Check (pattern) - Wikipedia

Check (also checker, Brit: chequer) is a pattern of modified stripes consisting of crossed horizontal and vertical lines which form squares. Check(pattern) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch PatternofintersectingverticalandhorizontalstripesCheck(pattern) Types Argyle(pattern) Battenburgmarkings Flannel Gingham Houndstooth Madras(cloth) Plaid(pattern) Sillitoetartan Squaretiling Stripe(pattern) Tartan vte Check(alsochecker,Brit:chequer)isapatternofmodifiedstripesconsistingofcrossedhorizontalandverticallineswhichformsquares.Thepatterntypicallycontainstwocolourswhereasinglechecker(thatisasinglesquarewithinthecheckpattern)issurroundedonallfoursidesbyacheckerofadifferentcolour. Thepatterniscommonlyplacedontogarmentsandis,incertainsocialcontexts,appliedtoclothingwhichisworntosignifyculturalorpoliticalaffiliations.Suchisthecasewithcheckinska[1]andonthekeffiyeh.[2]Thepattern'sall-pervasivenessandsimplelayouthaslenttoitspracticalusageinscientificexperimentationandobservation,optometry,technology(hardwareandsoftware),andasasymbolforresponderstoassociatemeaningwith. Contents 1Etymology 2History 2.1Scotland 2.2SouthIndia 3Fashion 3.1Variations 3.2Ska 4Symbolism 4.1Keffiyeh 4.2Freemasonry 4.3Heraldry 4.4Autoracing 4.5Emergencyservices 5Otheruses 5.1Science 5.2Optometry 5.3Technology 5.4Boardgames 5.5Chequers 6Inart 7Types 8Sources 9References Etymology[edit] ThewordisderivedfromtheancientPersianwordshah[3]whichmeans"king"intheSasaniangameofShatranj;anoldformofchesswhichisplayedonasquaredboardofalternatingcolouredcheckers.Itismorespecificallyderivedfromtheexpressionshahmat,"thekingisdead",whichinmodernchessparlanceisreferredto"check-mate".ThewordenteredtheFrenchlanguageasechecintheeleventhcentury,[4]thenceintoEnglish. History[edit] Theincorporationofthecheckerboardpatterninman-madeobjectshasnodefinitiveoriginasthepatternhasexistedinassortedformswithmultiplevariationsacrosscontinentsandtimeperiods.Therearefewknowninstancesofitsimportintotheregionsandculturesinwhichitisfeatured.Itsdesignandincorporationbyhumansintopattern-makingandweavingprecedesitscommonetymologicalcharacterisationandderivationfromthewordshahinchess;thelanguageconventionsfromwhichthecontemporaryEnglishword'check'isextractedareyoungerthansomeappearancesofthepatternoritsvariations.Humanusesforcheckpredateitsnotableusageonthecheckerboardintheboardgamechess,whichwasdevelopedinitschaturangaiterationinthelate6thorearly7thcenturyAD.[5]Thisisillustratedbythecomparativeageofweavingwhichcreatesacheckeredpatternasabyproductofitsprocess,asweavingisestimatedtohaveoriginatedintheneolithicperiodorapproximately10000BC.[6][7]Weavershavelongproducedcheckedpatterns,butfashiontrendsanditslevelofubiquitousnessvaryovertime.[8]Check'svarianttartanappearsonthe3000-year-oldmummytheCherchenMan.[9][10]ThecheckerboardpatternhasalsobeenidentifiedinBronzeAgepottery[11]andancientRomanarchitecture.[12] Checkmaynothaveasinglefoundationspecifictoapractice,regionortypeofmaterialbecauseitappearswithinnatureandthuscanbeimitatedandadapted.Thecheckeredgartersnake,chequeredskipperandcleridae,commonlyknownascheckeredbeetlesexemplifynaturaloccurrencesofthepatternwhichhaveemergedwithouthumaninterferenceorstimuli.CheckeredexteriorofHiornTowerCheckappearsinarchitectureascheckerwork(alsochequer-workordiapering):alayingofbricksortilesoftwodifferentmaterialsorcoloursinanarrangementthat,whenfinished,resemblesthecheckeredpattern.ThisdesignwaspopularlyusedacrossEnglandandinnearbyregionsinparishchurchesandsmallhousesfollowingthe16th-centuryReformation.[13]NotableinstancesofitsusageinEnglandincludesitsappearanceontheexteriorofHiorneTowerandabovethewindowsinWestminsterHall.[14] Scotland[edit] Mainarticle:Tartan Thepattern,initstartanvariation,isprominentinScottishgarmentdesignsandgainednotorietyfromthe16thcenturyonwardsamongScottishHighlanders.[15]ThedesignwasintroducedbytheCelts[10]beforeitbecameastapleofhighlanddress.FollowingthebattleofCulloden,wearingcheckortartanwasbannedthroughtheDressAct1746inanattempttocontrolScottishclanswhosupportedtheJacobiterisingof1745.[16]Inthe1930sthecheckerboardpatternwasincorporatedintothedesignofScotland'spoliceuniformwhichwaslaternicknamedSillitoetartan[17]andadoptedasapolicesymbolglobally.[18] SouthIndia[edit] CheckeredstripeswereprominentintextiledesignsaroundtheCoromandelCoastinthe16th-17thCentury.[19]Accordingto17thCenturytraderecords,theuseofthecheckpatterninornamentationbecamewidespreadacrossSouthIndia.[19]NumerouspaintingsintheVeerabhadratempledisplayfigureswhodressincheckeredcotton[20]andshowtheprominenceofthecheckpatternintraditionaldress. MuralinVeerabhadratemple Fashion[edit] Checkpatternasappearingonadress Checkanditsvariantpatternshavebeencommonlyemployedasfabricandtextiledesignsusedinthemakingofgarments.AfterWW2,thepopularityofcheckinhighfashionincreasedasitwasfeaturedintheliningsofBurberrycoatsandwornbycelebritiesincludingHumphryBogart.[21]From1910tothelate1970sitwasimplementedintoavarietyofdressesmanufacturedbyNellyDon,whichMikyoungWhang[22]suggests,reflectedtheshiftingroleofwomeninthepubliceyeasitofferedanalternativetotheMotherHubbardhouse-dress.Thecheckpatternisoftenassociatedwithformalwearasit,oritsvariants,arecommonlyimplementedindresses,skirts,suits,andcoats.[citationneeded] Variations[edit] Buffalocheckorbuffaloplaidhasblackhashesonaredbackground.IntheUnitedStates,itgotitsnamearound1850whenadesignerattheWoolrichmillatChatham'sRuninPennsylvania(whoownedaherdofbuffalo)copiedapatternknownas"RobRoy"inScotland,namedafterthefolkheroRobRoyMacGregor."No.5310-402intheWoolrichmiddleweightfabriccollection"becameassociatedwithlumberjacks,asthosenearbyinthePennsylvaniawoodswerethemaincustomersforthewoollenshirtsthatusedit.ItbecamepopularinmainstreamfashionintheUnitedStatesinthe1990sand2010s.[23][24] Windowpaneplaidisapatternoflargerectanglesorsquaresinacolourcontrastingwiththemaincolour.[citationneeded] Ska[edit] MusicGroupSkaPatrol.MemberwearingSka'ssignaturecheckeredscarf Theblack-and-whitecheckerboardpatternisheavilyfeaturedwithinthemusicgenreandsubcultureska[1]andthemodsubculture.Thepopularisationofthispatterninskadressisattributedtotheracialrootsofthegenreduetoitssymbolicrepresentationofthetwo-toneera;askasubgenrethatemergedinthelate70sandpopularisedintheUnitedKingdominthelate80s.[25]Thisisbecausetheblackandwhitesquaresinacheckpatternwereseenasfusingblackandwhiteculture;anotionthatconstitutedthebasisformuchofthetwo-toneeraofskamusic.[26]SomeofthemostpopulargarmentsworntorepresentskaarecheckerboardVansshoes,checkfedoras,checkoveralls[1]andcheckties. Symbolism[edit] Check'snotabilityasadistinctiveandsalientpatternhasmadeitacommonlyusedsignifierevencomparedwithmorepervasivedescriptionslikecolour.[27]Thepatterncheck'subiquitycausesconceptsorsignifiantsandsignsassociatedwiththepatterntobecontingentoncontextualinferences.Intrademarklaw(specificallytrademarklawconcerningbutnotlimitedtotheAmericanlegalsystem)thisubiquityisrecognised,asthecommercialusesofcheckarelimitedbecausecheckconnotesidentifiablemeaningsthat"existbeyondthatofparticularproducts".[28] Keffiyeh[edit] Mainarticles:KeffiyehandPalestiniankeffiyeh Bedouinwearingred-and-whiteKeffiyehthatresemblesacheckeredpattern Checkispopularlyimplementedintothekeffiyeh,aheaddresswornthroughouttheMiddleEast.Checkeredkeffiyeharemostcommonlyworninthecoloursred-and-whiteandblack-and-whitebutarealsoavailableinothervariants.[29][30]BothfavouredcoloursofthecheckeredvariantsofkeffiyeharepopularinYemen[31]asaresultofthedesign'simportintotheregionfollowingthe1948Palestinianexodus. Eachvariationofakeffiyehholdsdifferentsymbolicmeaningsbasedonitspatternandcolouralthoughthereisnounderlying,universalsymbolismtotheKeffiyeh.Rather,itsinterpretedmeaningisgeographically,culturallyandsituationallydependent. OneiterationoftheKeffiyehisreferredtoasthePalestiniankeffiyeh[2]whichcommonlyappearsinablack-and-whitecheckiteration;theyalsoappearindifferentcoloursincludingred-and-whiteandnon-checkeredpatterns.ItwastraditionallyassociatedwithruralfarmerswhoworkedunderOttomanrulebutbecameasignifierofPalestiniannationalismfollowingthe1936–1939ArabRevoltinPalestine.[32][33]Ithasmaintainedprominencethroughouttherestofthe20thandintothe21stcenturyandiscolloquiallycitedasPalestine's"unofficialflag"andaPalestinianpoliticalsymbol.[34][2][33] Thered-and-whitecheckkeffiyehisasymbolofPalestinianMarxists[35][36]butisalsoacommonpatternwithdifferentsymbolicconnotationsoutsideofthisspecificgroup.ItspopularityinJordaniscausedbyitsconnectiontothenationsheritageandconnectionwithJordanianBedouinhistoryandfashion.[37] Freemasonry[edit] FormerFreemasonlodgecontainingcheckeredflooring SitesofMasoniclodgescommonlyutilisecheckeredcarpeting,tiling,parquetryorothertypesofflooringasthegrounduponwhichMasonicritualsandlecturesoccur.[38][39][40]Thisflooringisoftenreferredtoasamosaicpavement,butglassandceramictilesarenotnecessarycomponentsofthedesign.Thedesignofthisflooringconsistsofablack-and-whitecheckerboardpatternsurroundedbyaborderorskirtoftessellatingtriangles,whichtooalternatebetweenthecoloursblackandwhite.WhilstthecheckeredflooringisnotapartofconventionalFreemasonry'sspecialisedsymbolsoriconography,itiscommonlyutilisedasanon-Masonicsymbolwithinceremonies,ritualsandritesbecauseofitsconnectiontomedievalstonemasoncraftsmanship.[41] CheckeredflooringhasbecomeadefactosignofFreemasonsandsignifiessomemember'sconnectiontobiblicalparablesandmorals.[42]ItalsolinkstothelecturesandteachingspertainingtotheconstructionofSolomon'sTemple.[43]Theideaofthepatterncheck,asasymbolwithinFreemasonry,isthoughttohaveoriginatedfrombiblicalrepresentationsofKingSolomon'sTemple.[38]Itisbelievedthatthegroundlevelofthetemplehadacheckeredornamentalflooring.ThusitsplacementwithinthelodgealludetothefigureHiramAbiff,thechiefarchitectofthetempleandtheprotagonistpresentedaspartoftheteachingsinvolvedinthethirddegreemasonicstage.[44] Theuseofthispatterninandoutsideofritualissymbolic,utilisingcontrastingblackandwhitesquarestodisplaydualisticcosmologyconcerningthepresenceofgoodandevilinhumanexistence.[38]AsMackey'sencyclopaediaofFreemasonrystates:Themosaicpavementisanoldsymboloftheorder.Itismetwiththeearliestritualsofthelastcentury.Itisclassedamongtheornamentsofthelodgealongwiththeindentedtesselandtheblazingstar.Itsparty-coloredstonesofblackandwhitehavebeenreadilyandappropriatelyinterpretedassymbolsoftheevilandgoodofhumanlife.[38][45]Thecheckeredfloor'sexistenceasaphysicalrepresentationofFreemason'smorallaw,[46]specificallyconcerningitsconnectiontotheprincipleofgoodandevil,isderivedfromtheprimacyofcheckinSolomon'stemple.[47]ThisisduetotheteachingsofallegoricalmasonicmoralityplayswhichareframedaroundtheconstructionofKingSolomon'stemple[48]andincorporatedintotheteachingsofFreemasonmorallaw.[47][49] Checkisfurtherutilisedasasymbolinfreemasonryonsometracingboards,whicharetypicallyusedastoolsorartworksusedtoassisttheteachingoflecturesthatexplainvariousconceptsoftheorganisationtoneworinexperiencedmembers.[50] Heraldry[edit] redandwhitechequyincoatofarmsofCroatia Mainarticles:Heraldryandchequy Checkpatternsandvariantsthatareusedinheraldryareknowntoaschequy.[51]Thispatternissometimesusedasanidentifyingmarkonacoatofarms. FlagoftheEnglishcountyofSurrey AwellknowndisplayofchequyisonthecoatofarmsofCroatiaandthecoatofarmsofthePresidentofCroatia,whicharebothcheckeredwithwhiteandredsquares. Autoracing[edit] Thecheckpatterniscommonlyusedasasymbolbecauseofitsabilitytocontaincontrastingcoloursandprominence.Inautoracing,acheckeredflagisusedtoindicatethattheracehasfinishedbecauseitisidentifiable.[52]Theoriginofthisflagandthereasonforitsusageinracingareundetermined.[53][54]ItistheorisedbyFredR.Egloffthatthenameoriginatesfromthe'checkers'whowatchedthefinishinglineandcheckedwhencarshadfinishedtherace.[55]Theybeganusingchequeredflagstoidentifythemselves. Emergencyservices[edit] Mainarticles:BattenburgmarkingsandSillitoetartan Ambulancewithcheckerboard-likeBattenburgmarkingsAvariationofthecheckerboardpattern,namedSillitoetartan,iscommonlyusedasasymboltoidentifypoliceandotheremergencyservices.[17][18]Itisusedinnumerouscountriesacrosstheworldandisincorporatedintothedesignofpoliceuniformsandstations.[56] OriginallydevelopedintheUnitedKingdom,Battenburgmarkings,areusedonthesideofemergencyvehiclesforhighvisibility.[17][57][56]ThesemarkingsresembleahighcontrastcheckerboardpatternandlooksimilartoSillitoetartan.Theyareusuallyretroreflective;[57]adesignchoicesubsequentlyimplementedintoemergencyserviceuniformsforhighvisibility.[58] Otheruses[edit] Theversatilityandsimplicityofthecheckerboardpatternmeanthatthepatternhasawiderangeofutilities.Becauseofcheck'seasyapplicationtovariousinstruments,fabrics,andothermatter,itspracticalusagesasatooltoassistvarioustaskshasbeenwidespread.[citationneeded] Science[edit] Thecheckpatternhasbeenutilisedasatoolwithinmultiplefieldsofscientificstudytoanalysetheresponsesoffauna.Thisisduetothepattern'sunanimity,simplicity,andvariabilityinsizeasmultipleiterationsofthepatterncanmeasuredifferinglevelsofcomplexityinresponses.Animalshaverespondedtocheckerboardpatternswithdifferentbiologicalmechanisms,allowingscientiststoanalysethebehaviour,intelligence,andphysicallimitationsofdifferentspecies.Thepatternwasusedtoelicitdifferentcamouflagereactionsincuttlefishtoanalysehowtheyperceivesize,light,andcolour.[59]ThepatternhasalsobeenusedbySutherlandandWilliams[60]asatooltodisplaythecognitivecapabilitiesofrats. Optometry[edit] Inthefieldofoptometry,thecheckpatternhasbeenutilisedinavarietyofvisualacuityteststomeasuretheresponsivenessofthepupilandapatient'sabilitytodiscernbetweendifferentobjects.[61] Technology[edit] Thecheckpatternhasbeenusedtoincreasetheproductivityandeaseofuseofvarioustechnologies.Indigitalimages,thecheckerboardpatternisusedtosignalthetransparencyofabackgroundinaPNGfile.CheckisalsonotedasareliablepatterntouseforcameracalibrationaccordingtoChunshengYuandQingjinPeng[62]becauseofitsabilitytobeeasilyrecognisedvisuallybypeopleandcomputors. Inthecreationofsolarpanels,thecheckpatternhasbeenusedasaconfigurationtooptimisetheabsorptionefficiencyofphotovoltaicsolarcells.[63] Boardgames[edit] Mainarticles:CheckerboardandChessboard Theoriginalcheckpatternwastheancientorientalchess-boardThecheckpatternhasbeencommonlyimplementedintheboardoftabletopgamestocreateagridforplayerstodictatethemovementofpieces.Thecheckerboardisusedinavarietyofgamesincludingchess,draughts,makrukandshantranj.Inchess,thecheckeredboarduponwhichthegameisplayedisreferredtoasthechessboardanditconsistsofan8x8squaregridwhichholds64squares.Chessplayersusealgebraicnotationtodescribethemovementsofeachplayerandrefertoeachsquareandpiecewithaspecificletterandnumber.[64]Theverticalcolumnsofthechessboardarecalledfilesandarelabeledalphabeticallyfromatoh,withastartingontheleftmostsideofwhite'spieces,alsoreferredtoasthequeenside.Thehorizontalrowsofthechessboardarenamedranksandareattributedawholenumberrangingfrom1to8where1isplacedonwhite'ssideofthechessboard. Chequers[edit] Mainarticle:Exchequer OnaboardusedbythemedievalExchequer,thepatternisutilisedtoperformfinancialcomputationspertainingtotaxesandgoods.ThetitleofExchequerisderivedfromthecheckeredclothortableuponwhichconfrontationalauditsofBaronstookplace.[65] Inart[edit] Mainarticles:M.C.EscherandJuanGris ThealternatingandcontrastingblockswithinthecheckpatternareheavilyutilisedbyartistM.C.Escher.NotableappearanceofthispatternbyEscherincludetheMetamorphosisseriesofwoodcutprints,TheSkyandWaterLithographprintseriesandTheRegularDivisionofthePlaneseriesamongseveralotherworks.[citationneeded] TheartistJuanGrisalsofrequentlyincorporatesthecheckerboardpatternintohispaintings.ArtworksthatfeaturethepatternincludeStillLifewithCheckedTablecloth,ViolinandCheckerboardandHarlequinwithaGuitar.[citationneeded] Types[edit] Argyle(pattern) Battenburgmarkings Checkeredflag Flannel Gingham Houndstooth Madras(cloth) Plaid(pattern) Sillitoetartan Squaretiling Stripe(pattern) Tartan Tattersall(cloth) Sources[edit] Harrison,E.S.;OurScottishDistrictChecks;NationalAssociationofWoollenManufacturers,Edinburgh;1968p6. 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