Groundhog - Wikipedia

The groundhog (Marmota monax), also known as a woodchuck, is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels known as ... Groundhog FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Speciesofmammal(rodentinthemarmotgenus) Forotheruses,seeGroundhog(disambiguation),Woodchuck(disambiguation),andWhistlePig. Groundhog GroundhogatLavalUniversitycampus,Quebec,Canada Conservationstatus LeastConcern (IUCN3.1)[1] Scientificclassification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Sciuridae Genus: Marmota Species: M. monax Binomialname Marmotamonax(Linnaeus,1758) Subspecies M.m.monaxLinnaeus,1758 M.m.canadensisErxleben,1777 M.m.ignavaBangs,1899 M.m.rufescensA.H.Howell,1914 Groundhogrange Synonyms MusmonaxLinnaeus, 1758 Arctomysmonax(Linnaeus, 1758) Thegroundhog(Marmotamonax),alsoknownasawoodchuck,isarodentofthefamilySciuridae,belongingtothegroupoflargegroundsquirrelsknownasmarmots.[2] ThegroundhogisalowlandcreatureofNorthAmerica;itisfoundthroughmuchoftheEasternUnitedStates,acrossCanadaandintoAlaska.[3] ItwasfirstscientificallydescribedbyCarlLinnaeusin1758.[4] Thegroundhogisalsoreferredtoasachuck,wood-shock,groundpig,whistlepig,[5][6]whistler,thickwoodbadger,Canadamarmot,monax,moonack,weenusk,redmonk,[6]landbeaver,[7]and,amongFrenchCanadiansineasternCanada,siffleux.[8]Thename"thickwoodbadger"wasgivenintheNorthwesttodistinguishtheanimalfromtheprairiebadger.Monax(Móonack)isanAlgonquiannameofthewoodchuck,whichmeans"digger"(cf.Lenapemonachgeu).[9][10]Younggroundhogsmaybecalledchucklings.[11]: 66  Thegroundhog,beingalowlandanimal,isexceptionalamongmarmots.Othermarmots,suchastheyellow-belliedandhoarymarmots,liveinrockyandmountainousareas.Groundhogsplayanimportantrolemaintaininghealthysoilinwoodlandsandplains.Thegroundhogisconsideredacrucialhabitatengineer.[12][13][14]Groundhogsareconsideredthemostsolitaryofthemarmotspecies.Theyliveinaggregations,andtheirsocialorganizationalsovariesacrosspopulations.Groundhogsdonotformstable,long-termpair-bonds,andduringmatingseasonmale-femaleinteractionsarelimitedtocopulation.InOhio,adultmalesandfemalesassociatewitheachotherthroughouttheyearandoftenfromyeartoyear.[15][16]Groundhogsareanextremelyintelligentanimalformingcomplexsocialnetworks,abletounderstandsocialbehavior,formkinshipwiththeiryoung,understandandcommunicatethreatsthroughwhistling,andworkcooperativelytosolvetaskssuchasburrowing.[17][18] Contents 1Description 2Etymology 3Distributionandhabitat 4Survival 5Behavior 5.1Diet 5.2Burrows 5.3Hibernation 5.4Reproduction 6Relationshipwithhumans 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks Description[edit] Groundhogdisplayingitsincisors Thegroundhogisbyfarthelargestsciuridinitsgeographicalrange,exceptingBritishColumbiawhereitsrangemayabutthatofitssomewhatlargercousin,thehoarymarmot.Adultsmaymeasurefrom41.8to68.5 cm(16+7⁄16to26+15⁄16 in)intotallength,includingatailof9.5to18.7 cm(3+3⁄4to7+3⁄8 in).[16][19][20]Weightsofadultgroundhogstypicallyfallbetween2and6.3 kg(4 lb7 ozand13 lb14 oz).[20][21][22] Malegroundhogsaverageslightlylargerthanfemalesand,likeallmarmots,theyareconsiderablyheavierduringautumn(whenengagedinautumnhyperphagia)thanwhenemergingfromhibernationinspring.Adultmalesaverageyear-aroundweight3.83 kg(8 lb7 oz),withspringtofallaverageweightsof3.1to5.07 kg(6 lb13 ozto11 lb3 oz)whilefemalesaverage3.53 kg(7 lb13 oz),withspringtofallaveragesof3.08to4.8 kg(6 lb13 ozto10 lb9 oz).[16][23]Seasonalweightchangesindicatecircannualdepositionanduseoffat.Groundhogsattainprogressivelyhigherweightseachyearforthefirsttwoorthreeyears,afterwhichweightplateaus.[16] Groundhogshavefourincisorteeth,whichgrow1.5millimetres(1⁄16 in)perweek.Constantusagewearsthemdownagainbyaboutthatmucheachweek.[24]Unliketheincisorsofmanyotherrodents,theincisorsofgroundhogsarewhitetoivory-white.[25][26]Groundhogsarewell-adaptedfordigging,withpowerful,shortlegsandbroad,longclaws.Thegroundhog'stailisshorterthanthatofothersciurids—onlyaboutone-fourthofbodylength. Etymology[edit] Theetymologyofthenamewoodchuckisunrelatedtowoodorchucking.ItstemsfromanAlgonquian(possiblyNarragansett)namefortheanimal,wuchak.[27]Thesimilaritybetweenthewordshasledtothepopulartongue-twister:[28] Howmuchwoodwouldawoodchuckchuck ifawoodchuckcouldchuckwood? Awoodchuckwouldchuckallthewoodhecould ifawoodchuckcouldchuckwood! Distributionandhabitat[edit] Thegroundhogprefersopencountryandtheedgesofwoodland,andisrarelyfarfromaburrowentrance.[29]Marmotamonaxhasawidegeographicrange.Itistypicallyfoundinlow-elevationforests,smallwoodlots,fields,pastures,andhedgerows.Itconstructsdensinwell-drainedsoil,andmosthavesummerandwinterdens.Humanactivityhasincreasedfoodaccessandabundance,allowingM.monaxtothrive.[30] Survival[edit] Groundhogscanclimbtreestoescapepredators. Inthewild,groundhogscanliveuptosixyearswithtwoorthreebeingaverage.Incaptivity,groundhogsreportedlyliveupto14years.Humandevelopment,whichoftenproducesopeningsjuxtaposedwithsecondgrowthtreesthatareincidentallyalsofavoredbygroundhogs,oftenensuresthatgroundhogsinwell-developedareasarenearlyfreeofpredators,beyondhumans(throughvariousformsofpestcontrolorroadkills)ormid-to-largesizeddogs.[31] WildpredatorsofadultgroundhogsinmostofeasternNorthAmericaincludecoyotes,badgers,[32]bobcats,andfoxes(largelyonlyredfox).Manyofthesepredatorsaresuccessfulstealthstalkerssocancatchgroundhogsbysurprisebeforethelargerodentscanescapetotheirburrows;badgerslikelyhuntthembydiggingthemoutfromtheirburrows.Coyotesinparticulararesizableenoughtooverpoweranygroundhog,withthelatterbeingthethirdmostsignificantpreyspeciesperastatewidestudyinPennsylvania.[33][34][35][36][37][38] LargepredatorssuchasgraywolfandeasterncougararebasicallyextirpatedintheeastbutstillmayhuntgroundhogsonoccasioninCanada.[39][40]Goldeneaglescanalsopreyonadultgroundhogs,butseldomoccurinthesamerangeorinthesamehabitatsasthismarmot.Likewise,greathornedowlscanreportedly,perBent(1938),preyupongroundhogs,butthisowlrarelydoesso,especiallygiventhetemporaldifferencesintheirbehaviors.[41][42] Younggroundhogs(usuallythoselessthanacouplemonthsinage)mayalsobetakenbyanAmericanmink,perhapsothersmallishmustelids,cats,timberrattlesnakes,andhawks.Red-tailedhawkscantakegroundhogsatleastofuptothesizeofyearlingjuveniles,andnortherngoshawkscantakethemuptoperhapsweakemergent-adultgroundhogsintheSpring.[16][20][43][44][45] Beyondtheirlargesize,groundhogshaveseveralsuccessfulanti-predatorbehaviors,usuallyretreatingtothesafetyoftheirburrowwhichmostpredatorswillnotattempttoenter,butalsobeingreadytofightoffwiththeirsharpclawsandlargeincisorsanywhopresstheattack.Theycanalsoscaletreestoescapeathreat.[46][47] Occasionally,woodchucksmaysufferfromparasitismandawoodchuckmaydiefrominfestationorfrombacteriatransmittedbyvectors.[48]InareasofintensiveagricultureandthedairyingregionsofthestateofWisconsin,particularlyinitssouthernparts,thewoodchuckby1950hadbeenalmostextirpated.[49]: 124 Jackson(1961)suggestedthatexaggeratedreportsofdamagedonebythewoodchuckledtoexcessiveculling,substantiallyreducingitsnumbersinthestate. Insomeareaswoodchucksareimportantgameanimalsandarekilledregularlyforsport,food,orfur.InKentucky,anestimated267,500M.monaxweretakenannuallyfrom1964to1971(BarbourandDavis1974).[50]WoodchuckshadprotectedstatusinthestateofWisconsin[51]until2017.[52]WoodchucknumbersappeartohavedecreasedinIllinois.[53] Behavior[edit] Amotionlessindividual,alerttodanger,willwhistlewhenalarmed,towarnothergroundhogs. Thetimespentobservinggroundhogsbyfieldbiologistsrepresentsonlyasmallfractionoftimedevotedtothefieldresearch.[54]W.J.Schoonmakerreportsthatgroundhogsmayhidewhentheysee,smell,orhearanobserver.[11]: 41–43 MarmotresearcherKenArmitagestatesthatthesocialbiologyofthegroundhogispoorlystudied.[55] Despitetheirheavy-bodiedappearance,groundhogsareaccomplishedswimmersandoccasionallyclimbtreeswhenescapingpredatorsorwhentheywanttosurveytheirsurroundings.[56]Theyprefertoretreattotheirburrowswhenthreatened;iftheburrowisinvaded,thegroundhogtenaciouslydefendsitselfwithitstwolargeincisorsandfrontclaws.Groundhogsaregenerallyagonisticandterritorialamongtheirownspeciesandmayskirmishtoestablishdominance.[57] Outsidetheirburrow,individualsarealertwhennotactivelyfeeding.Itiscommontoseeoneormorenearlymotionlessindividualsstandingerectontheirhindfeetwatchingfordanger.Whenalarmed,theyuseahigh-pitchedwhistletowarntherestofthecolony,hencethename"whistle-pig".[58][59]Groundhogsmaysquealwhenfighting,seriouslyinjured,orcaughtbyapredator.[59]Othersoundsgroundhogsmaymakeincludelowbarksandasoundproducedbygrindingtheirteeth.[59]DavidP.Barashwrotethathewitnessedonlytwooccasionsofuprightplay-fightingamongwoodchucksandthattheuprightpostureofplay-fightinginvolvessustainedphysicalcontactbetweenindividualsandmayrequireadegreeofsocialtolerancevirtuallyunknowninM.monax.Hesaiditwaspossibletoconclude,alternatively,thatuprightplay-fightingispartofthewoodchuck'sbehavioralrepertorybutrarelyshownbecauseofphysicalspacingand/orlowsocialtolerance.[60] Cloverisapreferredfoodsourceforgroundhogs. Diet[edit] Mostlyherbivorous,groundhogseatprimarilywildgrassesandothervegetation,includingberriesandagriculturalcrops,whenavailable.[57]Inearlyspring,dandelionandcoltsfootareimportantgroundhogfooditems.Someadditionalfoodsincludesheepsorrel,timothy-grass,buttercup,tearthumb,agrimony,redandblackraspberries,mulberries,buckwheat,plantain,wildlettuce,allvarietiesofclover,andalfalfa.[61]Groundhogsalsooccasionallyeatsmallanimals,suchasgrubs,grasshoppers,snails,andevenbabybirds,[62]butarenotasomnivorousasmanyotherSciuridae. Anadultgroundhogcaneatmorethanapoundofvegetationdaily.[63]InearlyJune,woodchucks'metabolismslows,andwhiletheirfoodintakedecreases,theirweightincreasesbyasmuchas100%astheyproducefatdepositstosustainthemduringhibernationandlatewinter.[64]Insteadofstoringfood,groundhogsstuffthemselvestosurvivethewinterwithouteating.[65]Thoughtnottodrinkwater,groundhogsarereportedtoobtainneededliquidsfromthejuicesoffood-plants,aidedbytheirsprinklingwithrainordew.[66][67][68] Burrows[edit] Groundhogsareexcellentburrowers,usingburrowsforsleeping,rearingyoung,andhibernating.W.J.Schoonmakerexcavated11dens,findingthatthevolumeofearthremovedfromtheseaveraged6cubicfeet(0.17 m3)perden.Thelongestburrowmeasured24feet(7.3 m)plustwoshortsidegalleries.Thevolumeofsoiltakenfromthisdenwas8USbushels(0.28 m3),weighing640pounds(290 kg).Theaverageweightoftheearthtakenfromallelevendenswas384pounds(174 kg).[69]Thoughgroundhogsarethemostsolitaryofthemarmots,severalindividualsmayoccupythesameburrow.Groundhogburrowsusuallyhavetwotofiveentrances,providinggroundhogstheirprimarymeansofescapefrompredators.Burrowscanposeaseriousthreattoagriculturalandresidentialdevelopmentbydamagingfarmmachineryandevenunderminingbuildingfoundations.[58]InaJune7,2009,HumaneSocietyoftheUnitedStatesarticle,"HowtoHumanelyChuckaWoodchuckOutofYourYard",JohnGriffin,directorofHumaneWildlifeServices,statedyouwouldhavetohavealotofwoodchucksworkingoveralotofyearstocreatetunnelsystemsthatwouldposeanyrisktoastructure.Groundhogwithmouthfulofburrowmaterial Theburrowisusedforsafety,retreatinbadweather,hibernating,sleeping,lovenest,andnursery. Inadditiontothenest,thereisanexcrementchamber.Thehibernationornestchamberislinedwithdeadleavesanddriedgrasses.[70]Thenestchambermaybeabouttwentyinchestothreefeet(51–91 cm)belowgroundsurface.Itisabout16inches(41 cm)wideand14inches(36 cm)high.Therearetypicallytwoburrowopeningsorholes.Oneisthemainentrance,theotheraspyhole.Descriptionofthelengthoftheburrowoftenincludessidegalleries.Excludingsidegalleries,Schoonmakerreportsthelongestwas24feet(7.3 m),andtheaveragelengthofelevendenswas14feet(4.3 m).[71]W.H.Fisherinvestigatednineburrows,findingthedeepestpoint49inches(120 cm)down.Thelongest,includingsidegalleries,was47 ft11.5 in(14.62 m).[72]Numbersofburrowsperindividualgroundhogdecreasewithurbanization.[73][74] Bachmanmentionedthatwhentheyounggroundhogsareafewmonthsold,theyprepareforseparation,digginganumberofholesintheareaoftheirearlyhome.Someoftheseholeswereonlyafewfeetdeepandneveroccupiedbutthenumerousburrowsgavetheimpressionthatgroundhogsliveincommunities.[75] Hibernation[edit] Groundhoggatheringnestingmaterialforitswarmburrow Groundhogsareoneofthefewspeciesthatenterintotruehibernation,andoftenbuildaseparate"winterburrow"forthispurpose.Thisburrowisusuallyinawoodedorbrushyareaandisdugbelowthefrostlineandremainsatastabletemperaturewellabovefreezingduringthewintermonths.Inmostareas,groundhogshibernatefromOctobertoMarchorApril,butinmoretemperateareas,theymayhibernateaslittleasthreemonths.[76]Groundhogshibernatelongerinnorthernlatitudesthansouthernlatitudes.[77][78]Tosurvivethewinter,theyareattheirmaximumweightshortlybeforeenteringhibernation.[79]Whenthegroundhogentershibernation,thereisadropinbodytemperaturetoaslowas35degreesFahrenheit(2 °C),heartratefallsto4–10beatsperminuteandbreathingratefallstoonebreatheverysixminutes.[80]Duringhibernation,theyexperienceperiodsoftorporandarousal.[81]HibernatingwoodchucksloseasmuchashalftheirbodyweightbyFebruary.[82]Theyemergefromhibernationwithsomeremainingbodyfattoliveonuntilthewarmerspringweatherproducesabundantplantmaterialsforfood.[79]Malesemergefromhibernationbeforefemales.[83][84]Groundhogsaremostlydiurnal,andareoftenactiveearlyinthemorningorlateafternoon.[85] Reproduction[edit] Twobabygroundhogs Usuallygroundhogsbreedintheirsecondyear,butasmallproportionmaybreedintheirfirst.ThebreedingseasonextendsfromearlyMarchtomid-orlateApril,afterhibernation.Woodchucksarepolygynous[86]butonlyalpineandwoodchuckmarmotfemaleshavebeenshowntomatewithmultiplemales.[87]Amatedpairremainsinthesamedenthroughoutthe31-to32-daygestationperiod.[88]AsbirthoftheyoungapproachesinAprilorMay,themaleleavestheden.Onelitterisproducedannually.Femalewoodchucksgivebirthtoonetonineoffspring,withmostlittersrangingbetween3and5pups.[89]Groundhogmothersintroducetheiryoungtothewildoncetheirfurisgrowninandtheycansee.Atthistime,ifatall,thefathergroundhogcomesbacktothefamily.[90]: 316 BytheendofAugust,thefamilybreaksup;oratleast,thelargernumberscatter,toburrowontheirown.[91] Relationshipwithhumans[edit] Boththeirdietandtheirhabitofburrowingmakegroundhogsseriousnuisanceanimalsaroundfarmsandgardens.Theywilleatmanycommonlygrownvegetables,andtheirburrowscanunderminefoundations. Veryoften,thedensofgroundhogsprovidehomesforotheranimals,includingskunks,redfoxes,andcottontailrabbits.Foxesandskunksfeeduponfieldmice,grasshoppers,beetles,andothercreaturesthatdestroyfarmcrops.Inaidingtheseanimals,thegroundhogindirectlyhelpsthefarmer.Inadditiontoprovidinghomesforitselfandotheranimals,thegroundhogaidsinsoilimprovementbybringingsubsoiltothesurface.Thegroundhogisalsoavaluablegameanimalandisconsideredadifficultsportwhenhuntedinafairmanner.[92]InsomepartsoftheU.S.,theyhavebeeneaten.[93] Areportin1883bytheNewHampshireLegislativeWoodchuckCommitteedescribesthegroundhog'sobjectionablecharacter:[94][95] Thewoodchuck,despiteitsdeformitiesbothofmindandbody,possessessomeoftheamenitiesofahighercivilization.Itcleansitsfaceafterthemannerofthesquirrels,andlicksitsfurafterthemannerofacat.Yourcommitteeistoowise,however,tobedeceivedbythispurelysuperficialobservationofbetterhabits.Contemporaneouswiththeark,thewoodchuckhasnotmadeanymaterialprogressinsocialscience,anditisnowtoolatetoreformthewaywardsinner.Theaverageageofthewoodchuckistoolongtopleaseyourcommittee....Thewoodchuckisnotonlyanuisance,butalsoabore.Itburrowsbeneaththesoil,andthenchucklestoseeamowingmachine,manandall,slumpintooneoftheseholesanddisappear.... Thecommitteeconcludesthat"asmallbountywillproveofincalculablegood;atallevents,evenasanexperiment,itiscertainlyworthtrying;thereforeyourcommitteewouldrespectfullyrecommendthattheaccompanyingbillbepassed."[96] Groundhogsmayberaisedincaptivity,buttheiraggressivenaturecanposeproblems.DougSchwartz,azookeeperandgroundhogtrainerattheStatenIslandZoo,hasbeenquotedassaying"They'reknownfortheiraggression,soyou'restartingfromahardplace.Hisnaturalimpulseistokill'emallandletGodsort'emout.Youhavetoworktoproducethesweetandcuddly."[97]Groundhogscaredforinwildliferehabilitationthatsurvivebutcannotbereturnedtothewildmayremainwiththeircaregiversandbecomeeducationalambassadors.[98][99][100] IntheUnitedStatesandCanada,theyearlyFebruary2GroundhogDaycelebrationhasgiventhegroundhogrecognitionandpopularity.ThemostpopularlyknownofthesegroundhogsarePunxsutawneyPhil,WiartonWillie,JimmytheGroundhog,DunkirkDave,andStatenIslandChuckkeptaspartofGroundhogDayfestivitiesinPunxsutawney,Pennsylvania;Wiarton,Ontario;SunPrairie,Wisconsin;Dunkirk,NewYork;andStatenIslandrespectively.The1993comedyfilmGroundhogDayreferencesseveraleventsrelatedtoGroundhogDay,andportraysbothPunxsutawneyPhilhimself,andtheannualGroundhogDayceremony.FamousSoutherngroundhogsincludeGeneralBeauregardLee,basedatDausetTrailsNatureCenteroutsideAtlanta,Georgia.[101] GroundhogsareusedinmedicalresearchonhepatitisB-inducedlivercancer.Apercentageofthewoodchuckpopulationisinfectedwiththewoodchuckhepatitisvirus(WHV),similartohumanhepatitisBvirus.HumansdonotreceivehepatitisfromwoodchuckswithWHV,butthevirusanditseffectsonthelivermakethewoodchuckthebestavailableanimalforthestudyofviralhepatitisinhumans.TheonlyotheranimalmodelforhepatitisBvirusstudiesisthechimpanzee,anendangeredspecies.[102]Woodchucksarealsousedinbiomedicalresearchinvestigatingmetabolicfunction,obesity,energybalance,theendocrinesystem,reproduction,neurology,cardiovasculardisease,cerebrovasculardisease,andneoplasticdisease.[103]Researchingthehibernationpatternsofgroundhogsmayleadtobenefitsforhumans,includingloweringoftheheartrateincomplicatedsurgicalprocedures.[104] Groundhogburrowshaverevealedatleasttwoarchaeologicalsites,theUffermanSiteintheU.S.stateofOhio[105]andMeadowcroftRockshelterinPennsylvania.ArchaeologistshaveneverexcavatedtheUffermanSite,buttheactivitiesoflocalgroundhogshaverevealednumerousartifacts.Theyfavortheloosesoiloftheeskeratthesitelies,andtheirburrowdigginghasbroughtmanyobjectstothesurface:humanandanimalbones,pottery,andbitsofstone.[105]WoodchuckremainswerefoundintheIndianmoundsatAztalan,JeffersonCounty,Wisconsin.[106] RobertFrost'spoem"ADrumlinWoodchuck"usestheimageryofagroundhogdugintoasmallridgeasametaphorforhisemotionalreticence.[107] DaughterofaLejunior,Kentucky,coalminerwithherpetgroundhog(1946) CloseencounterwithaphotographeratSheldonMarshStateNaturePreserve,Ohio References[edit] ^Cassola,F.(2017)[errataversionof2016assessment]."Marmotamonax".IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.2016:e.T42458A115189992.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42458A22257685.en.RetrievedFebruary19,2022. 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Furtherreading[edit] Bezuidenhout,A.J.;Evans,HowardE.(2005).Anatomyofthewoodchuck(Marmotamonax).Lawrence,KS:AmericanSocietyofMammalogists.doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61270.ISBN 9781891276439. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoMarmotamonax. WikispecieshasinformationrelatedtoMarmotamonax. Woodchuck,HinterlandWho'sWho Woodchuck(Groundhog),MissouriConservationCommission NIHGuide:BREEDINGANDEXPERIMENTALFACILITYFORWOODCHUCKS(MARMOTAMONAX)BreedingandExperimentalFacilityforWoodchucks vteLivingspeciesoftribeMarmotini(groundsquirrels) Kingdom:Animalia  Phylum:Chordata  Class:Mammalia  Order:Rodentia  Suborder:Sciuromorpha  Family:Sciuridae  Subfamily:Xerinae Ammospermophilus(antelopesquirrels) Harris'santelopesquirrel(A. harrisii)  EspírituSantoantelopesquirrel(A. insularis)  Texasantelopesquirrel(A. interpres)  White-tailedantelopesquirrel(A. leucurus)  SanJoaquinantelopesquirrel(A. nelsoni) Callospermophilus(golden-mantledgroundsquirrels) Golden-mantledgroundsquirrel(C. lateralis)  SierraMadregroundsquirrel(C. madrensis)  Cascadegolden-mantledgroundsquirrel(C. saturatus) Cynomys(prairiedogs) Gunnison'sprairiedog(C.gunnisoni)  White-tailedprairiedog(C. leucurus)  Black-tailedprairiedog(C.ludovicianus)  Mexicanprairiedog(C. mexicanus)  Utahprairiedog(C.parvidens) Eutamias Siberianchipmunk(E. sibiricus) Ictidomys(littlegroundsquirrels) Mexicangroundsquirrel(I. mexicanus)  I. parvidens  Thirteen-linedgroundsquirrel(I. tridecemlineatus) Marmota(marmots)SubgenusMarmota:Graymarmot(M. baibacina)  Bobakmarmot(M. bobak)  Alaskamarmot(M. broweri)  Black-cappedmarmot(M. camtschatica)  Long-tailedmarmot(M. caudata)  Himalayanmarmot(M. himalayana)  Alpinemarmot(M. marmota)  Menzbier'smarmot(M. menzbieri)  Groundhogorwoodchuck(M. monax)  Tarbaganmarmot(M. sibirica)SubgenusPetromarmota:Hoarymarmot(M. caligata)  Yellow-belliedmarmot(M. flaviventris)  Olympicmarmot(M. olympus)  VancouverIslandmarmot(M. vancouverensis)Neotamias(westernchipmunks) Alpinechipmunk(N. alpinus)  Yellow-pinechipmunk(N. amoenus)  Buller'schipmunk(N. bulleri)  Gray-footedchipmunk(N. canipes)  Gray-collaredchipmunk(N. cinereicollis)  Cliffchipmunk(N. dorsalis)  Durangochipmunk(N. durangae)  Merriam'schipmunk(N. merriami)  Leastchipmunk(N. minimus)  Californiachipmunk(N. obscurus)  Yellow-cheekedchipmunk(N. ochrogenys)  Palmer'schipmunk(N. palmeri)  Panamintchipmunk(N. panamintinus)  Long-earedchipmunk(N. quadrimaculatus)  Coloradochipmunk(N. quadrivittatus)  Red-tailedchipmunk(N. ruficaudus)  Hopichipmunk(N. rufus)  Allen'schipmunk(N. senex)  Siskiyouchipmunk(N. siskiyou)  Sonomachipmunk(N. sonomae)  Lodgepolechipmunk(N. speciosus)  Townsend'schipmunk(N. townsendii)  Uintachipmunk(N. umbrinus) Notocitellus Tropicalgroundsquirrel(N. adocetus)  Ring-tailedgroundsquirrel(N. annulatus) Otospermophilus(rocksquirrels) BajaCaliforniarocksquirrel(O. atricapillus)  Californiagroundsquirrel(O. beecheyi)  Rocksquirrel(O. variegatus) Poliocitellus Franklin'sgroundsquirrel(P. franklinii) Sciurotamias(Asianrocksquirrels) PèreDavid'srocksquirrel(S. davidianus)  Forrest'srocksquirrel(S. forresti) Spermophilussensustricto(OldWorldgroundsquirrels) Alashangroundsquirrel(S. alashanicus)  S. brevicauda  Europeangroundsquirrel(S. citellus)  Dauriangroundsquirrel(S. dauricus)  Red-cheekedgroundsquirrel(S. erythrogenys)  Yellowgroundsquirrel(S. fulvus)  Russetgroundsquirrel(S. major)  S. pallicauda  Littlegroundsquirrel(S. pygmaeus)  S. ralli  S. relictus  Speckledgroundsquirrel(Spermophilussuslicus)  Taurusgroundsquirrel(Spermophilustaurensis)  AsiaMinorgroundsquirrel(Spermophilusxanthoprymnus) Tamias Easternchipmunk(T. striatus) Urocitellus(Holarcticgroundsquirrels) Uintagroundsquirrel(U. armatus)  Belding'sgroundsquirrel(U. beldingi)  NorthernIdahogroundsquirrel(U. brunneus)  SouthernIdahogroundsquirrel(U. endemicus)  Merriam'sgroundsquirrel(U. canus)  Columbiangroundsquirrel(U. columbianus)  Wyominggroundsquirrel(U. elegans)  Piutegroundsquirrel(U. mollis)  Arcticgroundsquirrel(U. parryii)  Richardson'sgroundsquirrel(U. richardsonii)  Townsend'sgroundsquirrel(U. townsendii)  Washingtongroundsquirrel(U. washingtoni)  Long-tailedgroundsquirrel(U. undulatus) Xerospermophilus(pygmygroundsquirrels) Mohavegroundsquirrel(X. mohavensis)  Perotegroundsquirrel(X. perotensis)  Spottedgroundsquirrel(X. spilosoma)  Round-tailedgroundsquirrel(X. tereticaudus) Category TaxonidentifiersMarmotamonax Wikidata:Q221612 Wikispecies:Marmotamonax ADW:Marmota_monax BOLD:12325 EoL:327979 EPPO:MAROMO Fossilworks:47902 GBIF:2437368 iNaturalist:46095 IRMNG:10199289 ITIS:180137 IUCN:42458 MSW:12400961 NatureServe:2.106510 NCBI:9995 Musmonax Wikidata:Q19773196 GBIF:9565913 ZooBank:66661434-8194-48C4-849C-B1E5C545348F Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Israel UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groundhog&oldid=1109932041" 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