Valid Deductive Argument Logic & Examples - Study.com

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Viewbio Instructor J.R.Hudspeth JackiehastaughtcollegeEnglishandCriticalThinkingandhasaMaster'sdegreeinEnglishRhetoricandComposition Viewbio Explorevaliddeductiveargumentlogic.Determinewhatmakesanargumentvalid,definedeductivevalidity,andseeexamplesofinvalidandvaliddeductivearguments. Updated:11/03/2021 TableofContentsWhatMakesanArgumentValid?DeductiveValidityValidDeductiveArgumentsInvalidDeductiveArgumentsInductiveArgumentsSoundArgumentsLessonSummaryShow Createanaccount WhatMakesanArgumentValid?Ineverydayspeech,weuse"valid"inavarietyofways.Wemightsay,"youhaveavalidpoint,"or"youhaveavalidperspective."Inthesecases,ourexpressionsareakindofinformalacceptanceofwhatapersonissaying,akintosaying"Iseeyourpoint."Informallogic,however,deductivevaliditymeanssomethingtechnical,andthisisthetopicofourcurrentlesson.Forstarters,validitydoesnotapplytoanysingleclaimorperspective;tosaythatapointisvalidistocommitacategorymistake.Thatis,asinglepointorclaimcannotbevalidorinvalid;itcanonlybetrueorfalse.Deductivevalidityisthepropertyofanargument,andargumentsconsistofmultipleparts.Thus,deductivevalidityisnotaboutwhetherweagreeorapproveofaclaim,butinsteaddealswitharelationshipbetweenclaims.Morespecifically,deductivevaliditydealswithwhetheraclaimfollowswithcertaintyfromsomeotherclaim(s).Orinotherwords,whenweaskaboutvalidity,weaskwhetheraclaimmustnecessarilyfollowfromsomeotherclaims.Thestudyofformallogicallowsustoseetherulesthatcantestwhethersuchclaimsfollowwithcertaintyfromothers. DefinitionofDeductiveValidityDeductivevaliditydescribesargumentsthatarebothfactualandlogical.Anyargumentthatdoesn'thavefactsthatareactuallytrueorthatarenotlogicallysoundwillnotpassthetestasagoodargument.Itisimportanttobeabletodeterminewhetherornotanargumentisvalidbecauseinvalidargumentsarebadandshouldnotbeaccepted.Ifyouarewritinganargumentativepaper,youmustmakesurethatyourargumentsarevalid.Therearetwothingsthatmakeanargumentvalid: Thefacts,alsoknownasthepremises,mustbecorrect. Youranalysisofthefacts,alsoknownastheconclusion,mustholduplogically. Wewilllookatargumentsthatfaileachofthosethingsandthatareinvalid.Then,wewilllookatanargumentthatincludesbothofthosethingsandisvalid. Anerroroccurredtryingtoloadthisvideo. Tryrefreshingthepage,orcontactcustomersupport. YoumustcCreateanaccounttocontinue watching Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher CreateYourAccountToContinueWatching Asamember,you'llalsogetunlimitedaccesstoover84,000 lessonsinmath,English,science,history,andmore.Plus,getpracticetests,quizzes,andpersonalizedcoachingtohelpyou succeed. Getunlimitedaccesstoover84,000lessons. Tryitnow Itonlytakesafewminutestosetupandyoucancancelanytime. Alreadyregistered?Loginherefor access  Back WhatteachersaresayingaboutStudy.com Tryitnow Alreadyregistered? Loginhereforaccess Comingupnext: LiteraryStyle:Definition&Examples You'reonaroll.Keepupthegoodwork! TakeQuiz Watch NextLesson  Replay Justcheckingin.Areyoustillwatching? Yes!Keepplaying. Yournextlessonwillplayin 10seconds 0:03Definitionof… 1:00ExampleArgument#1 1:43ExampleArgument#2 2:36ExampleArgument#3 3:40ExampleArgument#4 4:09LessonSummary Save Save Save Wanttowatchthisagainlater? LoginorsignuptoaddthislessontoaCustomCourse. LoginorSignup Timeline Autoplay Autoplay Speed Speed 15Kviews Video Quiz Course 15K views DeductiveValidity Aristotlewasthefirstpersontoformalizeasystemofdeductivelogic. Tounderstandwhatavaliddeductiveargumentis,itwillbehelpfultounderstandwhatanargumentisinformallogic.Itisnotasquabbleorafight.Anargumentalwaysconsistsofaconclusion--aclaimtheauthoristryingtoprove--andoneormorepremises--thereasoningtosupporttheconclusion.Thequestionofvalidityiswhetherthepremiseswouldforcetheconclusiontobetrueiftheyaretrue.Validityhasnothingtodowithwhetherthepremisesaretrueorfalse.Italsodoesnotsaywhetheraconclusionistrueorfalse.Again,tobeclear,validityonlydealswithwhethertheconclusionmustfollowfromthepremises.Sometimes,whenwesayanargumentisvalid,whatwereallymeanisthattheargumentissound.Intheseinstances,whatwemeanisthattheargumentistrustworthyasawhole,andwearepersuadedtobelievetheconclusion.Ultimately,whatweusuallydesirearesoundarguments.Deductivelysoundargumentsarevalid--meaningtheyhavetherightformtoguaranteethataconclusionfollowsfromthepremises--andthepremisesarealltrue.Allofthisistosaythatanargumentcanbevalidbutstillhaveafalsepremiseandperhapsafalseconclusion.Butifavalidargumenthasalltruepremises,thenitsconclusionmustalsobetrue.Andonceweestablishthatavalidargumenthasalltruepremises,thenwecancallitsoundandwecansay,withcertainty,thattheconclusionisfullysupported,i.e.,itistruewithcertainty.Anotherwaytoputthispointistosaythatvalidityonlygivesyoutheformofagoodargument.Havingalltruepremisesgivesyougoodcontentfortheargument.Soundargumentshavebothgoodformandcontent,andthustheirconclusionsmustbebelieved.ValidDeductiveArgumentsAswesaid,adeductivelyvalidargumentsuchthatifthepremisesaretruemeansthattheconclusionmustbetrue.Anotherwaytosaythisisthatifthepremisesaretrue,thentheconclusioncannotbefalse.Youmayask,whatmakesanargumentvalid?Thedefinitionisacluetoapossiblemethodwecanusetofigureoutthevalidityofanargument,namely,wecanlookforacounterexample.Acounterexampleisaconsistentsetofpropositionsabouttheworldwherethepremisesaretrue,buttheconclusionisfalse.Totestforacounterexample,imaginethattheconclusionisfalseandseeifthatpresuppositioncontradicts--eitherimmediatelyorindirectly--thepremises.Itmaybehelpfultoillustratethispointwithsomevalidandinvalidargumentexamples.ValidDeductiveArgumentExampleLetusstartwithacoupleofvaliddeductiveargumentexamples,oneintuitiveandtheotherunintuitive. Premise1:Allhumansaremortal. Premise2:Socratesisahuman. Conclusion:Socratesisamortal. Theargumenthereisvalid,anditmayevenbeintuitivesinceeveryclaimistrue.Butinsteadofhavingafeelforitsvalidity,letustestforit.Imaginetheconclusionisfalse.Inthatcase,wewillprovisionallysaythatSocratesisnotmortal.Butthefirstpremisestipulatesthatallhumansaremortal.Tomaintainournewconclusion--thatSocratesisnotmortal--wewouldeitherhavetoadmitthatheisnothuman(sincehumansmustbemortal),orwewouldhavetograntthatnotallhumansaremortal.Inshort,ifwewanttosaytheconclusionisfalse,wewouldhavetosaythatatleastonepremiseisfalse,too.Thisisthemarkofavalidargument:thefalsenessoftheconclusionrequiresatleastonefalsepremise.Or,inotherwords,ifallthepremisesaretruethentheconclusionmustbetrue.Nowletuslookatalessintuitiveexample. Premise1:Allflowersarered. Premise2:Allredthingsarespicy. Conclusion:Allflowersarespicy. Despiteappearances,thisargumentisvalid.Clearly,notallflowersarered,e.g.,daisies.Clearly,notallredthingsarespicy,e.g.,ketchup.Andpresumably,notallflowersarespicy.Nevertheless,thedefinitionofavalidargumentrequiresthatifallthepremisesaretrue,thentheconclusionmustbetrue.Soletustrytoimagineacounterexamplebyassumingtheconclusionisfalse.Letussaythatnotallflowersarespicy.Ifweassumethisclaim,thenwewouldhavetosaythatflowerscouldnotbered.Thisisbecausethesecondpremisestipulatesthatallredthingsarespicy,soifflowersarenotspicy,theycouldnotbered.Butthefirstpremisestatesthatallflowersarered.Thus,inanattempttoprovideacounterexample,wehavecontradictedthepremises.Thisargumentisvalid.Thismeansthatitispossibletologicallydrawaconclusionfromfaulty(i.e.,false)premises.InvalidDeductiveArgumentsAninvalidargumentissimplyanargumentwheretheconclusiondoesnotnecessarilyfollow.Thisistosaythataninvalidargumentisonekindofbadargumentbecauseithasthewrongform/structure.Theconclusionmayevenbetrue,butthepointaboutinvalidityisthatthepremisesdonotlogicallyforcetheconclusiontobetrue.Again,itisthatrelationshipbetweenpremisesandconclusionthatestablisheswhetheranargumentisvalidornot.Forallinvalidarguments,acounterexamplewillbepossible,meaningthatyoucanimaginethattheconclusionisfalseandthepremisesaretruewithoutanykindofcontradiction.InvalidDeductiveArgumentExampleWewillconsideranexampleofaninvalidargument.Here,wewillemphasizethewaythataconclusioncanbelogicallyunrelatedtoitspremises,orinotherwords,theassumedtruthofthepremisesdoesnotforcetheconclusiontobetrue. Premise1:Ifyoustudyyourlessonsdiligently,thenyouwilllearneffectively. Premise2:Youhavestudiedyourlessonsdiligently. Conclusion:Youwillgetagreatjob. Theissuehereisthatthepremisessaynothingaboutgreatjobsonewayortheother.Thus,thereisnowaythatthepremises,asstated,couldmaketheconclusionfollow.Wecanimaginethatsomeonedoesnotgetagreatjob(afalseconclusion)butstudiedtheirlessonsdiligently,andstudyinglessonsyieldseffectivelearning.Thisisanon-sequitur,whichinLatinmeansthatitdoesnotfollow.Wecouldsaythatthisnon-sequiturisanonsenseanalysisoftwofactsbecausetheconclusionhasnosensicalrelationshiptothepremises.InductiveArguments Anyargumentdealingwithprobability,suchaspredictingdicerolls,isinductive. Thusfar,wehavebeenexaminingdeductivevalidargumentsanddeductivelyinvalidarguments.Thestandardfortheseprevioustypesofargumentsiscertainty.Ifthepremisesaretrue,thentheconclusionmustbetrue.Thesearenot,however,theonlykindsofargumentsthatexist.Someargumentsareinductive,meaningthattheydonotrequirecertainty.Instead,ifthepremisesofaninductiveargumentaretrue,thentheconclusionisonlylikelytrue.Orinotherwords,inductiveargumentsinvolveprobabilityandthereforesomerisk,whereasdeductiveargumentsarerisk-free.Technicallyspeaking,weusuallydonotrefertoinductiveargumentsasvalid,sincewearedealingwithprobabilityratherthancertainty.InductiveArgumentExampleLetustakeanexample.Premise:Mostdoctorsarerich.Conclusion:Mydoctorisrich.Themainthingweshouldnoticehereisthepremisedealswiththeclaimaboutmostdoctorsratherthanalldoctors.Thisisasignthatwearedealingwithinductivearguments.Ofcourse,thispremisecouldbescrutinizedwithempiricaldata.Ifwelookedattheaccumulatedwealthofdoctors,wemightfindthatveryfewdoctorsarerich,justaswemightfindthatthereisasignificantnumberofrichdoctors.Regardlessofthetruthofthepremise,theconclusionseemstolikelyfollowfromit.Becausemostdoctors,ingeneral,aresupposedlyrich,itwouldseemlikelythatyourowndoctorisrich.Nevertheless,yourdoctormightnotberich,andthatwouldnotrequirethepremisetobefalse.Instead,yourdoctorwouldbeakindofstatisticalrarity.SoundArgumentsInmuchofourlesson,wehavefocusedonvalidargumentlogic.Asstatedearlier,however,thisisnottheentirestoryofwhetheradeductiveargumentiscompleteandgood.Goodargumentsrequiresoundness,meaningthatthepremisesaretrueaswell.Wecouldenvisionthesituationwithametaphoraboutablender.Awell-functioningblenderislikevalidityinsofarasitguaranteesthatyouwillgetagoodmixtureoutoftheblenderaslongasyouputingoodingredients.Butwhatyouwantisagoodmixture.Thatmeansnotonlydoyouwantawell-functioningblender--avalidargument--youalsowantgoodingredients.Youcanhaveagoodblender,butifyouputsandinit,youwillbedisappointedwithitsoutput.OurearlierargumentaboutSocratesandmortalitywasagoodexampleofasoundargumentbecausenotonlywastheformright,buttheinput--thepremises--weregoodaswell.Thisguaranteedthetruthoftheconclusion.SoundArgumentExampleLetusgiveanotherexample. Premise1:Allplantsnecessarilygrow. Premise2:Rocksdonotnecessarilygrow. Conclusion:Rocksarenotplants. Let'stestvalidityfirstbyattemptingtothinkofacounterexample.Todothis,assumethattheconclusionisfalse,orinotherwords,assumethatrocksareplants.Oncewegrantthatrocksareplants,wecanfollowupbyattemptingtomakethefirstpremisetrueaswell.Solet'sassumethatallplantsgrow.Butthiswouldimplythatrocks--whichareplantsinourhypothesis--mustgrowtoo.Meaningthatthesecondpremisewouldhavetobefalse.Ifwewanttokeepthesecondpremiseastrue,thenwewouldhavetodenythatrocksareplants,meaningwecontradictthefirstpremise.Allofthisistosaythatifthepremisesarealltrue,thenindeed,theconclusionwouldhavetobetrue.Sothisargumentisvalid.Italsohappenstohavealltruepremises.Asamatterofempiricalfact(involvingthedefinitionofplantlife),allplantsgrow.Asafurtherfact,rocksdonotgrow(atleastinanybiologicalsense);sometimestheyevenerodeordiminish.Giventhetruthofthesepremisesandthevalidityoftheargument,weknowthattheconclusionhastobetrue.LessonSummaryAvaliddeductiveargumentisanargumentconstructedsuchthatifthepremisesaretrue,thentheconclusionmustbetrue.Everyinvalidargumentwillhaveacounterexample,whereitislogicallypossibletoimaginealltruepremisesandafalseconclusion,whichisimpossiblewithvalidarguments.Thestandardfordeductivevalidity,then,iscertainty,becauseitisimpossibletodrawafalseconclusionfromtruepremiseswhentheargumentisvalid.Inductiveargumentsdonotinvolvecertainty,onlyprobability.Thatistosay,ifthepremisesofaninductiveargumentaretrue,thentheconclusionisonlylikelytrue.Asoundargumentisadeductiveargumentthatisbothvalidandhasalltruepremises. ExampleArgument#1Let'slookatthefactsandanalysisofourfirstsampleargument:FACT/PREMISE#1:Everyonewhogoestoschoolwilldefinitelygetadegree.FACT/PREMISE#2:Johngoestoschool.ANALYSIS/CONCLUSION:Johnwilldefinitelygetadegree.Here,theproblemisthatoneofourfactsisnottrue;noteveryonewhogoestoschoolwillfinishandearnadegree.Becausethatfactisnottrue,ourargumentdoesn'tholdup.WecannotconcludethatJohnwilldefinitelygetadegreejustbecausehegoestoschool;hewillstillhavetocompleteschooltoearnadegree.ExampleArgument#2Let'slookatanotherexampleofanargumentthatisnotdeductivelyvalidbecauseoneormoreofthefactsisnottrue.FACT/PREMISE#1:Everyonewhohaseverbeenimprisonedisabadperson.FACT/PREMISE#2:NelsonMandelawasimprisoned.ANALYSIS/CONCLUSION:NelsonMandelawasabadperson.Again,weseethatourfirstfactisnottrue.Everyonewhohaseverbeenimprisonedisnotnecessarilyabadperson.Therefore,thewholeargumentdoesnotholdup.Youcanseethathavingincorrectfactsormakingsweepinggeneralizationsandpresentingthemasfactcanoftenmakeanargumentinvalid.Whataboutwhenthefactsareright,buttheconclusionisnotvalid?Let'slookatthisexample.ExampleArgument#3FACT/PREMISE#1:Catshavefourlegs.FACT/PREMISE#2:Catsaremammals.ANALYSIS/CONCLUSION:Mammalshavefourlegs. Inthiscase,wehavetwofactsthatholdup.Catsdohavefourlegs,generally.Catsarealsomammals.However,allmammalsdonothavefourlegs!Sometimes,justbecausewehavetwofacts,itdoesnotfollowthatallconclusionsthatarebasedonthosefactswillstillmakesense.Whensomeonemakesabadconclusionbasedonthefacts,thatisknownasanon-sequitur.Evenifanargumenthassolid,provenfacts,theargumentmustanalyzethosefactsinalogicalmanner.Thisdoesnotmeanthatanyanalysisthatyoudisagreewithisinvalid;therecanstillbemanydifferentwaystoanalyzethefactsthatarealsovalid.However,thissortofnonsenseanalysisisaclearexampleofanon-sequiturbecauseitclearlyisnottrue.ExampleArgument#4Finally,wewilllookatanargumentthathasdeductivevalidity.FACT/PREMISE#1:Allhumanswilldieoneday.FACT/PREMISE#2:Tinaisahuman.ANALYSIS/CONCLUSION:Tinawilldieoneday.Thisisacaseofanargumentwithtwoclearfactsandanalysisthatmakessenseandisnotnonsense.Thisargumentpassesthetestofdeductivevalidity!LessonSummaryDeductivevalidityappliestoargumentswhereboththefacts,orpremises,aretrueandtheanalysisofthefacts,orconclusion,islogical.Argumentsthatareinvalideitherhaveuntruefactsornonsenseanalysis,alsoknownasanonsequitur.Wecanmakesurethatanyargumentswemakearevalidorcriticizeargumentsthatwehearfromothersbymakingsurethattheargumentfulfillsdeductivevaliditybyhavingprovenfactsandlogicalanalysisofthefacts. TounlockthislessonyoumustbeaStudy.comMember. Createyouraccount VideoTranscript DefinitionofDeductiveValidityDeductivevaliditydescribesargumentsthatarebothfactualandlogical.Anyargumentthatdoesn'thavefactsthatareactuallytrueorthatarenotlogicallysoundwillnotpassthetestasagoodargument.Itisimportanttobeabletodeterminewhetherornotanargumentisvalidbecauseinvalidargumentsarebadandshouldnotbeaccepted.Ifyouarewritinganargumentativepaper,youmustmakesurethatyourargumentsarevalid.Therearetwothingsthatmakeanargumentvalid: Thefacts,alsoknownasthepremises,mustbecorrect. Youranalysisofthefacts,alsoknownastheconclusion,mustholduplogically. Wewilllookatargumentsthatfaileachofthosethingsandthatareinvalid.Then,wewilllookatanargumentthatincludesbothofthosethingsandisvalid. ExampleArgument#1Let'slookatthefactsandanalysisofourfirstsampleargument:FACT/PREMISE#1:Everyonewhogoestoschoolwilldefinitelygetadegree.FACT/PREMISE#2:Johngoestoschool.ANALYSIS/CONCLUSION:Johnwilldefinitelygetadegree.Here,theproblemisthatoneofourfactsisnottrue;noteveryonewhogoestoschoolwillfinishandearnadegree.Becausethatfactisnottrue,ourargumentdoesn'tholdup.WecannotconcludethatJohnwilldefinitelygetadegreejustbecausehegoestoschool;hewillstillhavetocompleteschooltoearnadegree.ExampleArgument#2Let'slookatanotherexampleofanargumentthatisnotdeductivelyvalidbecauseoneormoreofthefactsisnottrue.FACT/PREMISE#1:Everyonewhohaseverbeenimprisonedisabadperson.FACT/PREMISE#2:NelsonMandelawasimprisoned.ANALYSIS/CONCLUSION:NelsonMandelawasabadperson.Again,weseethatourfirstfactisnottrue.Everyonewhohaseverbeenimprisonedisnotnecessarilyabadperson.Therefore,thewholeargumentdoesnotholdup.Youcanseethathavingincorrectfactsormakingsweepinggeneralizationsandpresentingthemasfactcanoftenmakeanargumentinvalid.Whataboutwhenthefactsareright,buttheconclusionisnotvalid?Let'slookatthisexample.ExampleArgument#3FACT/PREMISE#1:Catshavefourlegs.FACT/PREMISE#2:Catsaremammals.ANALYSIS/CONCLUSION:Mammalshavefourlegs. Inthiscase,wehavetwofactsthatholdup.Catsdohavefourlegs,generally.Catsarealsomammals.However,allmammalsdonothavefourlegs!Sometimes,justbecausewehavetwofacts,itdoesnotfollowthatallconclusionsthatarebasedonthosefactswillstillmakesense.Whensomeonemakesabadconclusionbasedonthefacts,thatisknownasanon-sequitur.Evenifanargumenthassolid,provenfacts,theargumentmustanalyzethosefactsinalogicalmanner.Thisdoesnotmeanthatanyanalysisthatyoudisagreewithisinvalid;therecanstillbemanydifferentwaystoanalyzethefactsthatarealsovalid.However,thissortofnonsenseanalysisisaclearexampleofanon-sequiturbecauseitclearlyisnottrue.ExampleArgument#4Finally,wewilllookatanargumentthathasdeductivevalidity.FACT/PREMISE#1:Allhumanswilldieoneday.FACT/PREMISE#2:Tinaisahuman.ANALYSIS/CONCLUSION:Tinawilldieoneday.Thisisacaseofanargumentwithtwoclearfactsandanalysisthatmakessenseandisnotnonsense.Thisargumentpassesthetestofdeductivevalidity!LessonSummaryDeductivevalidityappliestoargumentswhereboththefacts,orpremises,aretrueandtheanalysisofthefacts,orconclusion,islogical.Argumentsthatareinvalideitherhaveuntruefactsornonsenseanalysis,alsoknownasanonsequitur.Wecanmakesurethatanyargumentswemakearevalidorcriticizeargumentsthatwehearfromothersbymakingsurethattheargumentfulfillsdeductivevaliditybyhavingprovenfactsandlogicalanalysisofthefacts. TounlockthislessonyoumustbeaStudy.comMember. Createyouraccount FrequentlyAskedQuestions Whatisavaliddeductiveargument? Avaliddeductiveargumentisanargumentwithaformalcompositionsuchthatifthepremisesaretrue,thentheconclusionmustbetrue. Howdoyouknowifadeductiveargumentisinvalid? Adeductiveargumentthatisinvalidwillalwayshaveacounterexample,whichmeansitwillbepossibletoconsistentlyimagineaworldinwhichthepremisesaretruebuttheconclusionisfalse. Whatisthedifferencebetweeninductiveanddeductivevalidity? Deductivevalidityrequirescertainty,i.e.,theconclusionmustfollowfromthepremises.Aninductiveargumentrequiresonlythattheconclusionlikelyfollowfromthepremises.Inductiveargumentsareriskierthandeductivearguments. Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher UnlockYourEducation Seeforyourselfwhy30millionpeopleuseStudy.com BecomeaStudy.commemberandstartlearningnow. BecomeaMember Alreadyamember?LogIn  Back WhatteachersaresayingaboutStudy.com Tryitnow Alreadyregistered? Loginhereforaccess Createanaccount ValidDeductiveArgumentLogic&Examples|WhatMakesanArgumentValid? Starttoday.Tryitnow English / CAHSEEEnglishExam:HelpandReview CAHSEEEnglishExam:HelpandReview 14chapters| 178lessons |11 flashcardsets {{courseNav.course.topics.length}}chapters| {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}lessons |{{course.flashcardSetCount}} flashcardset{{course.flashcardSetCoun>1?'s':''}} Ch1. InterpretingLiterature:Helpand... Goto InterpretingLiterature:HelpandReview Ch2. AnalyzingDrama&Literature:Helpand... Goto AnalyzingDrama&Literature:HelpandReview Ch3. LiteraryTerms:HelpandReview WhatisaMetaphor?-Examples,Definition&Types 5:35 Synecdochevs.Metonymy:Definitions&Examples 6:34 Cliches,Paradoxes&Equivocations:Definitions&Examples 6:56 PersonificationandApostrophe:Differences&Examples 5:32 TypesofIrony:Examples&Definitions 6:16 AllusionandIllusion:DefinitionsandExamples 6:50 WhatAreLiteraryMotifs?-Definition&Examples 6:14 PointofView:First,Second&ThirdPerson 8:03 NarratorsinLiterature:TypesandDefinitions 7:50 WhatisForeshadowing?-Types,Examples&Definitions 6:08 WhatisCatharsis?-Definition,Examples&HistoryinLiteratureandDrama 7:24 AllegoryinLiterature:History,Definition&Examples 5:40 Consonance,Assonance,andRepetition:Definitions&Examples 5:46 Understatement&Litotes:Differences,Definitions&Examples 4:53 Euphemism:Definition&Examples 6:09 Symbolism&ImageryinLiterature:Definitions&Examples 7:03 Characterization:Definition&Examples DeductiveValidity:Definition&Examples 4:44 NextLesson LiteraryStyle:Definition&Examples Novella:Definition&Overview 5:18 Tropes:Definition&Explanation 5:33 VerbalIronyinLiterature:Definition&Examples 5:30 WhatisthePastTenseinEnglish?-Examples&Overview 5:12 Tone&MoodLiteraryWords:Definitions&Examples 5:55 Goto LiteraryTerms:HelpandReview Ch4. ReadingInformationalTexts:Helpand... Goto ReadingInformationalTexts:HelpandReview Ch5. EvaluatingArgumentsandReasoning:... Goto EvaluatingArgumentsandReasoning:HelpandReview Ch6. SentenceStructure-GrammarElements:... Goto SentenceStructure-GrammarElements:HelpandReview Ch7. SentenceStructure&Mechanics:Help... Goto SentenceStructure&Mechanics:HelpandReview Ch8. CorrectingErrorsinSentences:Help... Goto CorrectingErrorsinSentences:HelpandReview Ch9. TypesofEssaysontheCAHSEE:Helpand... Goto TypesofEssaysontheCAHSEE:HelpandReview Ch10. EssayBasics-EssayWriting:Helpand... Goto EssayBasics-EssayWriting:HelpandReview Ch11. TheWritingProcess-Developmentand... Goto TheWritingProcess-DevelopmentandPlanning:HelpandReview Ch12. HowtoWriteandStructureanEssay:... Goto HowtoWriteandStructureanEssay:HelpandReview Ch13. TheWritingProcess-Revisionand... Goto TheWritingProcess-RevisionandSkillDevelopment:HelpandReview Ch14. CAHSEEEnglishExamHelpandReview... 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Stephaniewasinjuredinacaraccidentandwasrushedtotheemergencyroom.Shereceivedstitchesforafacialwoundandtreatmentforabrokenfinger.UnderStephanie'sPPOplan,emergencyroomcar Whatareexamplesofvalidargumentsinlogic? Arecircularargumentsvalid? Indicatewhetherthefollowingsentenceistrue.Ifitistrue,explainwhyitistrue.Ifitisfalse,showwhyitisfalsebygivingacounterexample.ii.Everyargumentwithafalsepremiseisinvalid. Indicatewhetherthefollowingsentenceistrue.Ifitistrue,explainwhyitistrue.Ifitisfalse,showwhyitisfalsebygivingacounterexample.i.Everyargumentwithafalseconclusionisinvalid. UseanEulerdiagramtodeterminewhethertheargumentisvalidorinvalid.Allcatslikefish.Henrydoesnotlikefish.Henryisnotacat. 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