Introduction and IPv4 Datagram Header - GeeksforGeeks

IPv4 uses 32-bit (4 byte) addressing, which gives 232 addresses. IPv4 addresses are written in the dot-decimal notation, which comprises of four ... 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SaveArticle LikeArticle IntroductionandIPv4DatagramHeaderDifficultyLevel: MediumLastUpdated: 28Jun,2021Thenetworklayeristhethirdlayer(frombottom)intheOSIModel.Thenetworklayerisconcernedwiththedeliveryofapacketacrossmultiplenetworks.ThenetworklayerisconsideredthebackboneoftheOSIModel.Itselectsandmanagesthebestlogicalpathfordatatransferbetweennodes.Thislayercontainshardwaredevicessuchasrouters,bridges,firewalls,andswitches,butitactuallycreatesalogicalimageofthemostefficientcommunicationrouteandimplementsitwithaphysicalmedium.Networklayerprotocolsexistineveryhostorrouter.TherouterexaminestheheaderfieldsofalltheIPpacketsthatpassthroughit.InternetProtocolandNetwareIPX/SPXarethemostcommonprotocolsassociatedwiththenetworklayer.IntheOSImodel,thenetworklayerrespondstorequestsfromthelayeraboveit(transportlayer)andissuesrequeststothelayerbelowit(datalinklayer).ResponsibilitiesofNetworkLayer:Packetforwarding/Routingofpackets:RelayingofdatapacketsfromonenetworksegmenttoanotherbynodesinacomputernetworkConnectionlesscommunication(IP):Adatatransmissionmethodusedinpacket-switchednetworksinwhicheachdataunitisseparatelyaddressedandroutedbasedoninformationcarriedbyitFragmentationofdatapackets:SplittingofdatapacketsthataretoolargetobetransmittedonthenetworkTherearetwotypesofnetworktransmissiontechniques,circuitswitchednetworkandpacketswitchednetwork.CircuitSwitchvsPacketSwitchIncircuitswitchednetwork,asinglepathisdesignatedfortransmissionofallthedatapackets.Whereasincaseofapacket-switchednetwork,eachpacketmaybesentthroughadifferentpathtoreachthedestination.Inacircuitswitchednetwork,thedatapacketsarereceivedinorderwhereasinapacketswitchednetwork,thedatapacketsmaybereceivedoutoforder.ThepacketswitchingisfurthersubdividedintoVirtualcircuitsandDatagram.IPv4:IPv4isaconnectionlessprotocolusedforpacket-switchednetworks.Itoperatesonabesteffortdeliverymodel,inwhichneitherdeliveryisguaranteed,norpropersequencingoravoidanceofduplicatedeliveryisassured.InternetProtocolVersion4(IPv4)isthefourthrevisionoftheInternetProtocolandawidelyusedprotocolindatacommunicationoverdifferentkindsofnetworks.IPv4isaconnectionlessprotocolusedinpacket-switchedlayernetworks,suchasEthernet.Itprovidesalogicalconnectionbetweennetworkdevicesbyprovidingidentificationforeachdevice.TherearemanywaystoconfigureIPv4withallkindsofdevices–includingmanualandautomaticconfigurations–dependingonthenetworktype.IPv4isdefinedandspecifiedinIETFpublicationRFC791.IPv4uses32-bitaddressesforEthernetcommunicationinfiveclasses:A,B,C,DandE.ClassesA,BandChaveadifferentbitlengthforaddressingthenetworkhost.ClassDaddressesarereservedformilitarypurposes,whileclassEaddressesarereservedforfutureuse.IPv4uses32-bit(4byte)addressing,whichgives232addresses.IPv4addressesarewritteninthedot-decimalnotation,whichcomprisesoffouroctetsoftheaddressexpressedindividuallyindecimalandseparatedbyperiods,forinstance,192.168.1.5.IPv4DatagramHeaderSizeoftheheaderis20to60bytes.VERSION:VersionoftheIPprotocol(4bits),whichis4forIPv4HLEN:IPheaderlength(4bits),whichisthenumberof32bitwordsintheheader.Theminimumvalueforthisfieldis5andthemaximumis15.Typeofservice:LowDelay,HighThroughput,Reliability(8bits)TotalLength:Lengthofheader+Data(16bits),whichhasaminimumvalue20bytesandthemaximumis65,535bytes.Identification:UniquePacketIdforidentifyingthegroupoffragmentsofasingleIPdatagram(16bits)Flags:3flagsof1biteach:reservedbit(mustbezero),donotfragmentflag,morefragmentsflag(sameorder)FragmentOffset:RepresentsthenumberofDataBytesaheadoftheparticularfragmentintheparticularDatagram.Specifiedintermsofnumberof8bytes,whichhasthemaximumvalueof65,528bytes.Timetolive:Datagram’slifetime(8bits),ItpreventsthedatagramtoloopthroughthenetworkbyrestrictingthenumberofHopstakenbyaPacketbeforedeliveringtotheDestination.Protocol:Nameoftheprotocoltowhichthedataistobepassed(8bits)HeaderChecksum:16bitsheaderchecksumforcheckingerrorsinthedatagramheaderSourceIPaddress:32bitsIPaddressofthesenderDestinationIPaddress:32bitsIPaddressofthereceiverOption:Optionalinformationsuchassourceroute,recordroute.UsedbytheNetworkadministratortocheckwhetherapathisworkingornot.Duetothepresenceofoptions,thesizeofthedatagramheadercanbeofvariablelength(20bytesto60bytes).BelowquestionshavebeenaskedinpreviousGATEexamonabovetopics.GATE|GATECS2006|Question 5GATE|GATE-CS-2010|Question 15GATE|GATE-CS-2014Set3|Question 35GATE|GATECS2015Set1|Question 65Pleasewritecommentsifyoufindanythingincorrect,oryouwanttosharemoreinformationaboutthetopicdiscussedabove.MyPersonalNotes arrow_drop_upSave LikePreviousIntroductionofClassfulIPAddressingNext IPv4DatagramFragmentationandDelaysRecommendedArticlesPage:06,Jul1504,Mar2211,Dec1628,Sep1714,Apr2010,Jun2101,Jun2105,Nov1820,Aug2128,May1705,Sep1810,May1905,May2001,Mar2121,Sep1720,May2020,May2001,Mar2105,Mar2227,Mar1801,Sep2131,Aug1709,Oct1708,Mar18ArticleContributedBy:GeeksforGeeksVotefordifficultyCurrentdifficulty: MediumEasy Normal Medium Hard ExpertImprovedBy:Sayantan20anonymous007ArticleTags:NetworkLayerComputerNetworksPracticeTags:ComputerNetworksReportIssueWritingcodeincomment? 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