutheastofthecountry.Culturally,thesepeoplesaregroupedaccordingtolanguage.MostofScotlanduntilthe13thcenturyspokeCelticlanguages,andtheseincluded,atleastinitially,theBritons,aswellastheGaelsandthePicts.[30]GermanicpeoplesincludedtheAnglesofNorthumbria,whosettledinsouth-easternScotlandintheregionbetweentheFirthofForthtothenorthandtheRiverTweedtothesouth.TheyalsooccupiedthesouthwestofScotlanduptoandincludingthePlainofKyle.Theirlanguage,OldEnglish,wastheearliestformofthelanguagewhicheventuallybecameknownasScots. TheCovenantersweremembersofa17th-centuryScottishreligiousandpoliticalmovement UseoftheGaeliclanguagespreadthroughoutnearlythewholeofScotlandbythe9thcentury,[31]reachingapeakinthe11thto13thcenturies,butwasneverthelanguageofthesouth-eastofthecountry.[31]KingEdgardividedtheKingdomofNorthumbriabetweenScotlandandEngland;atleast,mostmedievalhistoriansnowacceptthe'gift'byEdgar.Inanycase,afterthelaterBattleofCarhamtheScottishkingdomencompassedmanyEnglishpeople,withevenmorequitepossiblyarrivingaftertheNormaninvasionofEnglandin1066.South-eastoftheFirthofForth,theninLothianandtheBorders(OE:Loðene),anorthernvarietyofOldEnglish,alsoknownasEarlyScots,wasspoken. AsaresultofDavidI,KingofScots'returnfromexileinEnglandin1113,ultimatelytoassumethethronein1124withthehelpofAnglo-Normanmilitaryforce,DavidinvitedAnglo-NormanfamiliesfromFranceandEnglandtosettleinlandshegrantedthemtospreadarulingclassloyaltohim.[32]ThisDavidianRevolution,asmanyhistorianscallit,broughtaEuropeanstyleoffeudalismtoScotlandalongwithaninfluxofpeopleofFrenchdescent–byinvitation,unlikeEnglandwhereitwasbyconquest.Tothisday,manyofthecommonfamilynamesofScotlandcantraceancestrytoNormansfromthisperiod,suchastheStewarts,theBruces,theHamiltons,theWallacesandtheMelvilles. TheNorthernIslesandsomepartsofCaithnesswereNorn-speaking(thewestofCaithnesswasGaelic-speakingintothe20thcentury,asweresomesmallcommunitiesinpartsoftheCentralHighlands).From1200to1500,theEarlyScotslanguagespreadacrossthelowlandpartsofScotlandbetweenGallowayandtheHighlandline,beingusedbyBarbourinhishistoricalepicTheBrusinthelate14thcenturyinAberdeen. From1500on,Scotlandwascommonlydividedbylanguageintotwogroupsofpeople,Gaelic-speaking"Highlanders"(thelanguageformerlycalledScottisbyEnglishspeakersandknownbymanyLowlandersinthe18thcenturyas"Erse")andtheInglis-speaking"Lowlanders"(alanguagelatertobecalledScots).However,movementbetweenthetworegionsincreasedoverthelastfewcenturies.Highlandersmovedtomajorcities(e.g.GlasgowandEdinburgh)andregionsborderingthesouthernHighlands(e.g.LowlandStirlingshireandPerthshire).ThisisevidencedbypeoplewithtraditionalGaelicsurnames(includinganglicisedvarieties)currentlylivingintheseareas.LowlandersalsosettledinHighlandregionssuchasMoray,whichwastraditionallyGaelic-speakingbutreplacedwithDoricinthe19thcentury.[33]Today,immigrantshavebroughtotherlanguages,suchasPolish,PunjabiandUrdu,butalmosteveryadultthroughoutScotlandisfluentintheEnglishlanguage. Constructsofaunitaryethnicity[edit] HistorianSusanReynoldshasputforwardhow,sincetheMiddleAges,therehavebeenattemptstoobfuscatetheethnicpluralityofScottishpeopleduetothepoliticalpracticalitiesofnationbuilding.[34]Academicshaveexploredhow15thand16th-centuryScottishpoetsandorators,suchasBlindHarry,constructedtermssuchas'trewScottis'inanefforttodiminishdifferencesbetweentheethnicgroupslivingwithinScotlandinthepopularconsciousness.[35] A1974InternationalPoliticalScienceAssociationreportdefinedthisethnicpluralityinScotlandasthefollowing:"ThebasicethnicandculturaldivisionintheBritish IsleshasbeenthatbetweentheAnglo-SaxonpeoplesofEnglandandtheScottishLowlandsandtheCelticpeoplesofWales,IrelandandtheScottishHighlands.[36][fullcitationneeded] In2014,historianStevenL.Danver,whospecialisesinindigenousethnicresearch,wroteregardingLowlandsScotsandGaelicScots'uniqueancestries:"ThepeopleofScotlandaredividedintotwogroups-LowlandScotsinthesouthernpartofthecountryandHighlandScotsinthenorth-thatdifferfromoneanotherethnically,culturally,andlinguistically...LowlandersdifferfromHighlandersintheirethnicorigin.WhileHighlandScotsareofCeltic(Gaelic)descent,LowlandScotsaredescendedfrompeopleofGermanicstock.DuringtheseventhcenturyC.E.,settlersofGermanictribesofAnglesmovedfromNorthumbriainpresent-daynorthernEnglandandsoutheasternScotlandtotheareaaroundEdinburgh.TheirdescendantsgraduallyoccupiedalloftheLowlands."[37] KnoxCollege'sDrStuartMacdonald,whospecialisesinearlymodernScottishhistory,writesthatduringthe18thand19thcenturies,thepeopleofScotlandremainedgroupedintomultipleethnicities:[38] TospeakofScotsasasingleethnicgroupisalsosomewhatproblematic.ItwouldbemoreaccurateintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiestotalkoftwodistinctScottishethniccommunitiesdividedbylanguageandculture,and,attimes,mutualantagonisms–HighlandersandLowlanders. Withregardtothesetwocenturies,sociologistIanCarter'sresearchintomarriagepatternsfoundnointermarryingbetweenthegroups.[39] Scottishdiaspora[edit] Mainarticles:Scottishdiaspora,UlsterScotspeople,HighlandClearances,andLowlandClearances NumbersoftheScottishdiaspora Year[a] Country Population %oflocalpopulation 2016 Canada[4] 4,799,005 15.1 2016 Australia[5] 2,023,474 9.3 2010 UnitedStatesACS[40] 5,460,679 1.5 2011 England[41] 708,872 1.34 2010 UnitedStates[40] 3,257,161(scotch-Irish) 1.1 Today,Scotlandhasapopulationofjustoverfivemillionpeople,[42]themajorityofwhomconsiderthemselvesScottish.[43][44]Inaddition,therearemanymorepeoplewithScotsancestrylivingabroadthanthetotalpopulationofScotland.[citationneeded] UnitedStates[edit] Mainarticle:ScottishAmericans Scottish-bornAmericanindustrialistandphilanthropistAndrewCarnegie Inthe2013AmericanCommunitySurvey5,310,285identifiedasScottishand2,976,878asofScots-Irishdescent.[40] AmericansofScottishdescentoutnumberthepopulationofScotland,where4,459,071or88.09%ofpeopleidentifiedasethnicScottishinthe2001Census.[45][46] ThenumberofAmericanswithaScottishancestorisestimatedtobetween9and25 million[47][48][49][50](upto8.3%ofthetotalUSpopulation),and"Scotch-Irish",27to30 million[51][52](upto10%ofthetotalUSpopulation),butthesesubgroupsoverlapandareoftennotdistinguishable. ThemajorityofScotch-IrishoriginallycamefromLowlandScotlandandNorthernEnglandbeforemigratingtotheprovinceofUlsterinIreland(seePlantationofUlster)andthence,beginningaboutfivegenerationslater,toNorthAmericainlargenumbersduringthe18thcentury.[citationneeded] Canada[edit] JamesNaismith,theinventorofBasketball. TheprovinceofNovaScotiawhereover30%ofthepopulationareofScottishorigin. Mainarticle:ScottishCanadians Asthethird-largestethnicgroupinCanadaandamongstthefirstEuropeanstosettleinthecountry,ScottishpeoplehavemadealargeimpactonCanadianculturesincecolonialtimes.Accordingtothe2011CensusofCanada,thenumberofCanadiansclaimingfullorpartialScottishdescentis4,714,970,[53]or15.10%ofthenation'stotalpopulation. Manyrespondentsmayhavemisunderstoodthequestionandthenumerousresponsesfor"Canadian"donotgiveanaccuratefigurefornumerousgroups,particularlythoseofBritishIslesorigins.Scottish-Canadiansarethe3rdbiggestethnicgroupinCanada.ScottishculturehasparticularlythrivedintheCanadianprovinceofNovaScotia(Latinfor"NewScotland").There,inCapeBreton,wherebothlowlandandhighlandScotssettledinlargenumbers,CanadianGaelicisstillspokenbyasmallnumberofresidents.CapeBretonisthehomeoftheGaelicCollegeofCelticArtsandCrafts.GlengarryCountyinpresent-dayEasternOntarioisahistoriccountythatwassetupasasettlementforHighlandScots,wheremanyfromtheHighlandssettledtopreservetheircultureasaresultoftheHighlandClearances.Gaelicwasthenativelanguageofthecommunitysinceitssettlementinthe18thcenturyalthoughthenumberofspeakersdecreasedasaresultofEnglishmigration[clarificationneeded].Asofthemodern21stcentury,therearestillafewGaelicspeakersinthecommunity. JohnKennethGalbraithinhisbookTheScotch(Toronto:MacMillan,1964)documentsthedescendantsof19th-centuryScottishpioneerswhosettledinSouthwesternOntarioandaffectionatelyreferredtothemselvesas'Scotch'.Hestatesthebookwasmeanttogiveatruepictureoflifeinthecommunityintheearlydecadesofthe20thcentury. Australia[edit] Mainarticle:ScottishAustralians TheAustraliancityofBrisbaneisnamedafterScotsmanThomasBrisbane. By1830,15.11%ofthecolonies'totalnon-AboriginalpopulationwereScots,whichincreasedbythemiddleofthecenturyto25,000,or20–25%ofthenon-Aboriginalpopulation.TheAustralianGoldRushofthe1850sprovidedafurtherimpetusforScottishmigration:inthe1850s90,000ScotsimmigratedtoAustralia,farmorethanotherBritishorIrishpopulationsatthetime.[54]LiteracyratesoftheScottishimmigrantsranat90–95%.By1860,Scotsmadeup50%oftheethniccompositionofWesternVictoria,Adelaide,PenolaandNaracoorte.OthersettlementsinNewSouthWalesincludedNewEngland,theHunterValleyandtheIllawarra. MuchsettlementfollowedtheHighlandPotatoFamine,HighlandClearancesandtheLowlandClearancesofthemid-19thcentury. Inthe1840s,Scots-bornimmigrantsconstituted12%ofthenon-Aboriginalpopulation.Outofthe1.3 millionmigrantsfromBritaintoAustraliaintheperiodfrom1861to1914,13.5%wereScots.Just5.3%oftheconvictstransportedtoEasternAustraliabetween1789and1852wereScots.[55] AsteadyrateofScottishimmigrationcontinuedintothe20thcenturyandsubstantialnumbersofScotscontinuedtoarriveafter1945.[56]From1900untilthe1950s,ScotsfavouredNewSouthWales,aswellasWesternAustraliaandSouthernAustralia.[citationneeded]AstrongculturalScottishpresenceisevidentintheHighlandGames,dance,TartanDaycelebrations,clanandGaelic-speakingsocietiesfoundthroughoutmodernAustralia. Accordingtothe2011Australiancensus,130,204AustralianresidentswereborninScotland,[57]while1,792,600claimedScottishancestry,eitheraloneorincombinationwithanotherancestry.[5]Thisisthefourthmostcommonlynominatedancestryandrepresentsover8.9%ofthetotalpopulationofAustralia. NewZealand[edit] Mainarticle:ScottishNewZealanders ScottishHighlandfamilymigratingtoNewZealandin1844 SignificantnumbersofScottishpeoplealsosettledinNewZealand.Approximately20percentoftheoriginalEuropeansettlerpopulationofNewZealandcamefromScotland,andScottishinfluenceisstillvisiblearoundthecountry.[58]TheSouthIslandcityofDunedin,inparticular,isknownforitsScottishheritageandwasnamedasatributetoEdinburghbythecity'sScottishfounders. ScottishmigrationtoNewZealanddatesbacktotheearliestperiodofEuropeancolonisation,withalargeproportionofPākehāNewZealandersbeingofScottishdescent.[59]However,identificationas"British"or"European"NewZealanderscansometimesobscuretheirorigin.ManyScottishNewZealandersalsohaveMāoriorothernon-Europeanancestry. ThemajorityofScottishimmigrantssettledontheSouthIsland.AlloverNewZealand,theScotsdevelopeddifferentmeanstobridgetheoldhomelandandthenew.ManyCaledoniansocietieswereformed,wellover100bytheearlytwentiethcentury,thathelpedmaintainScottishcultureandtraditions.Fromthe1860s,thesesocietiesorganisedannualCaledonianGamesthroughoutNewZealand.TheGamesweresportsmeetsthatbroughttogetherScottishsettlersandthewiderNewZealandpublic.Insodoing,theGamesgaveScotsapathtoculturalintegrationasScottishNewZealanders.[60]Inthe1961censustherewere47,078peoplelivinginNewZealandwhowereborninScotland;inthe2013censustherewere25,953inthiscategory.[61] UnitedKingdom[edit] CarolAnnDuffy,thefirstwomanandthefirstScottishpersontobeappointedthePoetLaureateoftheUnitedKingdom[62]KathleenJamie,Scotland'smakar,ornationalpoet[63] ManypeopleofScottishdescentliveinotherpartsoftheUnitedKingdom.InUlsterparticularlythecolonialpoliciesofJamesVI,knownastheplantationofUlster,resultedinaPresbyterianandScottishsociety,whichformedtheUlster-Scotscommunity.[64]TheProtestantAscendancydidnothoweverbenefitthemmuch,astheascendancywaspredominantlyAnglican.ThenumberofpeopleofScottishdescentinEnglandandWalesisdifficulttoquantifyduetothemanycomplexmigrationsontheisland,[citationneeded]andancientmigrationpatternsduetowars,famineandconquest.[citationneeded]The2011Censusrecorded708,872peopleborninScotlandresidentinEngland,24,346residentinWales[65]and15,455residentinNorthernIreland.[66] NorthamptonshiretownCorbybecameacentreforScottishmigrationinthe1930s.In1961athirdofresidentswereborninScotland,andin2011thefigurewas12.7%.[67] RestofEurope[edit] OtherEuropeancountrieshavehadtheirshareofScotsimmigrants.TheScotshaveemigratedtomainlandEuropeforcenturiesasmerchantsandsoldiers.[68]ManyemigratedtoFrance,Poland,[69]Italy,Germany,Scandinavia,[70]andtheNetherlands.[71]Recentlysomescholarssuggestedthatupto250,000RussiannationalsmayhaveScottishancestry.[72] Africa[edit] TroopsoftheSouthAfricanScottishregimentinFrance,1918 GuyScott,the12thvice-presidentandactingpresidentofZambiafromOct2014–Jan2015,isofScottishdescent. AnumberofScottishpeoplesettledinSouthAfricainthe1800sandwereknownfortheirroad-buildingexpertise,theirfarmingexperience,andarchitecturalskills.[73] LatinAmerica[edit] ThelargestpopulationofScotsinLatinAmericaisfoundinArgentina,[74][failedverification]followedbyChile,[75][failedverification]BrazilandMexico. ScotsinmainlandEurope[edit] Netherlands[edit] Itissaid[bywhom?]thatthefirstpeoplefromtheLowCountriestosettleinScotlandcameinthewakeofMaud'smarriagetotheScottishking,DavidI,duringtheMiddleAges.[when?]Craftsmenandtradesmenfollowedcourtiersandinlatercenturiesabrisktradegrewupbetweenthetwonations:Scotland'sprimarygoods(wool,hides,salmonandthencoal)inexchangefortheluxuriesobtainableintheNetherlands,oneofthemajorhubsofEuropeantrade. By1600,tradingcolonieshadgrownuponeithersideofthewell-travelledshippingroutes:theDutchsettledalongtheeasternseaboardofScotland;theScotscongregatingfirstinCampvere—wheretheywereallowedtolandtheirgoodsduty-freeandruntheirownaffairs—andtheninRotterdam,whereScottishandDutchCalvinismcoexistedcomfortably.Besidesthethousands(or,accordingtooneestimate,over1 million)[citationneeded]oflocaldescendantswithScotsancestry,bothportsstillshowsignsoftheseearlyalliances.Nowamuseum,'TheScotsHouse'inthetownofVeerewastheonlyplaceoutwithScotlandwhereScotsLawwaspractised.InRotterdam,meanwhile,thedoorsoftheScotsInternationalChurchhaveremainedopensince1643.[76] Russia[edit] Mainarticle:ScottishRussiansPatrickGordonwasaRussianGeneraloriginallyfromScotlandandafriendofPetertheGreat. ThefirstScotstobementionedinRussia'shistoryweretheScottishsoldiersinMuscovyreferredtoasearlyasthe14thcentury.[77]Amongthe'soldiersoffortune'wastheancestorofthefamousRussianpoetMikhailLermontov,calledGeorgeLearmonth.AnumberofScotsgainedwealthandfameinthetimesofPetertheGreatandCatherinetheGreat.[78]TheseincludeAdmiralThomasGordon,Commander-in-ChiefofKronstadt,PatrickGordon,PaulMenzies,SamuelGreig,CharlesBaird,CharlesCameron,AdamMenelawsandWilliamHastie.SeveraldoctorstotheRussiancourtwerefromScotland,[79]thebest-knownbeingJamesWylie. ThenextwaveofmigrationestablishedcommerciallinkswithRussia.[80] The19thcenturywitnessedtheimmenseliterarycross-referencesbetweenScotlandandRussia.[clarificationneeded] ARussianscholar,MariaKoroleva,distinguishesbetween'theRussianScots'(properlyassimilated)and'ScotsinRussia',whoremainedthoroughlyScottish.[81] ThereareseveralsocietiesincontemporaryRussiatounite[clarificationneeded]theScots.TheRussiancensuslistsdonotdistinguishScotsfromotherBritishpeople,soitishardtoestablishreliablefiguresforthenumberofScotslivingandworkinginmodernRussia. Poland[edit] Fromasfarbackasthemid-16thcenturytherewereScotstradingandsettlinginPoland.[82]A"ScotchPedlar'sPackinPoland"becameaproverbialexpression.Itusuallyconsistedofcloths,woollengoodsandlinenkerchiefs(headcoverings).Itinerantsalsosoldtinutensilsandironwaresuchasscissorsandknives.AlongwiththeprotectionofferedbyKingStephenintheRoyalGrantof1576,adistrictinKrakówwasassignedtoScottishimmigrants. Recordsfrom1592mentionScotssettlerswhoweregrantedcitizenshipofKrakówgivetheiremploymentastradersormerchants.Feesforcitizenshiprangedfrom12Polishflorinstoamusketandgunpowder,oranundertakingtomarrywithinayearandadayofacquiringaholding. Bythe17thcentury,anestimated30,000to40,000ScotslivedinthePolish–LithuanianCommonwealth.[70]ManycamefromDundeeandAberdeen.[citationneeded]ScotscouldbefoundinPolishtownsonthebanksoftheVistulaasfarsouthasKraków.SettlersfromAberdeenshireweremainlyEpiscopaliansorCatholics,buttherewerealsolargenumbersofCalvinists.AswellasScottishtraders,therewerealsomanyScottishsoldiersinPoland.In1656,anumberofScottishhighlandersseekingopportunitiesabroad,emigratedtothePolish–LithuanianCommonwealthtoenlistintheSwedishArmyunderCharlesXGustavinhiswaragainstit.JamesMurraycreatedthePolishnavy[83][failedverification]andparticipatedintheBattleofOliwa.AseriesoffourPolishnovelsincludehimasCaptainMoraorFlyingScotsman.[84]ThewriterJerzyBohdanRychliński [pl]wassupportedbynavyhistorianJerzyPertek.[85][needquotationtoverify] TheScotsintegratedwellandmanyacquiredgreatwealth.Theycontributedtomanycharitableinstitutionsinthehostcountry,butdidnotforgettheirhomeland;forexample,in1701whencollectionsweremadefortherestorationfundoftheMarischalCollege,Aberdeen,ScottishsettlersinPolandgavegenerously.[citationneeded] ManyroyalgrantsandprivilegesweregrantedtoScottishmerchantsuntilthe18thcentury,atwhichtimethesettlersbegantomergemoreandmoreintothenativepopulation."BonniePrinceCharlie"washalfPolish,sincehewasthesonofJamesStuart,the"OldPretender",andClementinaSobieska,granddaughterofJanSobieski,KingofPoland.[86][page needed][87][failedverification][88]In1691,theCityofWarsawelectedtheScottishimmigrantAleksanderCzamer(AlexanderChalmers)asitsmayor.[89] NovelistHenrykSienkiewiczcreatedafictionalcharacter,Hassling-KetlingofElgin,playedbyJanNowickiinthefilmColonelWolodyjowski. Italy[edit] Seealso:ItalianScots By1592,theScottishcommunityinRomewasbigenoughtomeritthebuildingofSant'AndreadegliScozzesi(StAndrewoftheScots).ItwasconstructedfortheScottishexpatriatecommunityinRome,especiallyforthoseintendedforpriesthood.TheadjoininghospicewasashelterforCatholicScotswhofledtheircountrybecauseofreligiouspersecution.In1615,PopePaulVgavethehospiceandthenearbyScottishSeminartotheJesuits.Itwasrebuiltin1645.ThechurchandfacilitiesbecamemoreimportantwhenJamesFrancisEdwardStuart,theOldPretender,setupresidenceinRomein1717,butwereabandonedduringtheFrenchoccupationofRomeinthelate18thcentury.In1820,althoughreligiousactivitywasresumed,itwasnolongerledbytheJesuits.Sant'AndreadegliScozzesiwasreconstructedin1869byLuigiPoletti.Thechurchwasdeconsecratedin1962andincorporatedintoabank(CassadiRisparmiodelleProvinceLombarde).TheScottishSeminaralsomovedaway.TheFeastofStAndrewisstillcelebratedthereon30November.[90] GurroinItalyissaidtobepopulatedbythedescendantsofScottishsoldiers.Accordingtolocallegend,ScottishsoldiersfleeingtheBattleofPaviawhoarrivedintheareawerestoppedbysevereblizzardsthatforcedmany,ifnotall,togiveuptheirtravelsandsettleinthetown.Tothisday,thetownofGurroisstillproudofitsScottishlinks.ManyoftheresidentsclaimthattheirsurnamesareItaliantranslationsofScottishsurnames.[91]ThetownalsohasaScottishmuseum.[92][93][failedverification] Culture[edit] Seealso:CultureofScotland ScottishGaelicandEnglisharebothusedonroadsigns–suchasthisoneinthevillageofMallaig–throughouttheHighlandsandIslandsofScotlandGeographicdistributionofspeakersofthetwonativeScottishlanguages,namelyScotsandScottishGaelic RobertBurns,consideredbymanytobetheScottishnationalpoetWalterScott,whoseWaverleyNovelshelpeddefineScottishidentityinthe19thcenturyScottishactorSeanConnerypolledas"TheGreatestLivingScot"[94]and"Scotland'sGreatestLivingNationalTreasure",beforehisdeathinlate2020.[95]JamesWatt,aScottishmechanicalengineerwhoseimprovementsinsteamenginetechnologydrovetheIndustrialRevolution. Language[edit] Seealso:LanguagesofScotland Historically,Scottishpeoplehavespokenmanydifferentlanguagesanddialects.ThePictishlanguage,Norse,Norman-FrenchandBrythoniclanguageshavebeenspokenbyforebearsofScottishpeople.However,noneoftheseisinusetoday.TheremainingthreemajorlanguagesoftheScottishpeopleareEnglish,Scots(variousdialects)andGaelic[citationneeded].Ofthesethree,Englishisthemostcommonformasafirstlanguage.TherearesomeotherminoritylanguagesoftheScottishpeople,suchasSpanish,usedbythepopulationofScotsinArgentina. TheNornlanguagewasspokenintheNorthernIslesintotheearlymodernperiod–thecurrentShetlandandOrcadiandialectsareheavilyinfluencedbyittothisday. ThereisstilldebatewhetherScotsisadialectoralanguageinitsownright,asthereisnoclearlinetodefinethetwo.Scotsisusuallyregardedasamidwaybetweenthetwo,asitishighlymutuallyintelligiblewithEnglish,particularlythedialectsspokenintheNorthofEnglandaswellasthosespokeninScotland,butistreatedasalanguageinsomelaws. ScottishEnglish[edit] Mainarticle:ScottishEnglish AftertheUnionofCrownsin1603,theScottishCourtmovedwithJamesVI&ItoLondonandEnglishvocabularybegantobeusedbytheScottishupperclasses.[96]Withtheintroductionoftheprintingpress,spellingsbecamestandardised.ScottishEnglish,aScottishvariationofsouthernEnglishEnglish,begantoreplacetheScotslanguage.ScottishEnglishsoonbecamethedominantlanguage.Bytheendofthe17thcentury,Scotshadpracticallyceasedtoexist,atleastinliteraryform.[97]WhileScotsremainedacommonlyspokenlanguage,thesouthernScottishEnglishdialectwasthepreferredlanguageforpublicationsfromthe18thcenturytothepresentday.TodaymostScottishpeoplespeakScottishEnglish,whichhassomedistinctivevocabularyandmaybeinfluencedtovaryingdegreesbyScots. Scots[edit] Mainarticle:Scotslanguage Seealso:UlsterScotsdialects LowlandScots,alsoknownasLallansorDoric,isalanguageofGermanicorigin.IthasitsrootsinNorthernMiddleEnglish.Afterthewarsofindependence,theEnglishusedbyLowlandScotsspeakersevolvedinadifferentdirectionfromthatofModernEnglish.Since1424,thislanguage,knowntoitsspeakersasInglis,wasusedbytheScottishParliamentinitsstatutes.[96]Bythemiddleofthe15thcentury,thelanguage'snamehadchangedfromInglistoScottis.Thereformation,from1560onwards,sawthebeginningofadeclineintheuseofScotsforms.WiththeestablishmentoftheProtestantPresbyterianreligion,andlackingaScotstranslationoftheBible,theyusedtheGenevaEdition.[98]Fromthatpointon,GodspokeEnglish,notScots.[99]Scotscontinuedtobeusedinofficiallegalandcourtdocumentsthroughoutthe18thcentury.However,duetotheadoptionofthesouthernstandardbyofficialdomandtheEducationsystemtheuseofwrittenScotsdeclined.LowlandScotsisstillapopularspokenlanguagewithover1.5 millionScotsspeakersinScotland.[100]Scotsisusedbyabout30,000UlsterScots[101]andisknowninofficialcirclesasUllans.In1993,UlsterScotswasrecognised,alongwithScots,asavarietyoftheScotslanguagebytheEuropeanBureauforLesser-UsedLanguages.[102] ScottishGaelic[edit] Mainarticle:ScottishGaelic Seealso:CanadianGaelic ScottishGaelicisaCelticlanguagewithsimilaritiestoIrish.ScottishGaeliccomesfromOldIrish.ItwasoriginallyspokenbytheGaelsofDálRiataandtheRhinnsofGalloway,laterbeingadoptedbythePictishpeopleofcentralandeasternScotland.Gaelic(linguaScottica,Scottis)becamethedefactolanguageofthewholeKingdomofAlba.Meanwhile,GaelicindependentlyspreadfromGallowayintoDumfriesshire.ItisuncleariftheGaelicof12th-centuryClydesdaleandSelkirkshirecamefromGallowayorotherpartsofScotland.ThepredominanceofGaelicbegantodeclineinthe13thcentury,andbytheendoftheMiddleAges,Scotlandwasdividedintotwolinguisticzones,theEnglish/Scots-speakingLowlandsandtheGaelic-speakingHighlandsandGalloway.GaeliccontinuedtobespokenwidelythroughouttheHighlandsuntilthe19thcentury.TheHighlandclearancesactivelydiscouragedtheuseofGaelic,andcausedthenumberofGaelicspeakerstofall.[103]ManyGaelicspeakersemigratedtocountriessuchasCanadaormovedtotheindustrialcitiesoflowlandScotland.Communities,wherethelanguageisstillspokennatively,arerestrictedtothewestcoastofScotland;especiallytheHebrides.However,someGaelicspeakersalsoliveinthecitiesofGlasgowandEdinburgh.Areportin2005bytheRegistrarGeneralforScotlandbasedonthe2001UKCensusshowedabout92,400peopleor1.9%ofthepopulationcanspeakGaelic,whilethenumberofpeopleabletoreadandwriteitroseby7.5%and10%respectively.[104]OutwithScotland,therearecommunitiesofScottishGaelicspeakerssuchastheCanadianGaeliccommunity;thoughtheirnumbershavealsobeendecliningrapidly.TheGaeliclanguageisrecognisedasaminoritylanguagebytheEuropeanUnion.TheScottishParliamentisalsoseekingtoincreasetheuseofGaelicinScotlandthroughtheGaelicLanguage(Scotland)Act2005.GaelicisnowusedasafirstlanguageinsomeschoolsandisprominentlyseeninuseonduallanguageroadsignsthroughouttheGaelicspeakingpartsofScotland. Religion[edit] Seealso:ReligioninScotland ThemodernpeopleofScotlandremainamixofdifferentreligionsandnoreligion.ChristianityisthelargestfaithinScotland.Inthe2011census,53.8%oftheScottishpopulationidentifiedasChristian.[105]TheProtestantandCatholicdivisionsstillremaininthesociety.About14.4percentofthepopulationidentifiesasCatholic,accordingtotheScottishHouseholdSurveyfor2014.[106]InScotlandthemainProtestantbodyistheChurchofScotlandwhichisPresbyterian.ThehighkirkforPresbyteriansisStGiles'Cathedral.IntheUnitedStates,peopleofScottishandScots-IrishdescentarechieflyProtestant[citationneeded],especiallyintheUSSouth,withmanybelongingtotheBaptistorMethodistchurchesorvariousPresbyteriandenominations. AccordingtotheSocialScottishAttitudesresearch,52%ofScottishpeopleidentifiedashavingnoreligionin2016.[107]Asaresult,Scotlandhasthusbecomeasecularandmajoritynon-religiouscountry,uniquetotheotherUKcountries[clarificationneeded]. Literature[edit] Seealso:Scottishliterature Folklore[edit] Mainarticle:Scottishfolklore Scienceandengineering[edit] Mainarticle:ListofScottishscientists Music[edit] Mainarticle:MusicofScotland Sport[edit] Seealso:SportinScotland ThemoderngamesofcurlingandgolforiginatedinScotland.BothsportsaregovernedbybodiesheadquarteredinScotland,theWorldCurlingFederationandtheRoyalandAncientGolfClubofStAndrewsrespectively.Scotshelpedtopopulariseandspreadthesportofassociationfootball;thefirstofficialinternationalmatchwasplayedinGlasgowbetweenScotlandandEnglandin1872. Cuisine[edit] Seealso:Scottishcuisine Clans[edit] Mainarticle:Scottishclan Seealso:TartanandKilt Anglicisation[edit] Mainarticle:Anglicisation Thissectionpossiblycontainsoriginalresearch.Pleaseimproveitbyverifyingtheclaimsmadeandaddinginlinecitations.Statementsconsistingonlyoforiginalresearchshouldberemoved.(June2010)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) ManyScottishsurnameshavebecomeanglicisedoverthecenturies.ThisreflectedthegradualspreadofEnglish,initiallyintheformofEarlyScots,fromaroundthe13thcenturyonwards,throughScotlandbeyonditstraditionalareaintheLothians.Italsoreflectedsomedeliberatepoliticalattempts[citationneeded]topromotetheEnglishlanguageintheoutlyingregionsofScotland,includingfollowingtheUnionoftheCrownsunderKingJamesVIofScotlandandIofEnglandin1603,andthentheActsofUnionof1707andthesubsequentdefeatofrebellions.[who?] However,manyScottishsurnameshaveremainedpredominantlyGaelicalbeitwrittenaccordingtoEnglishorthographicpractice(aswithIrishsurnames).ThusMacAoidhinGaelicisMackayinEnglish,andMacGill-EaininGaelicisMacLeanandsoon.Mac(sometimesMc)iscommonas,effectively,itmeans"sonof".MacDonald,MacDougal,MacAulay,Gilmore,Gilmour,MacKinley,Macintosh,MacKenzie,MacNeill,MacPherson,MacLear,MacAra,Bruce,Campbell,Fraser,Oliver,Craig,Lauder,Menzies,Stewart,GallowayandDuncanarejustafewofmanyexamplesoftraditionalScottishsurnames.Thereare,ofcourse,alsothemanysurnames,likeWallaceandMorton,stemmingfrompartsofScotlandwhichweresettledbypeoplesotherthanthe(Gaelic)Scots.ThemostcommonsurnamesinScotlandareSmithandBrown,[108]whicheachcomefrommorethanoneorigin:e.g.SmithmightbeatranslationofMaca'Ghobhainn(thencealsoe.g.MacGowan),andBrowncanrefertothecolour,orbeakintoMacBrayne.[citationneeded] Anglicisationisnotrestrictedtolanguage.InhisSocialism:criticalandconstructive,publishedin1921,futureBritishPrimeMinisterRamsayMacDonaldwrote:"TheAnglificationofScotlandhasbeenproceedingapacetothedamageofitseducation,itsmusic,itsliterature,itsgenius,andthegenerationthatisgrowingupunderthisinfluenceisuprootedfromitspast,and,being deprivedoftheinspirationofitsnationality,isalsodeprivedofitscommunalsense."[109] Seealso[edit] Eminent19thcenturyScotsmen ListofScots LowlandScotspeople Scottishnames Scottishnationalidentity Category:Scottishpeoplebyethnicornationalorigin Notes[edit] ^Yeartheofficialcensuswastaken. 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Macniven,Duncan(March2004)."Findyourancestorsintheclickofamouse".scotland.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2May2007.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:unfitURL(link) ^ "MediaOfficeNews:It'sinthegenes".visitscotland.org.26October2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21December2007.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:unfitURL(link) ^BedeusedaLatinformofthewordScotsasthenameoftheGaelsofDálRiata.RogerCollins,JudithMcClure;BedaelVenerable,Bede(1999).TheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople:TheGreaterChronicle;Bede'sLettertoEgbert.OxfordUniversityPress.p. 386.ISBN. ^ AnthonyRichard(TRN)Birley,CorneliusTacitus;CayoCornelioTácito.AgricolaandGermany.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN. ^ "Scotch".dictionary.com.Retrieved25April2019.[Scotchis]disdainedbytheScottishbecauseofthemanyinsultingandpejorativeformationsmadefromitbytheEnglish... ^"Scotch:Definition,Synonymsfrom".Answers.com.Retrieved3October2012. ^ Landsman,NedC.(1October2001).NationandProvinceintheFirstBritishEmpire:ScotlandandtheAmericas.BucknellUniversityPress.ISBN. ^ 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^DavidMcCrone,ProfessorofSociology,UniversityofEdinburgh."ScottishAffairs,No.24,Summer1998;OpinionPollsinScotland:July1997–June1998".Archivedfromtheoriginalon21December2013.{{citeweb}}:CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslist(link)During1997–1998twopollswereundertaken.Duringthefirstwhenaskedabouttheirnationalidentity59percentofthepeoplepolledstatedtheywereScottishormoreScottishthanBritish,28percentstatedtheywereequallyScottishandBritish,while10percentstatedtheywereBritishormoreBritishthanScottish.Inthesecondpoll59percentofthepeoplepolledstatedtheywereScottishormoreScottishthanBritish,26percentstatedtheywereequallyScottishandBritish,while12percentstatedtheywereBritishormoreBritishthanScottish. 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^JohnR.Bowles,FromthebanksoftheNevatotheshoresofLakeBaikal:someenterprisingScotsinRussia,inTheCaledonianPhalanx,1987 ^M.V.Koroleva,A.L.Sinitsa.GelskoenaselenieShotlandii,otistokovksovremennosti,inDemographicstudies,Moscow,2010,pp.163–191. ^"ScotlandandPoland–a500-yearrelationship".TheScotsman.24March2016.Retrieved10December2016. ^"BitwanaRedzieGdańskiej1627r.–niedocenionezwycięstwo". ^Wijaczka,Jacek(2010)."Szkoci"(PDF).Podwspólnymniebem.NarodydawnejRzeczypospolitej(inPolish).Warsaw:Bellona.ISBN 9788311117242.Retrieved22May2022.p. 212:Szkocinietylkosłużylijakożołnierzewarmiipolskiej,lecztakżepomagalijąunowocześniać...KolejnySzkotzPucka,JamesMurrayodroku1621kierowałbudowąflotywGdańsku.Dziękijegodziałalnościflotakrólewskaw1627rokuliczyładziesięćokrętów.Jakodowódcazbudowanegoprzezsiebiegaleonu„KrólDawid”wziąłudział,wrandzekontradmirała,wmorskiejbitwiepodOliwą(1627).ZewzględunabarwnyżyciorysstałsiębohaterempięciupowieściJerzegoRychlińskiego(międzyinnymiGaleonkapitanaMory,Warszawa1968). 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Sources[edit] Ritchie,A.&Breeze,D.J.InvadersofScotlandHMSO.(?1991) DavidArmitage,"TheScottishDiaspora"inJennyWormald(ed.),Scotland:AHistory.OxfordUP,Oxford,2005. Furtherreading[edit] Spence,Rhoda,ed.TheScottishCompanion:aBedsideBookofDelights.Edinburgh:R.Paterson,1955.vi,138p.N.B.:PrimarilyconcernsScottishcustoms,character,andfolkways. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoPeopleofScotland. 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