SNCF - Wikipedia

The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (French pronunciation: ​[sɔsjete nɑsjɔnal de ʃ(ə)mɛ̃ d(ə) fɛʁ fʁɑ̃sɛ]; abbreviated as SNCF [ɛs‿ɛn se ɛf]; ... SNCF FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Nationalstate-ownedrailwaycompanyofFrance SociéténationaledescheminsdeferfrançaisMapoftheFrenchrailwaysonwhichtheTGV(LGV:blue;normaltracks:black)andIntercités(grey)SNCFtrainsrun.TERPACAservicenorthofMarseilleOverviewHeadquartersSaint-Denis,FranceReportingmarkTGV,Intercités,TER,Transilien,Ouigo,Eurostar,Thalys,TGVLyriaLocaleFranceDatesofoperation1938–presentPredecessorCompagniedescheminsdeferduNordAdministrationdescheminsdeferd'AlsaceetdeLorraineCompagniedescheminsdeferdeParisàLyonetàlaMéditerranéeCompagnieduchemindeferdeParisàOrléansCompagniedescheminsdeferduMidietduCanallatéralàlaGaronneCompagniedescheminsdeferdel'EstAdministrationdescheminsdeferdel'ÉtatTechnicalTrackgauge1,435 mm(4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)and1,000 mm(3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)Length29,273 km(18,189 mi)OtherWebsitewww.sncf.com Sociéténationaledescheminsdeferfrançais(SNCF)TypeState-ownedsociétéanonymeEPICbetween1983and2019[1]IndustryRailtransportFounded1January1938;84yearsago (1January1938)FounderGovernmentofFranceHeadquartersSaint-Denis,FranceKeypeopleJean-PierreFarandou(presidentofSNCFGroup)Revenue€30billion(2020)Numberofemployees275,000(2020)Subsidiaries SNCFRéseau SNCFGares&Connexions SNCFVoyageurs RailLogisticsEurope Geodis(98.4%) Keolis(70%) TheSociéténationaledescheminsdeferfrançais(Frenchpronunciation: ​[sɔsjetenɑsjɔnaldeʃ(ə)mɛ̃d(ə)fɛʁfʁɑ̃sɛ];abbreviatedasSNCF[ɛs‿ɛnseɛf];Frenchfor"FrenchNationalRailwayCompany")isFrance'snationalstate-ownedrailwaycompany.Foundedin1938,itoperatesthecountry'snationalrailtrafficalongwithMonaco,includingtheTGV,onFrance'shigh-speedrailnetwork.Itsfunctionsincludeoperationofrailwayservicesforpassengersandfreight(throughitssubsidiariesSNCFVoyageursandRailLogisticsEurope),aswellasmaintenanceandsignallingofrailinfrastructure(SNCFRéseau).Therailwaynetworkconsistsofabout35,000 km(22,000 mi)ofroute,ofwhich2,600 km(1,600 mi)arehigh-speedlinesand14,500 km(9,000 mi)electrified.About14,000trainsareoperateddaily. In2010theSNCFwasranked22ndinFranceand214thgloballyontheFortuneGlobal500list.[2]ItisthemainbusinessoftheSNCFGroup,whichin2020had€30billionofsalesin120countries.[3]TheSNCFGroupemploysmorethan275,000employeesinFranceandaroundtheworld.[4]SinceJuly2013,theSNCFGroupheadquartersarelocatedinaParisiansuburbat2PlaceauxÉtoilesinSaint-Denis.ThepresidentofSNCFGrouphasbeenJean-PierreFarandousince2019. Contents 1Businessscope 1.1High-speedrail 1.2UnitedKingdom 1.3SNCFoperations 2History 2.1WorldWarII 2.2Modernera 2.3Design 3Codesharewithairlines 4Companystructure 4.1Headquarters 4.2Divisions 4.3Subsidiaries 5Companyimage 6Visualandsoundidentity 6.1Logotype 6.2SoundIdentity 7Culture 7.1Cinema 7.2TVShow 8Seealso 9References 10Externallinks Businessscope[edit] High-speedrail[edit] Ahigh-speedtrainTGVDuplexfromtheSNCF TGV4402operationV150reaching574 km/h(357 mph)on3April2007nearLeChemin SNCFoperatesalmostallofFrance'srailwaytraffic,includingtheTGV(TrainàGrandeVitesse,meaning"high-speedtrain").Inthe1970s,theSNCFbegantheTGVhigh-speedtrainprogramwiththeintentionofcreatingtheworld'sfastestrailwaynetwork.Itcametofruitionin1981withthecompletionofthefirsthigh-speedlineLGVSud-Est("LigneàGrandeVitesseSud-Est",meaning"southeasthigh-speedline"),wherethefirstTGVservice,fromParistoLyon,wasinaugurated.In2017,thenationalrailnetworkownedbySNCFRéseauhad28,710 km(17,839 mi)oflines,58%ofwhichwereelectrifiedand2,640high-speedlines.Everyday,theSNCFruns15,000commercialtrainsandtransportsmorethan5millionpassengersandmorethan250,000tonnesofgoods.[5]TGVlinesandTGVtechnologyarenowspreadacrossseveralEuropeancountries. TheSNCF'sTGVhassetmanyworldspeedrecords,themostrecenton3April2007,whenanewversionoftheTGVdubbedtheV150withlargerwheelsthantheusualTGV,wasabletocovermoregroundwitheachrotationandhadastronger18,600-kilowatt(24,900-horsepower)engine,andbroketheworldspeedrecordforconventionalrailwaytrains,reaching574.8 km/h(357.2 mph). TheSNCFhasaremarkablesafetyrecord.Afternearly30yearsinoperation,SNCF'sTGVsystemhasonlyexperiencedonefatalaccident,whichoccurredduringpre-openingtestingandnotinregularoperation. UnitedKingdom[edit] In2011SNCFinpartnershipwithKeolis,unsuccessfullybidfortheInterCityWestCoastfranchise.[6]InApril2017SNCFtooka30%shareholdinginajointventurewithStagecoachGroupandVirginGrouptobidfortheWestCoastPartnershipthatwilloperateservicesontheWestCoastMainLinefromMay2020andtheHighSpeed2linefrom2026.[7][8] InApril2019StagecoachwerebannedfrombiddingforanyfranchisesincludingtheWestCoastPartnershipwhichhasmeantthatVirginandSNCFhavenowhadtowithdrawfromtheshortlist. SNCFoperations[edit] Sincethe1990s,SNCFhasbeensellingrailwaycarriagestoregionalgovernments,withthecreationoftheTrainExpressRégionalbrand.SNCFalsomaintainsabroadscopeofinternationalbusinessthatincludesworkonfreightlines,inter-citylinesandcommuterlines.SNCFexpertsprovidelogistics,design,construction,operationsandmaintenanceservices.SNCFoperatestheinternationalticketingagencyOui.sncf,formerlyVoyages-sncf.comandRailEurope. SNCFhasemployeesin120countriesofferingextensiveoverseasandcrossborderconsulting.Thoseprojectsinclude: Israel:AssistanceandTraining.SNCFInternationalprovidesassistancetoIsraelRailwaysineveryareaofrailoperationsincludingprojectstoupgradethenetwork'sgeneralsafetyregulations.OtherassistanceandtrainingprogrammesinvolveInfrastructureandtheTractionDivision. Taiwan:OperationsTraining.SNCFsupervisedtheprimecontractorresponsibleforconstructionoftheTaiwanRailwaysAdministration'smainhigh-speedrailline.Italsotrainedrailtrafficcontrollers,drivers,andcrewmembers.OnbehalfoftheGovernmentofTaiwan,SNCFmanagedthehigh-speedrailwayCommandControlCentre. UnitedKingdom:Maintenance.In2007–2008,SNCF-Internationalconsultantsauditedthemaintenancepracticesappliedtothetrack,signallingandoverheadelectricpowerlineonBritishhigh-speedraillinesconnectingLondontotheChannelTunnel.Inaddition,itconductedanauditofthemaintainer'sperformancefromtheservicequalityandcostcontrolstandpoint,maderecommendationsforimprovements,andproposedathree-yearBusinessPlan. SouthKorea:HSRElectrificationDesign.SNCFadvisedKoreanRailroadsontheelectrificationoftracksbetweenDaeguandBusanandonlinkingexistingconventionaltrackstothenewhigh-speedline.SNCFalsoassistedinselectingandinspectinghigh-speedrollingstockandtrained400seniormanager,engineers,andexecutivesinabroadrangeofskills,includingsignalling,catenaries,track,rollingstockmaintenance,HSRoperation,safetymanagement,marketing,andpassengerinformationsystems.Untiltheendof2009,SNCFassistedKoreainmaintainingitshigh-speed. Spain:SignallingSystem.SNCFpartneredwithADIF(Spanishrailwayinfrastructureprovider)inthestudy,supply,installation,andmaintenanceofthestandardEUrailwaysignalingsystemalongtheMadrid-Lleidahigh-speedline.OnbehalfoftheSpanishGovernment,SNCFdesignedandledmaintenanceoperationsonthislineoveratwo-yearperiod. France:LeadInfrastructureandRollingStockMaintainer–TheSNCFmaintains32,000 km(20,000 mi)oftrack,26,500mainsetsofpointsandcrossings,2,300signalboxes,80,000trackcircuits,over1millionrelays,etc.Italsomaintains3,900locomotivesand500high-speedtrains.EachofSNCF'sTGVtrainstravelsmorethan39,000 km(24,000 mi)amonth–enoughtocircletheglobe.EachyearSNCF'sHumanResourcesDepartmentprovidesover1.2millionhoursoftrainingtoitsover25,000employees. History[edit] SNCFdiesellocomotiveinAmiens SNCFwasformedin1938withthenationalisationofFrance'smainrailwaycompanies(Chemindefer,literally,'wayofiron',meansrailway).Thesewerethe: Cheminsdeferdel'Est(Est,EasternRailways) Cheminsdeferdel'État(État,StateRailways;mergedin1908withtheCheminsdeferdel'Ouest) CheminsdeferduNord(Nord,NorthernRailways) CheminsdeferdeParisàLyonetàlaMéditerranée(PLM,Paris,LyonandMediterraneanRailways) CheminsdeferdeParisàOrléansetduMidi(Paris,Orléans,andSouthernRailways;PO-Midi,formedin1934fromthemergeroftheChemindeferdeParisàOrléansandtheCheminsdeferduMidi) Administrationdescheminsdeferd'AlsaceetdeLorraine(AL,Alsace-LorraineRailways) SyndicatsduChemindeferdeGrandeCeintureetdePetiteCeinture(GreatandLittleBeltRailways)inParisanditssuburbs. TheFrenchstateoriginallytook51%ownershipofSNCFandinvestedlargeamountsofpublicsubsidiesintothesystem.Today,SNCFiswhollyownedbytheFrenchstate. WorldWarII[edit] Seealso:Frenchresistance§ Sabotage,andHolocausttrain§ France Followingthe1940ArmisticeanduntilAugust1944,SNCFwasrequisitionedforthetransportofGermanarmedforcesandarmaments.TheinvadingGermantroopswereresponsibleforthedestructionofnearly350Frenchrailwaybridgesandtunnels.Accordingtodifferingestimates,SNCFsurrenderedbetween125,000and213,000wagonsand1,000-2,000locomotives.[9][10] ASNCFTERProvence-Alpes-Côte-d'AzurtraininCarpentras France'srailwayinfrastructureandrollingstockswereatargetfortheFrenchResistanceaimedatdisruptingandfightingtheGermanoccupyingforces.[11][12]ThisallowedSNCFemployeestoperformmanyactsofresistance,[13]includingtheformationoftheRésistance-Fermovementin1943.Nearly1,700SNCFrailwayworkerswerekilledordeportedforresistingNaziorders.[14][15]150Résistance-Feragentswereshotfortheiractsofresistance,500ofthemweredeported.Halfofthosedeporteddiedinconcentrationcamps.[16] GermanoccupyingforcesinFrancealsorequisitionedSNCFtotransportnearly77,000JewsandotherHolocaustvictimstoNaziexterminationcamps.[17][18]Thesedeportationshavebeenthesubjectofhistoricalcontroversyandlawsuits(suchastheLipietzcase)inFranceaswellasintheUnitedStates(wheresubsidiaryKeolisisatransportationcontractor)tothepresentday.[15][19] In1992SNCFcommissionedFrenchacademicstowriteahistoryofSNCFactivitiesduringWorldWarII.Theresultantreportwaspublishedin1996.[20][21] Morerecently,somesourceshaveclaimedthatSNCFbilledNazi-occupiedFranceforthird-classticketsforHolocaustvictimstransportedtoexterminationcamps,[22][23]althoughpassengersweretransportedincattlecars.[24]OthersourceshavereportedthataftertheliberationofFranceSNCFcontinuedtoseekpaymentfortransportingHolocaustvictimstoGermany.[22][25]However,historianMichaelMarrushaswrittenthatclaimsthatSNCFbilledforthird-classticketsandcontinuedtoseekpaymentafterthewarendedweremadeaspartofalegalcasebroughtagainstSNCF,anddidnotmatchwithhistorians'understandingofwhathappened.MarrusarguesthatSNCFhadnomarginofmaneuverduringtheGermanoccupationandthattheactionsofSNCFemployeeswerenotideologicallymotivated.[18]AccordingtoSergeKlarsfeld,presidentoftheorganizationSonsandDaughtersofJewishDeporteesfromFrance,SNCFwasforcedbyGermanandVichyauthoritiestocooperateinprovidingtransportforFrenchJewstotheborderanddidnotmakeanyprofitfromthistransport.[26] InDecember2014,SNCFagreedtopayupto$60millionworthofcompensationtoHolocaustsurvivorsintheUnitedStates.[27]Itcorrespondstoapproximately$100,000persurvivor.[28] Modernera[edit] InMay2014,thecompanyhaddiscoveredthat2,000newtrainstheyorderedatacostof15billioneurosaretoowideformanyofFrance'sregionalplatforms,Constructionworkhasalreadystartedtoreconfigurethem.[29] On1January2015,RéseauferrédeFrance(RFF)mergedwithSNCFInfraandtheDirectiondelacirculationferroviaire(DCF)andbecameSNCFRéseau,theoperationalassetsofSNCFbecameSNCFMobilités,andbothgroupswereplacedunderthecontrolofSNCF. Design[edit] A"brokennose"styleofSNCFelectriclocomotive(BB15000)designedbyPaulArzens TheindustrialdesignerPaulArzensstyledmanyofSNCF'slocomotivesfromthe1940suntilthe1970s.Aparticularlydistinctivetypeisthe"brokennose"styleofelectricanddiesellocomotives. Codesharewithairlines[edit] SNCFcodeshareswithAirAustral,AirFrance,AirTahitiNui,AmericanAirlines,CathayPacific,MiddleEastAirlines,EtihadAirways,QatarAirways,andSriLankanAirlines.Inexchange,SNCFallowspassengersontheseflightstobookrailwayservicesbetweenCharlesdeGaulleAirportinRoissy(nearParis)andAix-en-Provence,Angers,Avignon,Bordeaux,LeMans,Lille,LyonPart-Dieu,Marseille,Montpellier,Nantes,Nîmes,Poitiers,Rennes,Strasbourg,Tours,andValencewiththeirairline.TheIATAdesignatorusedbyairlinesinconnectionwiththesejourneysis2C.[citationneeded] ContinentalAirlinesdiscontinueditscodesharewithSNCFon15August2010.[30] Companystructure[edit] Headquarters[edit] CurrentheadofficeinSaint-Denis TheSNCF'sformerheadquartersintheMontparnasseneighborhood Until1999,theSNCF'shistoricheadquarterswaslocatedat88RueSaint-Lazareinthe9tharrondissement.[31][32]In1996thechairmanofSNCF,LouisGallois,announcedthatSNCFwouldmoveitsheadquarterstoanewlocationduringthemiddleof1997.[33] From1999to2013,SNCF'sheadquarterswerelocatedintheMontparnasseneighborhoodofthe14tharrondissementofParis,[34]locatedneartheGareMontparnasse.[31] SinceJuly2013,theSNCFheadquartersarelocatedintheParisiansuburbofSaint-Denisat2,placeauxÉtoiles,93200SaintDenis.[citationneeded]Themovewasmotivatedbycuttingoperatingcostsby10millioneurosperyear.[35] Divisions[edit] Since1January2020SNCFisastate-ownedgroupconsistingofaparentcompany(SNCF)withseveralindependentlyoperatedsubsidiaries: SNCFRéseau(English:SNCFNetwork)-State-ownedenterprisethatmanages,maintainsanddevelopstheFrenchrailnetwork ; SNCFGares&Connexions(English:SNCFStations&Connections)-SNCFRéseausubsidiaryresponsibleforthemaintenanceandrenovationofthe3,000stationsontheFrenchrailnetwork ; SNCFVoyageurs(English:SNCFTravelers)-State-ownedenterprisethatoperatestrainsinFranceandEurope,includingtheflagshipTGVinOuiservice,alongwiththelowcostOuigoTGVservice,Intercitéstraditionallong-distanceservices,andTERandTransilienregionalservices ; RailLogisticsEurope FretSNCF(English:FreightSNCF)-railfreightservices ; Captrain-Europeanrailfreightnetwork ; VIIA,Rollinghighway ; NavilandCargo ; Forwardis,freightforwarder ; Geodis(98.4%ownedbySNCF)-Privatecompanythatrunsfreighttransportationlogistics ; Keolis(70%ownedbySNCF)-Privatepublictransportoperatorthatrunsservicesincitiesacrosstheworldincludingbus,metro,lightrail,rentalbikes,carparks,cablecarsandairportservices. Subsidiaries[edit] ASNCFticketmachineattheÉpône-Mézièresstation SNCFhasfullorpartialsharesinalargenumberofcompanies,themajorityofwhicharerailortransportrelated.Theseinclude:[36] ERMEWA(100%) FranceWagons(100%) SGW :SociétédeGérancedeWagons(67.5%) CTC :CompagniedesTransportsCéréaliers(69.36%) SEGI(98.96%) NavilandCargo(94.37%)previouslyCNCTransports,CompagnieNouvelledeConteneurs. Generalfreighttransport: C-ModalohrExpress(51%) Novatrans(38.25%) Districhrono(100%) Ecorail(99.9%) Froidcombi(48.93%) RouchIntermodal(98.96%) Sefergie(98.96%) EFFIA(99.99%) Passengertransport ThalysInternational(70%) EurostarInternational(55%)[37] Lyria(74%) ElipsosInternational(50%) Artésia(50%) SeaFrance(100%)SoldtoEurotunnel. RhealysSA(30%) Keolis(70%)[38] Govia(24.5%)[39] iDTGV(100%) Ouigo(100%) Tickets Oui.sncf(50.1%),theon-linetravelagencyofSNCF RailEurope,Inc.(50%)BoughtfromBritishRail. GLe-trade Consulting AREP(99.99%) SNCFInternational(100%) Inexia Systra(35.87%):engineeringforpublictransport Housing ICFHabitatNovedis(100%):rentalhousing(socialandprivatehousing) Companyimage[edit] AccordingtoaTNSSOFRESsurveypublishedin2010,66%ofFrenchpeoplehaveagoodimageofSNCF.[40]Attheendof2019,thisproportionwasmeasuredat50%bythePosternak-Ifopbarometerontheimageofcompanies.[41]In2020,EightAdvisoryandIFOPunveiltheirrankingofthe"mostadmiredFrenchcompanies":SNCFisin23rdposition.[42] Safetyontrainsisalsooftenapriority.Todothis,around2,800railwayworkersformtheRailwaySecurity,thegeneralsupervisionofSNCF,ofwhich50%oftheworkforceisassignedtotheÎle-de-Franceregion. Furthermore,theexpertsoftheBCG,BostonConsultingGroup,usetocomparetherailsystemsin25Europeancountries.TheyrankFranceintied4thposition(withGermany,AustriaandSweden),behindSwitzerland,DenmarkandFinland.Thecriteriaare :theutilizationrate,qualityofserviceandsafety.[43] Visualandsoundidentity[edit] Logotype[edit] SNCF'scurrentvisuallogowascreatedin2005bytheCarréNoiragency,asubsidiaryofthePubliciscommunicationgroup.Itwasslightlyreworkedin2011:roundedcorners,disappearanceofshadowsinsidethelettersaswellasbehind,andaclearerseparationbetweenthem. SoundIdentity[edit] TheSNCFsoundlogo-thefournotesC-G-Aflat-Eflat-,inasungversion,[44]wascreatedin2005byMichaëlBoumendil.[45]DavidGilmour,guitaristofthegroupPinkFloyd,usedthejingleastheinspirationforthetitletrackofhis2015albumRattleThatLock.[46]SimoneHéraulthasbeenthevoiceofSNCFsince1981[47] Culture[edit] Cinema[edit] SincetheAugusteandLouisLumière'sfirstfilm,SNCFhasbeenthecompanythathoststhemostfilmshootsinFrance,[48]between50and60shootsperyear,whichrepresentsaroundtwothirdsofFrenchproductions.[49]HereisaselectionoficonicfilmswhereSNCFisattheheartofthematter: Mr.Bean'sHoliday Mission:Impossible TheTourist HugoCabret TVShow[edit] KillingEve Seealso[edit] Franceportal Companiesportal Trainsportal AutoritédeRégulationdesActivitésFerroviaires Corail(train) Dirigisme HistoryofrailtransportinFrance ListofFrenchcompanies ListofSNCFlocomotiveandmultiple-unitclasses ListofSNCFstations Transportexpressrégional TransportinFrance References[edit] 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^"UnitedAirlines-AirlineTickets,VacationsPackages,TravelDeals,andCompanyInformationonunited.com".Continental.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4December2010. ^ab"LesiègehautperchédelaSNCFàMontparnasse"(Archive).LesEchos.20May1999.Page54.Retrievedon1May2010."Paritenu :réceptionnéle19marsparBouyguesImmobilieretlivréàsonoccupantdixjoursplustard,lenouveausiègedelaSNCFestsortidelaganguedugrandensembledelagareMontparnasse,dansle14earrondissementdeParis,enquinzemoisd'unchantierintensequiamobilisésurplacejusqu'à650personnes.Quelque800postesdetravailsontconcernéssurles2.500quigravitaienthierautourdusiègehistoriquedeSaint-Lazare(9earrondissement),consacrantlapartitionentreunedirectiongénéraleresserréeetdesservicescentrauxpléthoriques." ^"WelcometotheSNCFserver!"(Archive).SNCF.3June1997.Retrievedon28April2010."88,RueStLazare75009PARIS." ^"LaSNCFveutdélocalisersonsiègeparisien"(Archive).L'Humanité.23September1996.Retrievedon28April2010. ^"Legalinformation."SNCF.Retrievedon24October2013. ^Bertrand,Philippe."LaSNCFprendsesnouveauxquartiersàSaint-Denis"(Archive).LesEchos.29July2013. ^"RapportFinancier"(PDF)(inFrench).Retrieved1September2008. ^"AboutUs|BehindTheScenes".Eurostar.Retrieved3August2021. ^"SNCFincreasesitsshareholdinginKeolistoacceleratethenextphaseofthecompany'sdevelopment".keolis.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon26May2014. ^"GoviaawardedTSGNfranchise :Govia".www.govia.info.Retrieved3August2021. ^"LesFrançaissontplusfiersdeleurstrainsquelesAllemands|".LeFigaro.fr(inFrench).26September2010. ^"Alo'réedelagrèvedu5décembre,l'imagedelaSNCFs'écroule|".LeFigaro.fr(inFrench).2December2019. ^"Lecommercedomineleclassementdesentreprisesfrançaiseslesplusadmirées|".lsa-conso.fr(inFrench).25October2020. ^"LaSNCFparmilesmeilleursréseauxeuropéens|".blogs.alternatives-economiques.fr(inFrench).3April2018. ^"Lejingle :l'histoiresonoredelamarqueSNCF|SNCF".www.sncf.com(inFrench).9April2015.Archivedfromtheoriginalon9April2015.Retrieved20January2021. ^JDD,Le."LejingledelaSNCF,c'estlui!".lejdd.fr(inFrench).Retrieved20January2021. ^"PourDavidGilmour,guitaristedePinkFloyd,l'inspirationestvenued'unjingledelaSNCF".LeMonde.fr(inFrench).9July2015.Retrieved20January2021. ^"Figure1.2.Productivityslowdownhasbeencontinuoussincethe1970s".dx.doi.org.doi:10.1787/888933496787.Retrieved20January2021. ^"Portrait :PhilippeLaylle,lemonsieurcinémadelaSNCF|".Lettreducheminot.fr(inFrench).22October2017. ^"LeJackpotdeslieuxdetournageàParis|".LeFigaro.fr.27February2009. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoSNCF. 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