Globalization and World Cities Research Network - Wikipedia

The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) is a think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of ... GlobalizationandWorldCitiesResearchNetwork FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch UnitedKingdom-basedthinktank TheGlobalizationandWorldCitiesResearchNetwork(GaWC)isathinktankthatstudiestherelationshipsbetweenworldcitiesinthecontextofglobalization.ItisbasedinthegeographydepartmentofLoughboroughUniversityinLeicestershire,UnitedKingdom.GaWCwasfoundedbyPeterJ.Taylorin1998.[1]TogetherwithJonBeaverstockandRichardG.Smith,theycreatetheGaWC'sbiennialcategorizationofworldcitiesinto"Alpha","Beta"and"Gamma"tiers,basedupontheirinternationalconnectedness.[2] Contents 1GaWCcityclassification 22020cityclassification 2.1Alpha 2.1.1Alpha++ 2.1.2Alpha+ 2.1.3Alpha 2.1.4Alpha− 2.2Beta 2.2.1Beta+ 2.2.2Beta 2.2.3Beta− 2.3Gamma 2.3.1Gamma+ 2.3.2Gamma 2.3.3Gamma− 2.4Sufficiency 2.4.1HighSufficiency 2.4.2Sufficiency 3Nolongerclassified 4Climateeditioncities 5Seealso 6Notes 7References 8Externallinks GaWCcityclassification[edit] TheGaWCexaminescitiesworldwidetonarrowthemdowntoarosterofworldcities,thenranksthesebasedontheirconnectivitythroughfour"advancedproducerservices":accountancy,advertising,banking/finance,andlaw.[3]TheGaWCinventoryrankscityeconomicsmoreheavilythanpoliticalorculturalfactors.[why?]Beyondthecategoriesof"Alpha"worldcities(withfoursub-categories),"Beta"worldcities(threesub-categories),and"Gamma"worldcities(threesub-categories),theGaWCcitiesincludeadditionalcitiesat"Highsufficiency"and"Sufficiency"level. GaWChaspublishedcityclassificationsin1998,2000,2004,2008,2010,2012,2016,2018and2020.[4]The2004rankingsaddedseveralnewindicatorswhilecontinuingtorankcityeconomicsmoreheavilythanpoliticalorculturalfactors.The2008roster,similartothe1998version,issortedintocategoriesofAlphaworldcities(withfoursub-categories),Betaworldcities(threesub-categories),Gammaworldcities(threesub-categories),andadditionalcitieswithHighsufficiencyorSufficiencypresence.Thelisthasbeenpronetochangeintheranks.Forexample,somecitieshavebeennolongerclassifiedassufficientlevelthatwereselectedprior2018liketheUnitedStatescities,GreensboroandProvidence.[5][6] 2020cityclassification[edit] Theclassification"resultsarederivedfromtheactivitiesof175leadingfirmsprovidingadvancedproducerservicesacross707citiesworldwide(i.e.theinputis175x707=123,725piecesofinformation).Theresultsshouldbeinterpretedasindicatingtheimportanceofcitiesasnodesintheworldcitynetwork(i.e.enablingcorporateglobalization)."[7]Thecitiesinthe2020classificationareasfollows.[8] (1)or(1)indicatesacitymovedonecategoryupordownsincethe2018classification.[9] Alpha[edit] Alphalevelcitiesarelinkedtomajoreconomicstatesandregionsandintotheworldeconomyandareclassifiedintofoursections,Alpha++,Alpha+,Alpha,andAlpha−cities. Alpha++[edit] Alpha++citiesarecitiesmostintegratedwiththeglobaleconomy: London NewYorkCity Alpha+[edit] Alpha+are"otherhighlyintegratedcitiesthatcomplementLondonandNewYork,largelyfillinginadvancedserviceneedsforthePacific/Asia":[10] Beijing Dubai HongKong Paris Shanghai Singapore Tokyo Alpha[edit] Amsterdam(1) Brussels Chicago Frankfurt Jakarta KualaLumpur LosAngeles Madrid MexicoCity Milan Moscow Mumbai SãoPaulo Sydney(1) Toronto Alpha−[edit] Bangkok(1) Bangalore(1) Boston(1) BuenosAires(1) Dublin Guangzhou(1) Istanbul(1) Johannesburg Lisbon LuxembourgCity Manila Melbourne(1) Montreal Munich NewDelhi Prague Riyadh SanFrancisco Santiago Seoul(1) Shenzhen Stockholm Taipei(1) Vienna Warsaw(1) Zürich(1) Beta[edit] Betalevelcitiesarecitiesthatlinkmoderateeconomicregionstotheworldeconomyandareclassifiedintothreesections,Beta+,Beta,andBeta−cities. Beta+[edit] Atlanta Auckland Barcelona(1) Beirut(1) Berlin(1) Bogotá(1) Brisbane(1) Bucharest Budapest(1) Cairo Chengdu Copenhagen Dallas Doha Düsseldorf Hamburg Houston(1) Lima Miami(2) Rome(1) TelAviv Vancouver Washington,D.C.(1) Beta[edit] AbuDhabi Athens(1) CapeTown Casablanca Chennai Chongqing(1) Denver Hangzhou(1) Hanoi(1) Helsinki(1) HoChiMinhCity(1) Karachi Kyiv Manama Montevideo Nairobi Nanjing Oslo PanamaCity(1) Perth(1) Philadelphia RiodeJaneiro Seattle(1) Tianjin Beta−[edit] Almaty Amman(2) Austin(2) Belgrade Bratislava Calgary(1) Caracas(1) Changsha Dalian Detroit(1) Dhaka Edinburgh Geneva GeorgeTown GuatemalaCity(1) Hyderabad(1) Jeddah Jinan Kampala KuwaitCity(1) Lagos(1) Lahore(1) Lyon Manchester Minneapolis(1) Monterrey Muscat(1) Nicosia Osaka(1) Quito SaintPetersburg(2) SanDiego(2) SanJosé SanSalvador Shenyang Sofia(1) Stuttgart Tampa(2) Tunis Wuhan(1) Xiamen Xi'an(1) Zagreb(1) Zhengzhou(1) Gamma[edit] Gammalevelcitiesarecitiesthatlinksmallereconomicregionsintotheworldeconomyandareclassifiedintothreesections,Gamma+,Gamma,andGamma−cities. Gamma+[edit] Adelaide Ahmedabad(1) Algiers(1) Antwerp(1) Baku(1) Baltimore(1) Belfast(1) Charlotte(1) Cologne(2) DaresSalaam Glasgow Guadalajara(1) Hefei(1) Islamabad(1) Kolkata(1) Kunming(1) Ljubljana(1) Medellín(2) Orlando(2) PhnomPenh(2) Phoenix(1) Porto(1) Pune Qingdao(1) Riga Rotterdam SanJose(1) St.Louis(1) Suzhou(1) Tbilisi(1) Gamma[edit] Ankara Bristol Colombo(1) Dakar(2) Durban(1) Gothenburg(3) Guayaquil(1) Haikou(3) LaPaz Malmö(3) Managua(2) Nantes(1) Nashville(1) Ottawa(1) SanJuan(2) SantoDomingo Taichung(3) Tegucigalpa Tirana(1) Turin Valencia(2) Vilnius Wellington Wrocław(1) Gamma−[edit] Accra(2) Asunción(1) BeloHorizonte Bilbao(1) Cleveland(2) Columbus(2) Douala(1) Edmonton(1) Fuzhou Harare(2) Harbin(2) Kaohsiung(1) KansasCity(1) Katowice(2) Lausanne(1) Limassol(2) Luanda(1) Málaga(2) Maputo Milwaukee Nagoya(2) Nassau(1) PortLouis(3) Penang Poznań Querétaro(1) Sacramento SaltLakeCity(2) Taiyuan(1) Sufficiency[edit] Sufficiencylevelcitiesarecitiesthathaveasufficientdegreeofservicessoasnottobeoverlydependentonworldcities.ThisissortedintoHighSufficiencycitiesandSufficiencycities. HighSufficiency[edit] Abidjan Abuja Birmingham(4) Brasília(1) Cincinnati(1) Curitiba(1) Dammam(1) Hartford Indianapolis(1) JohorBahru(1) Kraków(1) Leeds Lusaka(2) Macau(1) Ningbo PortoAlegre PortofSpain(1) Puebla(1) Raleigh SanAntonio(1) Seville(1) Strasbourg(1) TheHague(1) Tijuana(1) Ulaanbaatar(1) Yangon(1) Yerevan(1) Sufficiency[edit] Aarhus Aberdeen AguascalientesCity Alexandria Baghdad BandarSeriBegawan Barranquilla Basel Bergen Bern[i] Birmingham Bishkek[i] Blantyre Bologna Bordeaux Brazzaville[i] Bremen Buffalo Bursa Busan[i] Cali Campinas Canberra Cardiff CebuCity Changchun Chihuahua[i] Chișinău Christchurch CiudadJuárez Córdoba DesMoines Dortmund Dresden Dushanbe Essen[i] Florence(1) Fukuoka Gaborone(1) Genoa Goiânia Graz Grenoble Guiyang Haifa[i] Halifax Hamilton Hanover Harrisburg[i] Hobart[i] Hohhot Honolulu[i] Hsinchu[i] İzmir(1) Jacksonville Jerusalem Kabul Kazan Kigali Kingston Kinshasa Kobe[i] Kochi Kyoto[i] Labuan(1) Lanzhou LasVegas(1) Leipzig León Libreville Liège Lille Linz Liverpool Łódź Lomé[i] Louisville Malacca[i] Mannheim[i] Marseille Memphis Mérida Mexicali Minsk(2) Montpellier Nanchang Nanning Naples NewOrleans NewcastleuponTyne Nice Nottingham Novosibirsk Nur-Sultan Nuremberg OklahomaCity Omaha[i] Palermo[i] PaloAlto Pittsburgh Podgorica PortElizabeth PortHarcourt Portland PortMoresby[i] Pretoria QuebecCity Recife Reykjavík Richmond Rochester Rosario Salvador[i] SanLuisPotosíCity SanPedroSula Sanaa SantaCruzdelaSierra Sapporo[i] Sarajevo Saskatoon[i] Sendai[i] Sheffield[i] Shijiazhuang Skopje(1) Southampton(1) Surabaya(1) Suva[i] Tainan[i] Tallinn(3) Tashkent Toulouse Trieste Tulsa Ürümqi Utrecht Valencia Valparaíso Vientiane Windhoek Winnipeg Wuxi Yokohama[i] Zhuhai Nolongerclassified[edit] Thefollowingcitieswereincludedinthe2018edition,butnotinthe2020edition: Antananarivo Kathmandu Leicester Madison Nantong Weifang Xining Climateeditioncities[edit] Inadditiontotherankedcities.GaWCacknowledgedtheverylargecitiesinitsclimateedition.[11]ThefollowingcitieswerenotrankedintheworldofGaWClistbutwereontheclimateedition(Note:DoesnotincludeDelhisinceNewDelhiispartofit): Bandung Freetown Havana Ibadan Kano Mogadishu Shantou Surat Tehran Seealso[edit] Globalcity Notes[edit] ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaAddedinthe2020editionoftheclassification. References[edit] ^Taylor,PeterJ.(2004).Worldcitynetwork:aglobalurbananalysis.Routledge.p. ix.ISBN 0-415-30249-8.Retrieved10October2010. ^Donald,Stephanie;Gammack,JohnG.(2007).Tourismandthebrandedcity.London:AshgatePublishing.p. 23.ISBN 0-7546-4829-X.Retrieved10October2010. ^"GaWCCityLinkClassification2018".Lboro.ac.uk.13November2018.Retrieved7August2019. ^"TheWorldAccordingtoGaWC".GaWC-ResearchNetwork.Retrieved20December2020. ^"GaWC-TheWorldAccordingtoGaWC2010".www.lboro.ac.uk.Retrieved16May2022. ^"GaWC-TheWorldAccordingtoGaWC2012".www.lboro.ac.uk.Retrieved16May2022. ^"GaWC-TheWorldAccordingtoGaWC2020:ClassificationofCities".www.lboro.ac.uk.Retrieved25May2022. ^"TheWorldAccordingtoGaWC2020".GaWC-ResearchNetwork.GlobalizationandWorldCities.Retrieved26August2020. ^"TheWorldAccordingtoGaWC2018".GaWC-ResearchNetwork.GlobalizationandWorldCities.Retrieved28December2020. ^"GaWC-TheWorldAccordingtoGaWC".www.lboro.ac.uk.Retrieved25May2022. ^"GaWC-TheWorldAccordingtoGaWC:ClimateEmergencyEdition2021".www.lboro.ac.uk.Retrieved15May2022. 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