Mobile phone - Wikipedia

Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture and, therefore, mobile telephones are called cellular telephones or cell phones in North ... Mobilephone FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch "CellPhone"and"Handphone"redirecthere.Forthefilms,seeCellPhone(film)andHandphone(film). Portabledevicetomaketelephonecallsusingaradiolink Forthemodernmobilephone,seeSmartphone. Twodecadesofevolutionofmobilephones,froma1992Motorola8900X-2tothe2014iPhone6Plus Amobilephone,cellularphone,cellphone,cellphone,handphone,handphoneorpocketphone,sometimesshortenedtosimplymobile,cell,orjustphone,isaportabletelephonethatcanmakeandreceivecallsoveraradiofrequencylinkwhiletheuserismovingwithinatelephoneservicearea.Theradiofrequencylinkestablishesaconnectiontotheswitchingsystemsofamobilephoneoperator,whichprovidesaccesstothepublicswitchedtelephonenetwork(PSTN).Modernmobiletelephoneservicesuseacellularnetworkarchitectureand,therefore,mobiletelephonesarecalledcellulartelephonesorcellphonesinNorthAmerica.Inadditiontotelephony,digitalmobilephones(2G)supportavarietyofotherservices,suchastextmessaging,MMS,email,Internetaccess,short-rangewirelesscommunications(infrared,Bluetooth),businessapplications,videogamesanddigitalphotography.Mobilephonesofferingonlythosecapabilitiesareknownasfeaturephones;mobilephoneswhichoffergreatlyadvancedcomputingcapabilitiesarereferredtoassmartphones.[1] Thedevelopmentofmetal-oxide-semiconductor(MOS)large-scaleintegration(LSI)technology,informationtheoryandcellularnetworkingledtothedevelopmentofaffordablemobilecommunications.[1]ThefirsthandheldmobilephonewasdemonstratedbyMartinCooperofMotorolainNewYorkCityin1973,usingahandsetweighingc.2 kilograms(4.4lbs).[2]In1979,NipponTelegraphandTelephone(NTT)launchedtheworld'sfirstcellularnetworkinJapan.[3]In1983,theDynaTAC8000xwasthefirstcommerciallyavailablehandheldmobilephone.From1983to2014,worldwidemobilephonesubscriptionsgrewtooversevenbillion;enoughtoprovideoneforeverypersononEarth.[4]Inthefirstquarterof2016,thetopsmartphonedevelopersworldwidewereSamsung,AppleandHuawei;smartphonesalesrepresented78percentoftotalmobilephonesales.[5]Forfeaturephones(slang:"dumbphones")asof2016[update],thetop-sellingbrandswereSamsung,NokiaandAlcatel.[6] Mobilephonesareconsideredanimportanthumaninventionasithasbeenoneofthemostwidelyusedandsoldpiecesofconsumertechnology.[7]Thegrowthinpopularityhasbeenrapidinsomeplaces,forexampleintheUKthetotalnumberofmobilephonesovertookthenumberofhousesin1999.[8]Todaymobilephonesaregloballyubiquitous[9]andinalmosthalftheworld'scountries,over90%ofthepopulationownatleastone.[10] Contents 1History 2Types 2.1Smartphone 2.2Featurephone 3Infrastructure 4Hardware 4.1Centralprocessingunit 4.2Display 4.3Sound 4.4Battery 4.5SIMcard 5Software 5.1Softwareplatforms 5.2Mobileapp 5.3Applicationstores 6Sales 6.1Bymanufacturer 6.2Bymobilephoneoperator 7Use 7.1Contentdistribution 7.2Mobilebankingandpayment 7.3Mobiletracking 7.4Whiledriving 7.5Healtheffects 7.6Educationalimpact 7.7Electronicwasteregulation 7.8Theft 7.9Conflictminerals 7.10Kosherphones 8Seealso 9References 10Furtherreading 11Externallinks History Mainarticle:Historyofmobilephones MartinCooperofMotorola,shownhereina2007reenactment,madethefirstpublicizedhandheldmobilephonecallonaprototypeDynaTACmodelon3April1973. Ahandheldmobileradiotelephoneservicewasenvisionedintheearlystagesofradioengineering.In1917,FinnishinventorEricTigerstedtfiledapatentfora"pocket-sizefoldingtelephonewithaverythincarbonmicrophone".Earlypredecessorsofcellularphonesincludedanalogradiocommunicationsfromshipsandtrains.TheracetocreatetrulyportabletelephonedevicesbeganafterWorldWarII,withdevelopmentstakingplaceinmanycountries.Theadvancesinmobiletelephonyhavebeentracedinsuccessive"generations",startingwiththeearlyzeroth-generation(0G)services,suchasBellSystem'sMobileTelephoneServiceanditssuccessor,theImprovedMobileTelephoneService.These0Gsystemswerenotcellular,supportedfewsimultaneouscalls,andwereveryexpensive. TheMotorolaDynaTAC8000X.In1983,itbecamethefirstcommerciallyavailablehandheldcellularmobilephone. Thedevelopmentofmetal-oxide-semiconductor(MOS)large-scaleintegration(LSI)technology,informationtheoryandcellularnetworkingledtothedevelopmentofaffordablemobilecommunications,[1]anddevicessuchasthecarphone.ThefirsthandheldcellularmobilephonewasdemonstratedbyJohnF.Mitchell[11][12]andMartinCooperofMotorolain1973,usingahandsetweighing2kilograms(4.4 lb).[2]Thefirstcommercialautomatedcellularnetwork(1G)analogwaslaunchedinJapanbyNipponTelegraphandTelephonein1979.Thiswasfollowedin1981bythesimultaneouslaunchoftheNordicMobileTelephone(NMT)systeminDenmark,Finland,Norway,andSweden.[13]Severalothercountriesthenfollowedintheearlytomid-1980s.Thesefirst-generation(1G)systemscouldsupportfarmoresimultaneouscallsbutstillusedanalogcellulartechnology.In1983,theDynaTAC8000xwasthefirstcommerciallyavailablehandheldmobilephone. Digitalcellularnetworksappearedinthe1990s,enabledbythewideadoptionofMOSFET-basedRFpoweramplifiers(powerMOSFETandLDMOS)andRFcircuits(RFCMOS),[14][15][16]leadingtotheintroductionofdigitalsignalprocessinginwirelesscommunications.[1]In1991,thesecond-generation(2G)digitalcellulartechnologywaslaunchedinFinlandbyRadiolinjaontheGSMstandard.Thissparkedcompetitioninthesectorasthenewoperatorschallengedtheincumbent1Gnetworkoperators.TheGSMstandardisaEuropeaninitiativeexpressedattheCEPT("ConférenceEuropéennedesPostesetTelecommunications",EuropeanPostalandTelecommunicationsconference).TheFranco-GermanR&Dcooperationdemonstratedthetechnicalfeasibility,andin1987aMemorandumofUnderstandingwassignedbetween13Europeancountrieswhoagreedtolaunchacommercialserviceby1991.ThefirstversionoftheGSM(=2G)standardhad6,000pages.TheIEEEandRSEawardedtoThomasHaugandPhilippeDupuisthe2018JamesClerkMaxwellmedalfortheircontributionstothefirstdigitalmobiletelephonestandard.[17]In2018,theGSMwasusedbyover5billionpeopleinover220countries.TheGSM(2G)hasevolvedinto3G,4Gand5G.ThestandardisationbodyforGSMstartedattheCEPTWorkingGroupGSM(GroupSpecialMobile)in1982undertheumbrellaofCEPT.In1988,ETSIwasestablishedandallCEPTstandardizationactivitiesweretransferredtoETSI.WorkingGroupGSMbecameTechnicalCommitteeGSM.In1991,itbecameTechnicalCommitteeSMG(SpecialMobileGroup)whenETSItaskedthecommitteewithUMTS(3G). DupuisandHaugduringaGSMmeetinginBelgium,April1992 PersonalHandy-phoneSystemmobilesandmodems,1997–2003 Thelithium-ionbattery,anindispensableenergysourceformodernmobilephones,[18]wascommercializedbySonyandAsahiKaseiin1991.[19][20]In2001,thethirdgeneration(3G)waslaunchedinJapanbyNTTDoCoMoontheWCDMAstandard.[21]Thiswasfollowedby3.5G,3G+orturbo3Genhancementsbasedonthehigh-speedpacketaccess(HSPA)family,allowingUMTSnetworkstohavehigherdatatransferspeedsandcapacity. By2009,ithadbecomeclearthat,atsomepoint,3Gnetworkswouldbeoverwhelmedbythegrowthofbandwidth-intensiveapplications,suchasstreamingmedia.[22]Consequently,theindustrybeganlookingtodata-optimizedfourth-generationtechnologies,withthepromiseofspeedimprovementsuptoten-foldoverexisting3Gtechnologies.Thefirsttwocommerciallyavailabletechnologiesbilledas4GweretheWiMAXstandard,offeredinNorthAmericabySprint,andtheLTEstandard,firstofferedinScandinaviabyTeliaSonera. 5Gisatechnologyandtermusedinresearchpapersandprojectstodenotethenextmajorphaseinmobiletelecommunicationstandardsbeyondthe4G/IMT-Advancedstandards.Theterm5Gisnotofficiallyusedinanyspecificationorofficialdocumentyetmadepublicbytelecommunicationcompaniesorstandardizationbodiessuchas3GPP,WiMAXForumorITU-R.Newstandardsbeyond4Garecurrentlybeingdevelopedbystandardizationbodies,buttheyareatthistimeseenasunderthe4Gumbrella,notforanewmobilegeneration. Types Activemobilebroadbandsubscriptionsper100inhabitants.[23] Smartphone Mainarticle:Smartphone Smartphoneshaveanumberofdistinguishingfeatures.TheInternationalTelecommunicationUnionmeasuresthosewithInternetconnection,whichitcallsActiveMobile-Broadbandsubscriptions(whichincludestablets,etc.).Inthedevelopedworld,smartphoneshavenowovertakentheusageofearliermobilesystems.However,inthedevelopingworld,theyaccountforaround50%ofmobiletelephony. Featurephone Mainarticle:Featurephone Featurephoneisatermtypicallyusedasaretronymtodescribemobilephoneswhicharelimitedincapabilitiesincontrasttoamodernsmartphone.Featurephonestypicallyprovidevoicecallingandtextmessagingfunctionality,inadditiontobasicmultimediaandInternetcapabilities,andotherservicesofferedbytheuser'swirelessserviceprovider.Afeaturephonehasadditionalfunctionsoverandaboveabasicmobilephone,whichisonlycapableofvoicecallingandtextmessaging.[24][25]Featurephonesandbasicmobilephonestendtouseaproprietary,custom-designedsoftwareanduserinterface.Bycontrast,smartphonesgenerallyuseamobileoperatingsystemthatoftensharescommontraitsacrossdevices. Infrastructure Mainarticles:CellularnetworkandWiFi Cellularnetworksworkbyonlyreusingradiofrequencies(inthisexamplefrequenciesf1-f4)innonadjacentcellstoavoidinterference Mobilephonescommunicatewithcelltowersthatareplacedtogivecoverageacrossatelephoneservicearea,whichisdividedupinto'cells'.Eachcellusesadifferentsetoffrequenciesfromneighboringcells,andwilltypicallybecoveredbythreetowersplacedatdifferentlocations.Thecelltowersareusuallyinterconnectedtoeachotherandthephonenetworkandtheinternetbywiredconnections.Duetobandwidthlimitationseachcellwillhaveamaximumnumberofcellphonesitcanhandleatonce.Thecellsarethereforesizeddependingontheexpectedusagedensity,andmaybemuchsmallerincities.Inthatcasemuchlowertransmitterpowersareusedtoavoidbroadcastingbeyondthecell. Inordertohandlethehightraffic,multipletowerscanbesetupinthesamearea(usingdifferentfrequencies).ThiscanbedonepermanentlyortemporarilysuchasatspecialeventslikeattheSuperBowl,TasteofChicago,StateFair,NYCNewYear'sEve,hurricanehitcities,etc.wherecellphonecompanieswillbringatruckwithequipmenttohosttheabnormallyhightrafficwithaportablecell. Cellularcangreatlyincreasethecapacityofsimultaneouswirelessphonecalls.Whileaphonecompanyforexample,hasalicenseto1,000frequencies,eachcellmustuseuniquefrequencieswitheachcallusingoneofthemwhencommunicating.Becausecellsonlyslightlyoverlap,thesamefrequencycanbereused.Examplecelloneusesfrequency1–500,nextdoorcellusesfrequency501–1,000,nextdoorcanreusefrequency1–500.Cellsoneandthreearenot"touching"anddonotoverlap/communicatesoeachcanreusethesamefrequencies.[citationneeded] Capacitywasfurtherincreasedwhenphonecompaniesimplementeddigitalnetworks.Withdigital,onefrequencycanhostmultiplesimultaneouscalls. Asaphonemovesaround,aphonewill"handoff"-automaticallydisconnectandreconnecttothetowerofanothercellthatgivesthebestreception. Additionally,short-rangeWi-Fiinfrastructureisoftenusedbysmartphonesasmuchaspossibleasitoffloadstrafficfromcellnetworksontolocalareanetworks. Hardware Mainarticle:Mobilephonefeatures Thecommoncomponentsfoundonallmobilephonesare: Acentralprocessingunit(CPU),theprocessorofphones.TheCPUisamicroprocessorfabricatedonametal–oxide–semiconductor(MOS)integratedcircuit(IC)chip. Abattery,providingthepowersourceforthephonefunctions.Amodernhandsettypicallyusesalithium-ionbattery(LIB),whereasolderhandsetsusednickel–metalhydride(Ni–MH)batteries. Aninputmechanismtoallowtheusertointeractwiththephone.Theseareakeypadforfeaturephones,andtouchscreensformostsmartphones(typicallywithcapacitivesensing). Adisplaywhichechoestheuser'styping,anddisplaystextmessages,contacts,andmore.Thedisplayistypicallyeitheraliquid-crystaldisplay(LCD)ororganiclight-emittingdiode(OLED)display. Speakersforsound. Subscriberidentitymodule(SIM)cardsandremovableuseridentitymodule(R-UIM)cards. AhardwarenotificationLEDonsomephones Low-endmobilephonesareoftenreferredtoasfeaturephonesandofferbasictelephony.Handsetswithmoreadvancedcomputingabilitythroughtheuseofnativesoftwareapplicationsareknownassmartphones. Centralprocessingunit Mobilephoneshavecentralprocessingunits(CPUs),similartothoseincomputers,butoptimisedtooperateinlowpowerenvironments. MobileCPUperformancedependsnotonlyontheclockrate(generallygiveninmultiplesofhertz)[26]butalsothememoryhierarchyalsogreatlyaffectsoverallperformance.Becauseoftheseproblems,theperformanceofmobilephoneCPUsisoftenmoreappropriatelygivenbyscoresderivedfromvariousstandardizedteststomeasuretherealeffectiveperformanceincommonlyusedapplications. Display Mainarticle:Displaydevice Oneofthemaincharacteristicsofphonesisthescreen.Dependingonthedevice'stypeanddesign,thescreenfillsmostornearlyallofthespaceonadevice'sfrontsurface.Manysmartphonedisplayshaveanaspectratioof16:9,buttalleraspectratiosbecamemorecommonin2017. Screensizesareoftenmeasuredindiagonalinchesormillimeters;featurephonesgenerallyhavescreensizesbelow90millimetres(3.5 in).Phoneswithscreenslargerthan130millimetres(5.2 in)areoftencalled"phablets."Smartphoneswithscreensover115millimetres(4.5 in)insizearecommonlydifficulttousewithonlyasinglehand,sincemostthumbscannotreachtheentirescreensurface;theymayneedtobeshiftedaroundinthehand,heldinonehandandmanipulatedbytheother,orusedinplacewithbothhands.Duetodesignadvances,somemodernsmartphoneswithlargescreensizesand"edge-to-edge"designshavecompactbuildsthatimprovetheirergonomics,whiletheshifttotalleraspectratioshaveresultedinphonesthathavelargerscreensizeswhilstmaintainingtheergonomicsassociatedwithsmaller16:9displays.[27][28][29] Liquid-crystaldisplaysarethemostcommon;othersareIPS,LED,OLED,andAMOLEDdisplays.Somedisplaysareintegratedwithpressure-sensitivedigitizers,suchasthosedevelopedbyWacomandSamsung,[30]andApple's"3DTouch"system. Sound Insound,smartphonesandfeaturephonesvarylittle.Someaudio-qualityenhancingfeatures,suchasVoiceoverLTEandHDVoice,haveappearedandareoftenavailableonnewersmartphones.Soundqualitycanremainaproblemduetothedesignofthephone,thequalityofthecellularnetworkandcompressionalgorithmsusedinlong-distancecalls.[31][32]AudioqualitycanbeimprovedusingaVoIPapplicationoverWiFi.[33]Cellphoneshavesmallspeakerssothattheusercanuseaspeakerphonefeatureandtalktoapersononthephonewithoutholdingittotheirear.Thesmallspeakerscanalsobeusedtolistentodigitalaudiofilesofmusicorspeechorwatchvideoswithanaudiocomponent,withoutholdingthephoneclosetotheear. Battery Theaveragephonebatterylasts2–3yearsatbest.ManyofthewirelessdevicesuseaLithium-Ion(Li-Ion)battery,whichcharges500–2500times,dependingonhowuserstakecareofthebatteryandthechargingtechniquesused.[34]Itisonlynaturalfortheserechargeablebatteriestochemicallyage,whichiswhytheperformanceofthebatterywhenusedforayearortwowillbegintodeteriorate.Batterylifecanbeextendedbydrainingitregularly,notoverchargingit,andkeepingitawayfromheat.[35][36] SIMcard Mainarticles:SubscriberIdentityModuleandRemovableUserIdentityModule Typicalmobilephonemini-SIMcard MobilephonesrequireasmallmicrochipcalledaSubscriberIdentityModuleorSIMcard,inordertofunction.TheSIMcardisapproximatelythesizeofasmallpostagestampandisusuallyplacedunderneaththebatteryintherearoftheunit.TheSIMsecurelystorestheservice-subscriberkey(IMSI)andtheKiusedtoidentifyandauthenticatetheuserofthemobilephone.TheSIMcardallowsuserstochangephonesbysimplyremovingtheSIMcardfromonemobilephoneandinsertingitintoanothermobilephoneorbroadbandtelephonydevice,providedthatthisisnotpreventedbyaSIMlock.ThefirstSIMcardwasmadein1991byMunichsmartcardmakerGiesecke&DevrientfortheFinnishwirelessnetworkoperatorRadiolinja.[citationneeded] AhybridmobilephonecanholduptofourSIMcards,withaphonehavingadifferentdeviceidentifierforeachSIMCard.SIMandR-UIMcardsmaybemixedtogethertoallowbothGSMandCDMAnetworkstobeaccessed.From2010onwards,suchphonesbecamepopularinemergingmarkets,[37]andthiswasattributedtothedesiretoobtainthelowestcallingcosts. WhentheremovalofaSIMcardisdetectedbytheoperatingsystem,itmaydenyfurtheroperationuntilareboot.[38] Software Softwareplatforms Androidsmartphones Mainarticle:Mobileoperatingsystem Thissectionneedsexpansion.Youcanhelpbyaddingtoit.(October2018) Featurephoneshavebasicsoftwareplatforms.Smartphoneshaveadvancedsoftwareplatforms.AndroidOShasbeenthebest-sellingOSworldwideonsmartphonessince2011. Mobileapp Mainarticle:Mobileapp Amobileappisacomputerprogramdesignedtorunonamobiledevice,suchasasmartphone.Theterm"app"isashorteningoftheterm"softwareapplication". Messaging Seealso:SMSandMMS Atextmessage(SMS) AcommondataapplicationonmobilephonesisShortMessageService(SMS)textmessaging.ThefirstSMSmessagewassentfromacomputertoamobilephonein1992intheUKwhilethefirstperson-to-personSMSfromphonetophonewassentinFinlandin1993.Thefirstmobilenewsservice,deliveredviaSMS,waslaunchedinFinlandin2000,[39]andsubsequentlymanyorganizationsprovided"on-demand"and"instant"newsservicesbySMS.MultimediaMessagingService(MMS)wasintroducedinMarch2002.[40] Applicationstores Mainarticle:Listofmobileappdistributionplatforms TheintroductionofApple'sAppStorefortheiPhoneandiPodTouchinJuly2008popularizedmanufacturer-hostedonlinedistributionforthird-partyapplications(softwareandcomputerprograms)focusedonasingleplatform.Thereareahugevarietyofapps,includingvideogames,musicproductsandbusinesstools.Upuntilthatpoint,smartphoneapplicationdistributiondependedonthird-partysourcesprovidingapplicationsformultipleplatforms,suchasGetJar,Handango,Handmark,andPocketGear.FollowingthesuccessoftheAppStore,othersmartphonemanufacturerslaunchedapplicationstores,suchasGoogle'sAndroidMarket(laterrenamedtotheGooglePlayStore),RIM'sBlackBerryAppWorld,orAndroid-relatedappstoreslikeAptoide,CafeBazaar,F-Droid,GetJar,andOperaMobileStore.InFebruary2014,93%ofmobiledevelopersweretargetingsmartphonesfirstformobileappdevelopment.[41] Sales Thissectionneedstobeupdated.Pleasehelpupdatethisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.Lastupdate:Statisticsuntilmid2018isneededforsomepartsofthissection.(August2018) Bymanufacturer Seealso:Listofbest-sellingmobilephonesandListofmobilephonebrandsbycountry Marketshareoftop-fiveworldwidemobilephonevendors,Q22016 Rank Manufacturer StrategyAnalyticsreport[42] 1 Samsung 22.3% 2 Apple 12.9% 3 Huawei 8.9% 4 Oppo 5.4% 5 Xiaomi 4.5% Others 46.0% Note:VendorshipmentsarebrandedshipmentsandexcludeOEMsalesforallvendors. In2017,thetopfivemanufacturersworldwidewereSamsung(20.9%),Apple(14.0%),Huawei(9.8%),Oppo(5.7%),andVivo(6.5%).[43]DuringQ22018,HuaweiovertookAppleastheworld'ssecond-largestphonemanufacturer.[44] History From1983to1998,Motorolawasmarketleaderinmobilephones.Nokiawasthemarketleaderinmobilephonesfrom1998to2012.[45]InQ12012,SamsungsurpassedNokia,selling93.5millionunitsasagainstNokia's82.7millionunits.Samsunghasretaineditstoppositionsincethen. AsidefromMotorola,EuropeanbrandssuchasNokia,SiemensandEricssononceheldlargeswayovertheglobalmobilephonemarket,andmanynewtechnologieswerepioneeredinEurope.By2010,theinfluenceofEuropeancompanieshadsignificantlydecreasedduetofiercecompetitionfromAmericanandAsiancompanies,towheremosttechnicalinnovationhadshifted.[46][47]AppleandGoogle,bothoftheUnitedStates,alsocametodominatemobilephonesoftware.[46] Bymobilephoneoperator Mainarticle:Mobilephoneoperator Growthinmobilephonesubscriberspercountryfrom1980to2009 Theworld'slargestindividualmobileoperatorbynumberofsubscribersisChinaMobile,whichhasover902millionmobilephonesubscribersasofJune 2018[update].[48]Over50mobileoperatorshaveovertenmillionsubscriberseach,andover150mobileoperatorshadatleastonemillionsubscribersbytheendof2009.[49]In2014,thereweremorethansevenbillionmobilephonesubscribersworldwide,anumberthatisexpectedtokeepgrowing. Use Seealso:Smartphone§ Use Mobilephonesubscribersper100inhabitants.2014figureisestimated. Mobilephonesareusedforavarietyofpurposes,suchaskeepingintouchwithfamilymembers,forconductingbusiness,andinordertohaveaccesstoatelephoneintheeventofanemergency.Somepeoplecarrymorethanonemobilephonefordifferentpurposes,suchasforbusinessandpersonaluse.MultipleSIMcardsmaybeusedtotakeadvantageofthebenefitsofdifferentcallingplans.Forexample,aparticularplanmightprovideforcheaperlocalcalls,long-distancecalls,internationalcalls,orroaming. Themobilephonehasbeenusedinavarietyofdiversecontextsinsociety.Forexample: AstudybyMotorolafoundthatoneintenmobilephonesubscribershaveasecondphonethatisoftenkeptsecretfromotherfamilymembers.Thesephonesmaybeusedtoengageinsuchactivitiesasextramaritalaffairsorclandestinebusinessdealings.[50] Someorganizationsassistvictimsofdomesticviolencebyprovidingmobilephonesforuseinemergencies.Theseareoftenrefurbishedphones.[51] Theadventofwidespreadtext-messaginghasresultedinthecellphonenovel,thefirstliterarygenretoemergefromthecellularage,viatextmessagingtoawebsitethatcollectsthenovelsasawhole.[52] Mobiletelephonyalsofacilitatesactivismandcitizenjournalism. TheUnitedNationsreportedthatmobilephoneshavespreadfasterthananyotherformoftechnologyandcanimprovethelivelihoodofthepoorestpeopleindevelopingcountries,byprovidingaccesstoinformationinplaceswherelandlinesortheInternetarenotavailable,especiallyintheleastdevelopedcountries.Useofmobilephonesalsospawnsawealthofmicro-enterprises,byprovidingsuchworkassellingairtimeonthestreetsandrepairingorrefurbishinghandsets.[53] InMaliandotherAfricancountries,peopleusedtotravelfromvillagetovillagetoletfriendsandrelativesknowaboutweddings,births,andotherevents.Thiscannowbeavoidedinareaswithmobilephonecoverage,whichareusuallymoreextensivethanareaswithjustland-linepenetration. TheTVindustryhasrecentlystartedusingmobilephonestodriveliveTVviewingthroughmobileapps,advertising,socialTV,andmobileTV.[54]Itisestimatedthat86%ofAmericansusetheirmobilephonewhilewatchingTV. Insomepartsoftheworld,mobilephonesharingiscommon.CellphonesharingisprevalentinurbanIndia,asfamiliesandgroupsoffriendsoftenshareoneormoremobilephonesamongtheirmembers.Thereareobviouseconomicbenefits,butoftenfamilialcustomsandtraditionalgenderrolesplayapart.[55]Itiscommonforavillagetohaveaccesstoonlyonemobilephone,perhapsownedbyateacherormissionary,whichisavailabletoallmembersofthevillagefornecessarycalls.[56] Contentdistribution In1998,oneofthefirstexamplesofdistributingandsellingmediacontentthroughthemobilephonewasthesaleofringtonesbyRadiolinjainFinland.Soonafterwards,othermediacontentappeared,suchasnews,videogames,jokes,horoscopes,TVcontentandadvertising.Mostearlycontentformobilephonestendedtobecopiesoflegacymedia,suchasbanneradvertisementsorTVnewshighlightvideoclips.Recently,uniquecontentformobilephoneshasbeenemerging,fromringtonesandringbacktonestomobisodes,videocontentthathasbeenproducedexclusivelyformobilephones. Mobilebankingandpayment Mobilepaymentsystem Mainarticles:MobilebankingandMobilepayment Seealso:BranchlessbankingandContactlesspayment Inmanycountries,mobilephonesareusedtoprovidemobilebankingservices,whichmayincludetheabilitytotransfercashpaymentsbysecureSMStextmessage.Kenya'sM-PESAmobilebankingservice,forexample,allowscustomersofthemobilephoneoperatorSafaricomtoholdcashbalanceswhicharerecordedontheirSIMcards.CashcanbedepositedorwithdrawnfromM-PESAaccountsatSafaricomretailoutletslocatedthroughoutthecountryandcanbetransferredelectronicallyfrompersontopersonandusedtopaybillstocompanies. BranchlessbankinghasalsobeensuccessfulinSouthAfricaandthePhilippines.ApilotprojectinBaliwaslaunchedin2011bytheInternationalFinanceCorporationandanIndonesianbank,BankMandiri.[57] AnotherapplicationofmobilebankingtechnologyisZidisha,aUS-basednonprofitmicro-lendingplatformthatallowsresidentsofdevelopingcountriestoraisesmallbusinessloansfromWebusersworldwide.Zidishausesmobilebankingforloandisbursementsandrepayments,transferringfundsfromlendersintheUnitedStatestoborrowersinruralAfricawhohavemobilephonesandcanusetheInternet.[58] MobilepaymentswerefirsttrialledinFinlandin1998whentwoCoca-ColavendingmachinesinEspoowereenabledtoworkwithSMSpayments.Eventually,theideaspreadandin1999,thePhilippineslaunchedthecountry'sfirstcommercialmobilepaymentssystemswithmobileoperatorsGlobeandSmart. Somemobilephonescanmakemobilepaymentsviadirectmobilebillingschemes,orthroughcontactlesspaymentsifthephoneandthepointofsalesupportnearfieldcommunication(NFC).[59]EnablingcontactlesspaymentsthroughNFC-equippedmobilephonesrequirestheco-operationofmanufacturers,networkoperators,andretailmerchants.[60][61] Mobiletracking Seealso:CellphonesurveillanceandMobilephonetracking Mobilephonesarecommonlyusedtocollectlocationdata.Whilethephoneisturnedon,thegeographicallocationofamobilephonecanbedeterminedeasily(whetheritisbeingusedornot)usingatechniqueknownasmultilaterationtocalculatethedifferencesintimeforasignaltotravelfromthemobilephonetoeachofseveralcelltowersneartheownerofthephone.[62][63] Themovementsofamobilephoneusercanbetrackedbytheirserviceproviderandifdesired,bylawenforcementagenciesandtheirgovernments.BoththeSIMcardandthehandsetcanbetracked.[62] ChinahasproposedusingthistechnologytotrackthecommutingpatternsofBeijingcityresidents.[64]IntheUKandUS,lawenforcementandintelligenceservicesusemobilephonestoperformsurveillanceoperations.Theypossesstechnologythatenablesthemtoactivatethemicrophonesinmobilephonesremotelyinordertolistentoconversationswhichtakeplacenearthephone.[65][66] Hackersareabletotrackaphone'slocation,readmessages,andrecordcalls,justbyknowingthephonenumber.[67] Whiledriving Mainarticles:MobilephonesanddrivingsafetyandTextingwhiledriving Adriverusingtwohandheldmobilephonesatonce AsignintheU.S.restrictingcellphoneusetocertaintimesofday(nocellphoneusebetween7:30am-9:00amand2:00pm-4:15pm) Mobilephoneusewhiledriving,includingtalkingonthephone,texting,oroperatingotherphonefeatures,iscommonbutcontroversial.Itiswidelyconsidereddangerousduetodistracteddriving.Beingdistractedwhileoperatingamotorvehiclehasbeenshowntoincreasetheriskofaccidents.InSeptember2010,theUSNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA)reportedthat995peoplewerekilledbydriversdistractedbycellphones.InMarch2011,aU.S.insurancecompany,StateFarmInsurance,announcedtheresultsofastudywhichshowed19%ofdriverssurveyedaccessedtheInternetonasmartphonewhiledriving.[68]Manyjurisdictionsprohibittheuseofmobilephoneswhiledriving.InEgypt,Israel,Japan,Portugal,andSingapore,bothhandheldandhands-freeuseofamobilephone(whichusesaspeakerphone)isbanned.Inothercountries,includingtheUKandFranceandinmanyU.S.states,onlyhandheldphoneuseisbannedwhilehands-freeuseispermitted. A2011studyreportedthatover90%ofcollegestudentssurveyedtext(initiate,replyorread)whiledriving.[69] Thescientificliteratureonthedangersofdrivingwhilesendingatextmessagefromamobilephone,ortextingwhiledriving,islimited.AsimulationstudyattheUniversityofUtahfoundasixfoldincreaseindistraction-relatedaccidentswhentexting.[70] Duetotheincreasingcomplexityofmobilephones,theyareoftenmorelikemobilecomputersintheiravailableuses.Thishasintroducedadditionaldifficultiesforlawenforcementofficialswhenattemptingtodistinguishoneusagefromanotherindriversusingtheirdevices.Thisismoreapparentincountrieswhichbanbothhandheldandhands-freeusage,ratherthanthosewhichbanhandhelduseonly,asofficialscannoteasilytellwhichfunctionofthemobilephoneisbeingusedsimplybylookingatthedriver.Thiscanleadtodriversbeingstoppedforusingtheirdeviceillegallyforaphonecallwhen,infact,theywereusingthedevicelegally,forexample,whenusingthephone'sincorporatedcontrolsforcarstereo,GPSorsatnav. A2010studyreviewedtheincidenceofmobilephoneusewhilecyclinganditseffectsonbehaviourandsafety.[71]In2013,anationalsurveyintheUSreportedthenumberofdriverswhoreportedusingtheircellphonestoaccesstheInternetwhiledrivinghadrisentonearlyoneoffour.[72]AstudyconductedbytheUniversityofViennaexaminedapproachesforreducinginappropriateandproblematicuseofmobilephones,suchasusingmobilephoneswhiledriving.[73] Accidentsinvolvingadriverbeingdistractedbytalkingonamobilephonehavebeguntobeprosecutedasnegligencesimilartospeeding.IntheUnitedKingdom,from27February2007,motoristswhoarecaughtusingahand-heldmobilephonewhiledrivingwillhavethreepenaltypointsaddedtotheirlicenseinadditiontothefineof£60.[74]Thisincreasewasintroducedtotrytostemtheincreaseindriversignoringthelaw.[75]Japanprohibitsallmobilephoneusewhiledriving,includinguseofhands-freedevices.NewZealandhasbannedhand-heldcellphoneusesince1November2009.ManystatesintheUnitedStateshavebannedtextingoncellphoneswhiledriving.Illinoisbecamethe17thAmericanstatetoenforcethislaw.[76]AsofJuly 2010[update],30stateshadbannedtextingwhiledriving,withKentuckybecomingthemostrecentadditionon15July.[77] PublicHealthLawResearchmaintainsalistofdistracteddrivinglawsintheUnitedStates.Thisdatabaseoflawsprovidesacomprehensiveviewoftheprovisionsoflawsthatrestricttheuseofmobilecommunicationdeviceswhiledrivingforall50statesandtheDistrictofColumbiabetween1992whenfirstlawwaspassed,through1December2010.Thedatasetcontainsinformationon22dichotomous,continuousorcategoricalvariablesincluding,forexample,activitiesregulated(e.g.,textingversustalking,hands-freeversushandheld),targetedpopulations,andexemptions.[78] In2010,anestimated1500pedestrianswereinjuredintheUSwhileusingacellphoneandsomejurisdictionshaveattemptedtobanpedestriansfromusingtheircellphones.[79][80] Healtheffects Mainarticle:Mobilephoneradiationandhealth Seealso:NomophobiaandMobilephoneoveruse Theeffectofmobilephoneradiationonhumanhealthisthesubjectofrecent[when?]interestandstudy,asaresultoftheenormousincreaseinmobilephoneusagethroughouttheworld.Mobilephonesuseelectromagneticradiationinthemicrowaverange,whichsomebelievemaybeharmfultohumanhealth.Alargebodyofresearchexists,bothepidemiologicalandexperimental,innon-humananimalsandinhumans.Themajorityofthisresearchshowsnodefinitecausativerelationshipbetweenexposuretomobilephonesandharmfulbiologicaleffectsinhumans.Thisisoftenparaphrasedsimplyasthebalanceofevidenceshowingnoharmtohumansfrommobilephones,althoughasignificantnumberofindividualstudiesdosuggestsucharelationship,orareinconclusive.Otherdigitalwirelesssystems,suchasdatacommunicationnetworks,producesimilarradiation.[citationneeded] On31May2011,theWorldHealthOrganizationstatedthatmobilephoneusemaypossiblyrepresentalong-termhealthrisk,[81][82]classifyingmobilephoneradiationas"possiblycarcinogenictohumans"afterateamofscientistsreviewedstudiesonmobilephonesafety.[83]Themobilephoneisincategory2B,whichranksitalongsidecoffeeandotherpossiblycarcinogenicsubstances.[84][85] Somerecent[when?]studieshavefoundanassociationbetweenmobilephoneuseandcertainkindsofbrainandsalivaryglandtumors.LennartHardellandotherauthorsofa2009meta-analysisof11studiesfrompeer-reviewedjournalsconcludedthatcellphoneusageforatleasttenyears"approximatelydoublestheriskofbeingdiagnosedwithabraintumoronthesame('ipsilateral')sideoftheheadasthatpreferredforcellphoneuse".[86] Onestudyofpastmobilephoneusecitedinthereportshoweda"40%increasedriskforgliomas(braincancer)inthehighestcategoryofheavyusers(reportedaverage:30minutesperdayovera10‐yearperiod)".[87]Thisisareversalofthestudy'spriorpositionthatcancerwasunlikelytobecausedbycellularphonesortheirbasestationsandthatreviewshadfoundnoconvincingevidenceforotherhealtheffects.[82][88]However,astudypublished24March2012,intheBritishMedicalJournalquestionedtheseestimatesbecausetheincreaseinbraincancershasnotparalleledtheincreaseinmobilephoneuse.[89]Certaincountries,includingFrance,havewarnedagainsttheuseofmobilephonesbyminorsinparticular,duetohealthriskuncertainties.[90]Mobilepollutionbytransmittingelectromagneticwavescanbedecreasedupto90%byadoptingthecircuitasdesignedinmobilephoneandmobileexchange.[91] InMay2016,preliminaryfindingsofalong-termstudybytheU.S.governmentsuggestedthatradio-frequency(RF)radiation,thetypeemittedbycellphones,cancausecancer.[92][93] Educationalimpact Seealso:Mobilephoneuseinschools AstudybytheLondonSchoolofEconomicsfoundthatbanningmobilephonesinschoolscouldincreasepupils'academicperformance,providingbenefitsequaltooneextraweekofschoolingperyear.[94] Electronicwasteregulation Scrappedmobilephones Seealso:Mobilephonerecycling Studieshaveshownthataround40–50%oftheenvironmentalimpactofmobilephonesoccursduringthemanufactureoftheirprintedwiringboardsandintegratedcircuits.[95] Theaverageuserreplacestheirmobilephoneevery11to18months,[96]andthediscardedphonesthencontributetoelectronicwaste.MobilephonemanufacturerswithinEuropearesubjecttotheWEEEdirective,andAustraliahasintroducedamobilephonerecyclingscheme.[97] AppleInc.hadanadvancedroboticdisassemblerandsortercalledLiamspecificallyforrecyclingoutdatedorbrokeniPhones.[98] Theft AccordingtotheFederalCommunicationsCommission,oneoutofthreerobberiesinvolvethetheftofacellularphone.[citationneeded]PolicedatainSanFranciscoshowthathalfofallrobberiesin2012weretheftsofcellularphones.[citationneeded]AnonlinepetitiononChange.org,calledSecureourSmartphones,urgedsmartphonemanufacturerstoinstallkillswitchesintheirdevicestomakethemunusableifstolen.ThepetitionispartofajointeffortbyNewYorkAttorneyGeneralEricSchneidermanandSanFranciscoDistrictAttorneyGeorgeGascónandwasdirectedtotheCEOsofthemajorsmartphonemanufacturersandtelecommunicationcarriers.[99]On10June2013,Appleannouncedthatitwouldinstalla"killswitch"onitsnextiPhoneoperatingsystem,duetodebutinOctober2013.[100] AllmobilephoneshaveauniqueidentifiercalledIMEI.AnyonecanreporttheirphoneaslostorstolenwiththeirTelecomCarrier,andtheIMEIwouldbeblacklistedwithacentralregistry.[101]Telecomcarriers,dependinguponlocalregulationcanormustimplementblockingofblacklistedphonesintheirnetwork.Thereare,however,anumberofwaystocircumventablacklist.Onemethodistosendthephonetoacountrywherethetelecomcarriersarenotrequiredtoimplementtheblacklistingandsellitthere,[102]anotherinvolvesalteringthephone'sIMEInumber.[103]Evenso,mobilephonestypicallyhavelessvalueonthesecond-handmarketifthephonesoriginalIMEIisblacklisted. Anunusualexampleofaphonebillcausedbytheft(reportedon28June2018)waswhenabiologicalgroupinPolandputaGPStrackeronawhitestorkandreleasedit;duringautumnmigrationovertheBlueNilevalleyineasternSudansomeonegotholdofthestork'sGPStracker,andfoundinitamobile-phone-typesimcard,whichheputinhismobilephone,andmade20hoursofcallsonit,runningupabillofover10,000Polishzlotys(US$2,700)forthebiologicalgroup.[104] Conflictminerals Mainarticle:Conflictminerals DemandformetalsusedinmobilephonesandotherelectronicsfuelledtheSecondCongoWar,whichclaimedalmost5.5millionlives.[105]Ina2012newsstory,TheGuardianreported:"InunsafeminesdeepundergroundineasternCongo,childrenareworkingtoextractmineralsessentialfortheelectronicsindustry.Theprofitsfromthemineralsfinancethebloodiestconflictsincethesecondworldwar;thewarhaslastednearly20yearsandhasrecentlyflaredupagain....Forthelast15years,theDemocraticRepublicoftheCongohasbeenamajorsourceofnaturalresourcesforthemobilephoneindustry."[106]ThecompanyFairphonehasworkedtodevelopamobilephonethatdoesnotcontainconflictminerals. Kosherphones DuetoconcernsbytheOrthodoxJewishrabbinateinBritainthattextingbyyouthscouldwastetimeandleadto"immodest"communication,therabbinaterecommendedthatphoneswithtext-messagingcapabilitynotbeusedbychildren;toaddressthis,theygavetheirofficialapprovaltoabrandof"Kosher"phoneswithnotextingcapabilities.Althoughthesephonesareintendedtopreventimmodesty,somevendorsreportgoodsalestoadultswhopreferthesimplicityofthedevices;otherOrthodoxJewsquestiontheneedforthem.[107] InIsrael,similarphonestokosherphoneswithrestrictedfeaturesexisttoobservethesabbath;underOrthodoxJudaism,theuseofanyelectricaldeviceisgenerallyprohibitedduringthistime,otherthantosavelives,orreducetheriskofdeathorsimilarneeds.Suchphonesareapprovedforusebyessentialworkers,suchashealth,security,andpublicserviceworkers.[108] Seealso Telephonesportal Telecommunicationportal Internetportal Cellularfrequencies Customerproprietarynetworkinformation Fieldtelephone Listofcountriesbynumberofmobilephonesinuse Mobilebroadband 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^Hahn,Hans;Kibora,Ludovic(2008)."TheDomesticationoftheMobilePhone:OralSocietyandNewICTinBurkinaFaso".JournalofModernAfricanStudies.46:87–109.doi:10.1017/s0022278x07003084.S2CID 154804246. ^"BranchlessbankingtostartinBali".TheJakartaPost.13April2012.Retrieved4June2012. ^""ZidishaSetto"Expand"inPeer-to-PeerMicrofinance",MicrofinanceFocus,Feb2010".Microfinancefocus.com.7February2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21September2012.Retrieved4June2012. ^Feig,Nancy(25June2007)."MobilePayments:LooktoKorea".banktech.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon26March2010.Retrieved29January2011. ^Ready,Sarah(10November2009)."NFCmobilephonesettoexplode".connectedplanetonline.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon24January2010.Retrieved29January2011. ^Tofel,KevinC.(20August2010)."VISATestingNFCMemoryCardsforWirelessPayments".gigaom.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21June2012.Retrieved21January2011. ^ab"Trackingasuspectbymobilephone".BBCNews.3August2005.Retrieved14March2009. ^Miller,Joshua(14March2009)."CellPhoneTrackingCanLocateTerrorists —ButOnlyWhereIt'sLegal".FOXNews.Retrieved4February2014. ^CeciliaKang(3March2011)."Chinaplanstotrackcellphoneusers,sparkinghumanrightsconcerns".TheWashingtonPost. ^McCullagh,Declan;AnneBroache(1December2006)."FBItapscellphonemicaseavesdroppingtool".CNetNews.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10November2013.Retrieved14March2009. ^Odell,Mark(1August2005)."Useofmobilehelpedpolicekeeptabsonsuspect".FinancialTimes.Retrieved14March2009. ^Gibbs,Samuel(18April2016)."Yourphonenumberisallahackerneedstoreadtexts,listentocallsandtrackyou"–viawww.theguardian.com. ^"QuitGooglingyourselfanddrive:About20%ofdriversusingWebbehindthewheel,studysays".LosAngelesTimes.4March2011. ^Atchley,Paul;Atwood,Stephanie;Boulton,Aaron(January2011)."TheChoicetoTextandDriveinYoungerDrivers:BehaviourMayShapeAttitude".AccidentAnalysisandPrevention.43(1):134–142.doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.003.PMID 21094307. ^"Textmessagingnotillegalbutdataclearonitsperil".DemocratandChronicle.Archivedfromtheoriginalon29April2008. ^deWaard,D.,Schepers,P.,Ormel,W.andBrookhuis,K.,2010,Mobilephoneusewhilecycling:Incidenceandeffectsonbehaviourandsafety,Ergonomics,Vol53,No.1,January2010,pp.30–42. ^"DriversstillWebsurfingwhiledriving,surveyfinds".USATODAY. ^Burger,Christoph;Riemer,Valentin;Grafeneder,Jürgen;Woisetschläger,Bianca;Vidovic,Dragana;Hergovich,Andreas(2010)."ReachingtheMobileRespondent:DeterminantsofHigh-LevelMobilePhoneUseAmongaHigh-CoverageGroup"(PDF).SocialScienceComputerReview.28(3):336–349.doi:10.1177/0894439309353099.S2CID 61640965. ^"Driversfacenewphonepenalties".22January2007–vianews.bbc.co.uk. ^"Carelesstalk".22February2007–vianews.bbc.co.uk. ^"Illinoistobantextingwhiledriving".CNN.6August2009.Retrieved12May2010. ^Steitzer,Stephanie(14July2010)."Textingwhiledrivingban,othernewKentuckylawstakeeffecttoday".TheCourier-Journal.Archivedfromtheoriginalon19January2013.Retrieved15July2010. ^"DistractedDrivingLaws".PublicHealthLawResearch.15July2011.Retrieved27June2014. ^Nasar,JackL.;Troyer,Dereck(21March2013)."Pedestrianinjuriesduetomobilephoneuseinpublicplaces"(PDF).AccidentAnalysisandPrevention.57:91–95.doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.021.PMID 23644536.S2CID 8743434.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on31July2017.Retrieved31July2017. ^Grabar,Henry(28July2017)."TheAbsurdityofHonolulu'sNewLawBanningPedestriansFromLookingatTheirCellphones".Slate.Retrieved31July2017. ^"IARCClassifiesRadiofrequencyElectromagneticFieldsasPossiblyCarcinogenictoHumans"(PDF).WorldHealthOrganization. ^ab"Whatarethehealthrisksassociatedwithmobilephonesandtheirbasestations?".OnlineQ&A.WorldHealthOrganization.5December2005.Retrieved19January2008. ^"WHO:Cellphoneusecanincreasepossiblecancerrisk".CNN.31May2011.Retrieved31May2011. ^"AgentsClassifiedbytheIARCMonographs,Volumes1–107"(PDF).monographs.iarc.fr.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on25October2011.Retrieved5March2013. ^Kovvali,Gopala(1January2011)."Cellphonesareascarcinogenicascoffee".JournalofCarcinogenesis.10(1):18.doi:10.4103/1477-3163.83044.PMC 3142790.PMID 21799662. ^Khurana,VG;TeoC;KundiM;HardellL;CarlbergM(2009)."Cellphonesandbraintumors:Areviewincludingthelongtermepidemiologicdata".SurgicalNeurology.72(3):205–214.doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2009.01.019.PMID 19328536. ^"WorldHealthOrganization:CellPhonesMayCauseCancer".BusinessInsider.Retrieved31May2011. ^"Electromagneticfieldsandpublichealth:mobiletelephonesandtheirbasestations".FactsheetN°193.WorldHealthOrganization.June2000.Archivedfromtheoriginalon27February2004.Retrieved19January2008. ^LittleMP,RajaramanP,CurtisRE,et al.(2012)."Mobilephoneuseandgliomarisk:comparisonofepidemiologicalstudyresultswithincidencetrendsintheUnitedStates".BMJ.344:e1147.doi:10.1136/bmj.e1147.PMC 3297541.PMID 22403263. ^BrianRohan(2January2008)."Francewarnsagainstexcessivemobilephoneuse".Reuters.Retrieved10May2010. ^Bhattacharjee,PijushKanti(2012)."MobilePhoneandSystemAreDesignedInANovelWayToHaveMinimumElectromagneticWaveTransmissionInAirandMinimumElectricalPowerConsumption"(PDF).InternationalJournalofComputerNetworksandWirelessCommunications[IJCNWC],vol.2,no.5,pp.556–59,2012. ^Harkinson,Josh(27May2016).""Game-changing"studylinkscellphoneradiationtocancer".MotherJones.Retrieved10December2020. ^"ReportofPartialFindingsfromtheNationalToxicologyProgramCarcinogenesisStudiesofCellPhoneRadiofrequencyRadiationinHsd:SpragueDawley®SDrats(WholeBodyExposures)–Draft5-19-2016" ^Davis,Anna(18May2015)."Socialmedia'morestressfulthanexams'".LondonEveningStandard.p. 13. ^"TheSecretLifeSeries–EnvironmentalImpactsofCellPhones".Inform,Inc.Retrieved4February2014. ^"E-wasteresearchgroup,Factsandfigures".GriffithUniversity.Retrieved3December2011. ^"MobilePhoneWasteandTheEnvironment".AussieRecyclingProgram.Retrieved3December2011. ^Rujanavech,Charissa;Lessard,Joe;Chandler,Sarah;Shannon,Sean;Dahmus,Jeffrey;Guzzo,Rob(September2016)."Liam-AnInnovationStory"(PDF).Apple.Retrieved10May2022. ^Adams,Mike"PleaUrgesAnti-TheftPhoneTech"SanFranciscoExaminer7June2013p.5 ^"AppletoaddkillswitchestohelpcombatiPhonetheft"byJaxonVanDerbekenSanFranciscoChronicle11June2013p.1 ^"IMEIpro–freeIMEInumbercheckservice".www.imeipro.info.Retrieved29September2016. ^"Howstolenphoneblacklistswilltampdownoncrime,andwhattodointhemeantime".27November2012.Retrieved29September2016. ^"HowToChangeIMEINumber".1July2015.Retrieved29September2016. ^"Polishcharitygetshugephonebillthankstostork".BBCNews.28June2018.Retrieved7September2018. ^"IsyourmobilephonehelpingfundwarinCongo?".TheDailyTelegraph.27September2011.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10January2022. ^"ChildrenoftheCongowhorisktheirlivestosupplyourmobilephones".TheGuardian.7December2012. ^Brunwasser,Matthew(25January2012)."KosherPhonesForBritain'sOrthodoxJews".PublicRadioInternational. ^Hirshfeld,Rachel(26March2012)."Introducing:A'KosherPhone'PermittedonShabbat".ArutzSheva. Furtherreading Agar,Jon,ConstantTouch:AGlobalHistoryoftheMobilePhone,2004ISBN 1-84046-541-7 Fessenden,R.A.(1908)."WirelessTelephony".AnnualReportoftheBoardofRegentsoftheSmithsonianInstitution.TheInstitution:161–196.Retrieved7August2009. Glotz,Peter&Bertsch,Stefan,eds.ThumbCulture:TheMeaningofMobilePhonesforSociety,2005 Goggin,Gerard,GlobalMobileMedia(NewYork:Routledge,2011),p. 176.ISBN 978-0-415-46918-0 Jain,S.Lochlann(2002)."UrbanErrands:TheMeansofMobility".JournalofConsumerCulture.2:385–404.doi:10.1177/146954050200200305.S2CID 145577892. Katz,JamesE.&Aakhus,Mark,eds.PerpetualContact:MobileCommunication,PrivateTalk,PublicPerformance,2002 Kavoori,Anandam&Arceneaux,Noah,eds.TheCellPhoneReader:EssaysinSocialTransformation,2006 Kennedy,Pagan.WhoMadeThatCellphone?,TheNewYorkTimes,15March2013,p.MM19 Kopomaa,Timo.TheCityinYourPocket,Gaudeamus2000 Levinson,Paul,Cellphone:TheStoryoftheWorld'sMostMobileMedium,andHowItHasTransformedEverything!,2004ISBN 1-4039-6041-0 Ling,Rich,TheMobileConnection:theCellPhone'sImpactonSociety,2004ISBN 1-55860-936-9 Ling,RichandPedersen,Per,eds.MobileCommunications:Re-negotiationoftheSocialSphere,2005ISBN 1-85233-931-4 HomepageofRichLing Nyíri,Kristóf,ed.MobileCommunication:EssaysonCognitionandCommunity,2003 Nyíri,Kristóf,ed.MobileLearning:EssaysonPhilosophy,PsychologyandEducation,2003 Nyíri,Kristóf,ed.MobileDemocracy:EssaysonSociety,SelfandPolitics,2003 Nyíri,Kristóf,ed.ASenseofPlace:TheGlobalandtheLocalinMobileCommunication,2005 Nyíri,Kristóf,ed.MobileUnderstanding:TheEpistemologyofUbiquitousCommunication,2006 Plant,Dr.Sadie,onthemobile –theeffectsofmobiletelephonesonsocialandindividuallife,2001 Rheingold,Howard,SmartMobs:TheNextSocialRevolution,2002ISBN 0-7382-0861-2 Singh,Rohit(April2009).Mobilephonesfordevelopmentandprofit:awin-winscenario(PDF).OverseasDevelopmentInstitute.p. 2. Externallinks WikivoyagehasatravelguideforMobiletelephones. LookupmobilephoneinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoMobilephones. "HowCellPhonesWork"atHowStuffWorks "TheLongOdysseyoftheCellPhone",15photoswithcaptionsfromTimemagazine CellPhone,theringheardaroundtheworld—avideodocumentarybytheCanadianBroadcastingCorporation vteMobilephonesMobilenetworks,protocols Channelcapacity Frequencies Multi-band Networkoperator list Roaming Signal SIMcard dualSIM SIMlock Standardscomparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML-MP Generations Analogue: 0G 1G Digital: 2G 3G adoption 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 6G Generaloperation Features GSM services History Operatingsystem Security phonecloning Telephony airplanemode Textmessaging SMS MMS RCS Spam Tracking Webbrowsing Mobiledevices Manufacturers 3Dphone Cameraphone Carphone Featurephone Projectorphone Satellitephone Smartphone Formfactors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Slate Smartwatch Fold Smartphones Androiddevices rooting BlackBerry10 iPhone iOSjailbreaking Open-sourcemobilephones Symbiandevices WindowsPhonedevices MobilespecificsoftwareApps Development Distribution Management Cloudcomputing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instantmessaging Learning Music News Search local Social addressbook Television Culture Boxbreaking Charms Comics Dating Japaneseculture Novels Ringtones silentmode Selfie Txt-spk Wallpaper Environmentandhealth BlackBerrythumb Drivingsafety Electronicwaste Externalpowersupply Mentalhealthfromoveruse Phantomvibrationsyndrome Radiationandhealth Recycling Law CarrierIQ Legalityofrecordingbycivilians Mobilephonesinprison Photographyandthelaw Telephonetapping Textingwhiledriving USAuserestrictionswhiledriving  Telecommunicationportal  Telephonesportal  Category vteCellularnetworkstandardsListofmobilephonegenerations0Gradiotelephones(1946) MTS IMTS Altai OLT MTA-MTB-MTC-MTD AMTS Autotel(PALM) ARP B-Netz AMR 1G(1979)AMPSfamily AMPS-N-AMPS TACS-ETACS Other NMT C-450 Hicap Mobitex DataTAC CT1 2G(1991)GSM/3GPPfamily GSM CSD-HSCSD 3GPP2family cdmaOne(IS-95) AMPSfamily D-AMPS(IS-54andIS-136) Other CDPD iDEN PDC PHS CT2 2Gtransitional(2.5G,2.75G)GSM/3GPPfamily GPRS EDGE/EGPRS-EvolvedEDGE 3GPP2family CDMA20001X(TIA/EIA/IS-2000) CDMA20001XAdvanced Other WiDEN DECT 3G(1998)IMT-2000(2001)3GPPfamily UMTS UTRA-FDD/W-CDMA FOMA UTRA-TDDLCR/TD-SCDMA UTRA-TDDHCR/TD-CDMA 3GPP2family CDMA20001xEV-DORelease0(TIA/IS-856) 3Gtransitional(3.5G,3.75G,3.9G)3GPPfamily HSPA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ DC-HSDPA LTE(E-UTRA) 3GPP2family CDMA20001xEV-DORevisionA(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A) EV-DORevisionB(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B) EV-DORevisionC IEEEfamily MobileWiMAX IEEE802.16e Flash-OFDM iBurst(IEEE802.20) WiBro ETSIfamily HiperMAN 4G(2009)IMTAdvanced(2013)3GPPfamily LTEAdvanced(E-UTRA) LTEAdvancedPro(4.5GPro/pre-5G/5GE/4.9G) IEEEfamily WiMAX(IEEE802.16m) WiMax2.1(LTE-TDD/TD-LTE) WiBro 5G(2018)IMT-2020(2021)3GPPfamily 5GNR 5G-Advanced NR-IIoT LTE-M NB-IoT Other DECT-5G Relatedarticles Cellularnetworks Mobiletelephony History Comparisonofstandards Channelaccessmethods FDMA OFDMA TDMA STDMA SSMA CDMA SDMA Spectralefficiencycomparisontable Frequencybands GSM UMTS PCS LTE 5GNR Mobilebroadband MultimediaBroadcastMulticastService NGMNAlliance Push-to-talk MIMO VoLTE ViLTE VoNR ViNR Wi-FiCalling Osmocom  Telecommunicationportal    Telephonesportal vteTelephonyTypes Landline Mobilephone Satellitephone Photophone Connectivity Cableprotectionsystem Communicationssatellites Fibre-optical Free-spaceoptical ISDN Mobilephonesignal POTS PSTN Submarinecables VoIP Calls Missedcall Misdialedcall Nuisancecall Phonetag Applications Faxtransmission Telephonecalls Telephonenewspapers Théâtrophone Videocalls  Telecommunicationportal Telephonesportal vteTelecommunicationsHistory Beacon Broadcasting Cableprotectionsystem CableTV Communicationssatellite Computernetwork Datacompression audio DCT image video Digitalmedia Internetvideo onlinevideoplatform socialmedia streaming Drums Edholm'slaw Electricaltelegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulictelegraph InformationAge Informationrevolution Internet Massmedia Mobilephone Smartphone Opticaltelecommunication Opticaltelegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaidmobilephone Radio Radiotelephone Satellitecommunications Semaphore Semiconductor device MOSFET transistor Smokesignals Telecommunicationshistory Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter(teletype) Telephone TheTelephoneCases Television digital streaming Underseatelegraphline Videotelephony Whistledlanguage Wirelessrevolution Pioneers NasirAhmed EdwinHowardArmstrong MohamedM.Atalla JohnLogieBaird PaulBaran JohnBardeen AlexanderGrahamBell EmileBerliner TimBerners-Lee FrancisBlake(telephone) JagadishChandraBose CharlesBourseul WalterHouserBrattain VintCerf ClaudeChappe YogenDalal DanielDavisJr. DonaldDavies AmosDolbear ThomasEdison LeedeForest PhiloFarnsworth ReginaldFessenden ElishaGray OliverHeaviside RobertHooke ErnaSchneiderHoover HaroldHopkins GardinerGreeneHubbard Internetpioneers BobKahn DawonKahng CharlesK.Kao NarinderSinghKapany HedyLamarr InnocenzoManzetti GuglielmoMarconi RobertMetcalfe AntonioMeucci SamuelMorse Jun-ichiNishizawa CharlesGraftonPage RadiaPerlman AlexanderStepanovichPopov TivadarPuskás JohannPhilippReis ClaudeShannon AlmonBrownStrowger HenrySutton CharlesSumnerTainter NikolaTesla CamilleTissot AlfredVail ThomasA.Watson CharlesWheatstone VladimirK.Zworykin Transmissionmedia Coaxialcable Fiber-opticcommunication opticalfiber Free-spaceopticalcommunication Molecularcommunication Radiowaves wireless Transmissionline datatransmissioncircuit telecommunicationcircuit Networktopologyandswitching Bandwidth Links Nodes terminal Networkswitching circuit packet Telephoneexchange Multiplexing Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbitalangular-momentum Code-division Concepts Communicationprotocol Computernetwork Datatransmission Storeandforward Telecommunicationsequipment Typesofnetwork Cellularnetwork Ethernet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN PublicSwitchedTelephone Radio Television Telex UUCP WAN Wirelessnetwork Notablenetworks ARPANET BITNET CYCLADES FidoNet Internet Internet2 JANET NPLnetwork Toasternet Usenet Locations Africa Americas North South Antarctica Asia Europe Oceania (Globaltelecommunicationsregulationbodies)  Telecommunicationportal Category Outline Commons Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Spain Germany Israel UnitedStates Japan Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone&oldid=1102979672" 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