Amazon (company) - Wikipedia

Amazon.com, Inc. is an American multinational technology company which focuses on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial ... Amazon(company) FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Americanmultinationaltechnologycompany Forothercompanies,seeAmazon(disambiguation)§ Organizations. Ithasbeensuggestedthat.amazonbemergedintothisarticle.(Discuss)ProposedsinceFebruary2022. Amazon.com,Inc.Logosince2000TheAmazonSpheres,partoftheAmazonheadquartersinSeattle,U.S.TradenameAmazonFormerlyCadabra,Inc.(1994–1995)TypePublicTradedasNasdaq: AMZNNasdaq-100componentS&P100componentS&P500componentISINUS0231351067IndustryE-commerceCloudComputingArtificialintelligenceConsumerelectronicsEntertainmentDigitaldistributionSelf-drivingcarsSupermarketFoundedJuly 5,1994;27yearsago (1994-07-05)Bellevue,Washington,U.S.FounderJeffBezosHeadquartersSeattle,Washington,U.S.AreaservedWorldwideKeypeopleJeffBezos(executivechairman)AndyJassy(presidentandCEO)ProductsEchoFireTabletFireTVFireOSKindleServicesAmazon.comAmazonAlexaAmazonAppstoreAmazonLunaAmazonMusicAmazonPrimeAmazonPrimeVideoTwitchRingAmazonWebServicesRevenueUS$469.822billion(2021)[1][2]OperatingincomeUS$24.879billion(2021)[1]NetincomeUS$33.364billion(2021)[1]TotalassetsUS$420.549billion(2021)[1]TotalequityUS$138.245billion(2021)[1]OwnerJeffBezos(14.0%votingpower,10.6%economicinterest)[3]Numberofemployees1,608,000(Dec.2021)[1]U.S.:950,000(June2021)[4]Subsidiaries List A9.comAbeBooksAlexaInternetAmazon.comAmazonAirAmazonBooksAmazonFreshAmazonGamesAmazonLab126AmazonLogisticsAmazonPharmacyAmazonPublishingAmazonRoboticsAmazonStudiosAWSAudibleBodyLabsBookDepositoryComiXologyDigitalPhotographyReviewEeroLLCGoodreadsGraphiqIMDbMGMHoldingsPillPackRingSouq.comTwitchInteractiveWholeFoodsMarketWootZapposZoox Websiteamazon.comFootnotes /references[5][6] Amazon.com,Inc.[7](/ˈæməzɒn/AM-ə-zon)isanAmericanmultinationaltechnologycompanywhichfocusesone-commerce,cloudcomputing,digitalstreaming,andartificialintelligence.Ithasbeenreferredtoas"oneofthemostinfluentialeconomicandculturalforcesintheworld",[8]andisoneoftheworld'smostvaluablebrands.[9]ItisoneoftheBigFiveAmericaninformationtechnologycompanies,alongsideAlphabet,Apple,Meta,andMicrosoft. AmazonwasfoundedbyJeffBezosfromhisgarageinBellevue,Washington,[10]onJuly5,1994.Initiallyanonlinemarketplaceforbooks,ithasexpandedintoamultitudeofproductcategories:astrategythathasearneditthemonikerTheEverythingStore.[11]IthasmultiplesubsidiariesincludingAmazonWebServices(cloudcomputing),Zoox(autonomousvehicles),KuiperSystems(satelliteInternet),AmazonLab126(computerhardwareR&D).ItsothersubsidiariesincludeRing,Twitch,IMDb,andWholeFoodsMarket.ItsacquisitionofWholeFoodsinAugust2017forUS$13.4 billionsubstantiallyincreaseditsfootprintasaphysicalretailer.[12] Amazonhasearnedareputationasadisruptorofwell-establishedindustriesthroughtechnologicalinnovationandmassscale.[13][14][15][16]Asof2021,itistheworld'slargestonlineretailerandmarketplace,smartspeakerprovider,cloudcomputingservicethroughAWS,[17]live-streamingservicethroughTwitch,andInternetcompanyasmeasuredbyrevenueandmarketshare.[18]In2021,itsurpassedWalmartastheworld'slargestretaileroutsideofChina,driveninlargepartbyitspaidsubscriptionplan,AmazonPrime,whichhasover200 millionsubscribersworldwide.[19][20]Itisthesecond-largestprivateemployerintheUnitedStates.[21] AmazonalsodistributesavarietyofdownloadableandstreamingcontentthroughitsAmazonPrimeVideo,AmazonMusic,Twitch,andAudibleunits.Itpublishesbooksthroughitspublishingarm,AmazonPublishing,filmandtelevisioncontentthroughAmazonStudios,andhasbeentheowneroffilmandtelevisionstudioMetro-Goldwyn-MayersinceMarch2022.Italsoproducesconsumerelectronics—mostnotably,Kindlee-readers,Echodevices,Firetablets,andFireTVs. Amazonhasbeencriticizedforcustomerdatacollectionpractices,[22]atoxicworkculture,[23]taxavoidance,[24][25]andanti-competitivebehavior.[26][27] Contents 1History 2Boardofdirectors 3Merchantpartnerships 4Logistics 5Productsandservices 6Subsidiaries 6.1A9.com 6.2AmazonMaritime 6.3AnnapurnaLabs 6.4Audible.com 6.5BeijingCenturyJoyoCourierServices 6.6BrillianceAudio 6.7ComiXology 6.8CreateSpace 6.9Eero 6.10Goodreads 6.11HealthNavigator 6.12Junglee 6.13KuiperSystems 6.14Lab126 6.15Ring 6.16Shelfari 6.17Souq 6.18Twitch 6.19WholeFoodsMarket 6.20Other 7Supplychain 8Website 8.1Reviews 8.2Contentsearch 8.3Third-partysellers 9Amazonsalesrank 10Multi-levelsalesstrategy 11Finances 12Controversies 12.1Environmentalimpact 12.2TheSolimoStrategy 12.3Sellingcounterfeit,unsafeanddiscardeditems 12.4Riggedsearchresults 12.5Taxavoidance 12.6CommentsbyDonaldTrumpandBernieSanders 12.7Oppositiontotradeunions 12.8Workingconditions 12.9ConflictofinterestwiththeCIAandDOD 12.10Seattleheadtaxandhouselessnessservices 12.11NashvilleOperationsCenterofExcellence 12.12Facialrecognitiontechnologyandlawenforcement 12.13AccesstoNHSdata 12.14Collectionofdataandsurveillance 12.15Antitrustcomplaints 12.16Anti-vaccinationandnon-scientificcancer'cures' 13ResponsetoCOVID-19pandemic 13.1Hazardpayandovertime 13.2Additionalhiringasaresultofpandemic 13.3EmployeeprotestsduringCOVID-19 13.4ClosureinFrance 14Lobbying 15Seealso 16References 17Furtherreading 18Externallinks History Mainarticle:HistoryofAmazon Thecompany'slargestcampusoutsidetheUnitedStateswasinauguratedinHyderabad,IndiainSeptember2019. AmazonwasfoundedbyJeffBezosinJuly1994,whochoseSeattleforitsabundanceoftechnicaltalent,asMicrosoftwasinthearea.[28]MackenzieScottwasalsoinstrumentalinitsfounding,anddroveacrossthecountrywithBezostostartit.WhenScottgraduated,sheappliedtoworkforD.E.Shaw&Co.,aquantitativehedgefundinNewYorkCity,asaresearchassociateto"paythebillswhileworkingonhernovels".[29][30]Bezos,thenavice-presidentatthefirm,metherwhenheinterviewedher.[31][29] AmazonwentpublicinMay1997.Itbegansellingmusicandvideosin1998,andbeganinternationaloperationsbyacquiringonlinesellersofbooksintheUnitedKingdomandGermany.Thefollowingyear,itbegansellingvideogames,consumerelectronics,homeimprovementitems,software,games,andtoys. In2002,itlaunchedAmazonWebServices(AWS),whichprovideddataonwebsitepopularity,Internettrafficpatterns,andotherstatisticsformarketersanddevelopers.In2006,itgrewitsAWSportfoliowhenElasticComputeCloud(EC2),whichrentedcomputerprocessingpower,providedSimpleStorageService(S3),andrenteddatastorageviatheInternet,alsobecameavailable.Thatyear,AmazonalsostartedFulfillmentbyAmazonwhichallowedindividualsandsmallcompaniestosellitemsthroughthecompany'sInternetsite.In2012,AmazonboughtKivaSystemstoautomateitsinventorymanagementbusiness.ItpurchasedtheWholeFoodsMarketsupermarketchainin2017.[32] OnFebruary2,2021,AmazonannouncedthatJeffBezoswouldstepdownasCEOtobecomeexecutivechairofAmazon'sboardinQ3of2021.AndyJassy,previouslyCEOofAWS,becameAmazon'sCEO.[33][34] Boardofdirectors AmazonfounderJeffBezosin2016 AsofSeptember 2020[update],Amazon'sboardofdirectorsis:[35] JeffBezos,executivechairman,Amazon.com,Inc. AndyJassy,presidentandCEO,Amazon.com,Inc. KeithB.Alexander,CEOofIronNetCybersecurity,formerNSAdirector RosalindBrewer,grouppresidentandCOO,Starbucks JamieGorelick,partner,WilmerCutlerPickeringHaleandDorr DanielP.Huttenlocher,deanoftheSchwarzmanCollegeofComputing,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology JudyMcGrath,formerCEO,MTVNetworks IndraNooyi,formerCEO,PepsiCo JonRubinstein,formerchairmanandCEO,Palm,Inc. ThomasO.Ryder,formerchairmanandCEO,Reader'sDigestAssociation PattyStonesifer,presidentandCEO,Martha'sTable WendellP.Weeks,chairman,presidentandCEO,CorningInc. Merchantpartnerships In2000,U.S.toyretailerToys"R"Usenteredintoa10-yearagreementwithAmazon,valuedat$50 millionperyearplusacutofsales,underwhichToys"R"Uswouldbetheexclusivesupplieroftoysandbabyproductsontheservice,andthechain'swebsitewouldredirecttoAmazon'sToys&Gamescategory.In2004,Toys"R"UssuedAmazon,claimingthatbecauseofaperceivedlackofvarietyinToys"R"Usstock,Amazonhadknowinglyallowedthird-partysellerstoofferitemsontheserviceincategoriesthatToys"R"Ushadbeengrantedexclusivity.In2006,acourtruledinfavorofToys"R"Us,givingittherighttounwinditsagreementwithAmazonandestablishitsindependente-commercewebsite.Thecompanywaslaterawarded$51millionindamages.[36][37][38] In2001,AmazonenteredintoasimilaragreementwithBordersGroup,underwhichAmazonwouldcomanageBorders.comasaco-brandedservice.[39]Borderspulledoutofthearrangementin2007,withplanstoalsolaunchitsownonlinestore.[40] OnOctober18,2011,Amazon.comannouncedapartnershipwithDCComicsfortheexclusivedigitalrightstomanypopularcomics,includingSuperman,Batman,GreenLantern,TheSandman,andWatchmen.Thepartnershiphascausedwell-knownbookstoreslikeBarnes&Nobletoremovethesetitlesfromtheirshelves.[41] InNovember2013,AmazonannouncedapartnershipwiththeUnitedStatesPostalServicetobegindeliveringordersonSundays.Theservice,includedinAmazon'sstandardshippingrates,initiatedinmetropolitanareasofLosAngelesandNewYorkbecauseofthehigh-volumeandinabilitytodeliverinatimelyway,withplanstoexpandintoDallas,Houston,NewOrleansandPhoenixby2014.[42] InJune2017,NikeagreedtosellproductsthroughAmazoninexchangeforbetterpolicingofcounterfeitgoods.[43][44]ThisprovedunsuccessfulandNikewithdrewfromthepartnershipinNovember2019.[44][45]CompaniesincludingIkeaandBirkenstockalsostoppedsellingthroughAmazonaroundthesametime,citingsimilarfrustrationsoverbusinesspracticesandcounterfeitgoods.[46] InSeptember2017,AmazonventuredwithoneofitssellersJVApparioRetailownedbyPatniGroupwhichhasrecordedatotalincomeofUS$ 104.44 million(₹ 759 crore)infinancialyear2017–2018.[47] AsofOctober 11,2017[update],AmazonFreshsoldarangeofBoothsbrandedproductsforhomedeliveryinselectedareas.[48] InNovember2018,AmazonreachedanagreementwithAppleInc.tosellselectedproductsthroughtheservice,viathecompanyandselectedAppleAuthorizedResellers.Asaresultofthispartnership,onlyAppleAuthorizedResellersmaysellAppleproductsonAmazoneffectiveJanuary4,2019.[49][50] Logistics Amazonusesmanydifferenttransportationservicestodeliverpackages.Amazon-brandedservicesinclude: AmazonAir,acargoairlineforbulktransport,withlast-miledeliveryhandledeitherbyAmazonFlex,AmazonLogistics,ortheUnitedStatesPostalService. AmazonFlex,asmartphoneappthatenablesindividualstoactasindependentcontractors,deliveringpackagestocustomersfrompersonalvehicleswithoutuniforms.DeliveriesincludeoneortwohoursPrimeNow,sameornextdayAmazonFreshgroceries,andstandardAmazon.comorders,inadditiontoordersfromlocalstoresthatcontractwithAmazon.[51] AmazonLogistics,inwhichAmazoncontractswithsmallbusinesses(whichitcalls"DeliveryServicePartners")toperformdeliveriestocustomers.Eachbusinesshasafleetofapproximately20–40Amazon-brandedvans,andemployeesofthecontractorswearAmazonuniforms.AsofDecember2020,itoperatesintheUnitedStates,Canada,Italy,Germany,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdom.[52] AmazonPrimeAirisanexperimentaldronedeliveryservice. Amazondirectlyemployspeopletoworkatitswarehouses,bulkdistributioncenters,staffed"AmazonHubLocker+"locations,anddeliverystationswheredriverspickuppackages.AsofDecember2020,itisnothiringdeliverydriversasemployees.[53] RakutenIntelligenceestimatedthatin2020intheUnitedStates,theproportionoflast-miledeliverieswas56%byAmazon'sdirectlycontractedservices(mostlyinurbanareas),30%bytheUnitedStatesPostalService(mostlyinruralareas),and14%byUPS.[54]InApril2021,Amazonreportedtoinvestorsithadincreaseditsin-housedeliverycapacityby50%inthelast12months(whichincludedthefirstyearoftheCOVID-19pandemicintheUnitedStates).[55] Productsandservices Mainarticle:ListofAmazonproductsandservices Amazon.com'sproductlinesavailableonitswebsiteincludeseveralmedia(books,DVDs,musicCDs,videotapesandsoftware),apparel,babyproducts,consumerelectronics,beautyproducts,gourmetfood,groceries,healthandpersonal-careitems,industrial&scientificsupplies,kitchenitems,jewelry,watches,lawnandgardenitems,musicalinstruments,sportinggoods,tools,automotiveitems,andtoys&games.[citationneeded]InAugust2019,AmazonappliedtohavealiquorstoreinSanFrancisco,CAasameanstoshipbeerandalcoholwithinthecity.[56]Amazonhasseparateretailwebsitesforsomecountriesandalsooffersinternationalshippingofsomeofitsproductstocertainothercountries.[57]InNovember2020,thecompanystartedanonlinedeliveryservicededicatedtoprescriptiondrugs.Theserviceprovidesdiscountsupto80%forgenericdrugsandupto40%forbrandeddrugsforPrimesubscribeusers.Theproductscanbepurchasedonthecompany'swebsiteoratover50,000bricks-and-mortarpharmaciesintheUnitedStates.[58] Amazon.comhasanumberofproductsandservicesavailable,including: AmazonFresh AmazonPrime Alexa Appstore AmazonDrive Echo Kindle Firetablets FireTV Video KindleStore Music MusicUnlimited AmazonDigitalSoftware&VideoGames AmazonStudios AmazonWireless AmazonAcademy[59] InSeptember2021,AmazonannouncedthelaunchofAstro,itsfirsthouseholdrobot,poweredbyitsAlexasmarthometechnology.Thiscanberemote-controlledwhennotathome,tocheckonpets,people,orhomesecurity.Itwillsendownersanotificationifitdetectssomethingunusual.[60] Subsidiaries Seealso:ListofAmazonlocations Amazonownsover40subsidiaries,includingAmazonWebServices,Audible,Diapers.com,Goodreads,IMDb,KivaSystems(nowAmazonRobotics),Shopbop,Teachstreet,Twitch,Zappos,andZoox.[61] A9.com A9.com,acompanyfocusedonresearchingandbuildinginnovativetechnology,hasbeenasubsidiarysince2003.[62] AmazonMaritime AmazonMaritime,Inc.holdsaFederalMaritimeCommissionlicensetooperateasanon-vessel-owningcommoncarrier(NVOCC),whichenablesthecompanytomanageitsshipmentsfromChinaintotheUnitedStates.[63] AnnapurnaLabs InJanuary2015,AmazonWebServicesacquiredAnnapurnaLabs,anIsrael-basedmicroelectronicscompanyreputedlyforUS$350–370M.[64][65][66] Audible.com Audible.comisasellerandproducerofspokenaudioentertainment,information,andeducationalprogrammingontheInternet.Audiblesellsdigitalaudiobooks,radioandtelevisionprograms,andaudioversionsofmagazinesandnewspapers.Throughitsproductionarm,AudibleStudios,Audiblehasalsobecometheworld'slargestproducerofdownloadableaudiobooks.OnJanuary31,2008,AmazonannounceditwouldbuyAudibleforabout$300 million.ThedealclosedinMarch2008andAudiblebecameasubsidiaryofAmazon.[67] BeijingCenturyJoyoCourierServices BeijingCenturyJoyoCourierServicesisasubsidiaryofAmazonanditappliedforafreightforwardinglicensewiththeUSMaritimeCommission.AmazonisalsobuildingoutitslogisticsintruckingandairfreighttopotentiallycompetewithUPSandFedEx.[68][69] BrillianceAudio BrillianceAudioisanaudiobookpublisherfoundedin1984byMichaelSnodgrassinGrandHaven,Michigan.[70]Thecompanyproduceditsfirst8audiotitlesin1985.[70]ThecompanywaspurchasedbyAmazonin2007foranundisclosedamount.[71][72]Atthetimeoftheacquisition,Brilliancewasproducing12–15newtitlesamonth.[72]ItoperatesasanindependentcompanywithinAmazon. In1984,BrillianceAudioinventedatechniqueforrecordingtwiceasmuchonthesamecassette.[73]Thetechniqueinvolvedrecordingoneachofthetwochannelsofeachstereotrack.[73]Ithasbeencreditedwithrevolutionizingtheburgeoningaudiobookmarketinthemid-1980ssinceitmadeunabridgedbooksaffordable.[73] ComiXology ComiXologyisacloud-baseddigitalcomicsplatformwithover200 millioncomicdownloadsasofSeptember 2013[update].Itoffersaselectionofmorethan40,000comicbooksandgraphicnovelsacrossAndroid,iOS,FireOSandWindows8devicesandoverawebbrowser.AmazonboughtthecompanyinApril2014.[74] CreateSpace CreateSpace,whichoffersself-publishingservicesforindependentcontentcreators,publishers,filmstudios,andmusiclabels,becameasubsidiaryin2009.[75][76] Eero Eeroisanelectronicscompanyspecializinginmesh-networkingWifidevicesfoundedasastartupin2014byNickWeaver,AmosSchallich,andNateHardisontosimplifyandinnovatethesmarthome.[77]EerowasacquiredbyAmazonin2019forUS$97 million.[78]Eerohascontinuedtooperateunderitsbannerandadvertisesitscommitmenttoprivacydespiteearlyconcernsfromthecompany'sacquisition.[79] Goodreads Mainarticle:Goodreads Goodreadsisa"socialcataloging"websitefoundedinDecember2006andlaunchedinJanuary2007byOtisChandler,asoftwareengineer,andentrepreneur,andElizabethKhuri.ThewebsiteallowsindividualstofreelysearchGoodreads'extensiveuser-populateddatabaseofbooks,annotations,andreviews.Userscansignupandregisterbookstogeneratelibrarycatalogsandreadinglists.Theycanalsocreatetheirgroupsofbooksuggestionsanddiscussions.InDecember2007,thesitehadover650,000members,andoveramillionbookshadbeenadded.AmazonboughtthecompanyinMarch2013.[80] HealthNavigator InOctober2019,AmazonfinalizedtheacquisitionofHealthNavigator,astartupdevelopingAPIsforonlinehealthservices.ThestartupwillformpartofAmazonCare,whichisthecompany'semployeehealthcareservice.Thisfollowsthe2018purchaseofPillPackforunder$1 billion,whichhasalsobeenincludedintoAmazonCare.[81] Junglee JungleeisaformeronlineshoppingserviceprovidedbyAmazonthatenabledcustomerstosearchforproductsfromonlineandofflineretailersinIndia.JungleestartedasavirtualdatabasethatwasusedtoextractinformationfromtheInternetanddeliverittoenterpriseapplications.Asitprogressed,JungleestartedtouseitsdatabasetechnologytocreateasinglewindowmarketplaceontheInternetbymakingeveryitemfromeverysupplieravailableforpurchase.Webshopperscouldlocate,compareandtransactmillionsofproductsfromacrosstheInternetshoppingmallthroughonewindow.[82] AmazonacquiredJungleein1998,andthewebsiteJunglee.comwaslaunchedinIndiainFebruary2012[83]asacomparison-shoppingwebsite.Itcuratedandenabledsearchingforadiversevarietyofproductssuchasclothing,electronics,toys,jewelry,andvideogames,amongothers,acrossthousandsofonlineandofflinesellers.Millionsofproductsarebrowsable,theclientselectsaprice,andthentheyaredirectedtoaseller.InNovember2017,AmazoncloseddownJunglee.comandtheformerdomaincurrentlyredirectstoAmazonIndia.[84] KuiperSystems Mainarticle:KuiperSystems KuiperSystemsLLC,isasubsidiaryofAmazon,setuptodeployabroadbandsatelliteinternetconstellationwithanannounced3,236LowEarthorbitsatellitestoprovidesatellitebasedInternetconnectivity.[85][86][87] Lab126 Mainarticle:AmazonLab126 Lab126,developersofintegratedconsumerelectronicssuchastheKindle,becameasubsidiaryin2004.[88] Ring Mainarticle:RingInc. RingisahomeautomationcompanyfoundedbyJamieSiminoffin2013.ItisprimarilyknownforitsWiFipoweredsmartdoorbells,butmanufacturesotherdevicessuchassecuritycameras.AmazonboughtRingforUS$1 billionin2018.[89] Shelfari Shelfariwasasocialcatalogingwebsiteforbooks.Shelfariusersbuiltvirtualbookshelvesofthetitleswhichtheyownedorhadreadandtheycouldrate,review,taganddiscusstheirbooks.Userscouldalsocreategroupsthatothermemberscouldjoin,creatediscussionsandtalkaboutbooks,orothertopics.Recommendationscouldbesenttofriendsonthesiteforwhatbookstoread.AmazonboughtthecompanyinAugust2008.[80]ShelfaricontinuedtofunctionasanindependentbooksocialnetworkwithintheAmazonuntilJanuary2016,whenAmazonannouncedthatitwouldbemergingShelfariwithGoodreadsandclosingdownShelfari.[90][91] Souq Mainarticle:Souq.com Souq.comwasthelargeste-commerceplatformintheArabworld.Thecompanylaunchedin2005inDubai,UnitedArabEmiratesandservedmultipleareasacrosstheMiddleEast.[92]OnMarch28,2017,AmazonacquiredSouq.comfor$580 million.[93]Thecompanywasre-brandedasAmazonanditsinfrastructurewasusedtoexpandAmazon'sonlineplatformintheMiddleEast.[94] Twitch Mainarticle:Twitch(service) TwitchattheElectronicEntertainmentExpo Twitchisalivestreamingplatformforvideo,primarilyorientedtowardsvideogamingcontent.Theservicewasfirstestablishedasaspin-offofageneral-intereststreamingserviceknownasJustin.tv.ItsprominencewaseclipsedbythatofTwitch,andJustin.tvwaseventuallyshutdownbyitsparentcompanyinAugust2014inordertofocusexclusivelyonTwitch.[95]Laterthatmonth,TwitchwasacquiredbyAmazonfor$970 million.[96]ThroughTwitch,AmazonalsoownsCurse,Inc.,anoperatorofvideogamingcommunitiesandaproviderofVoIPservicesforgaming.[97]Sincetheacquisition,Twitchbegantosellgamesdirectlythroughtheplatform,[98]andbeganofferingspecialfeaturesforAmazonPrimesubscribers.[99] Thesite'srapidgrowthhadbeenboostedprimarilybytheprominenceofmajoresportscompetitionsontheservice,leadingGameSpotsenioresportseditorRodBreslautohavedescribedtheserviceas"theESPNofesports".[100]Asof2015[update],theservicehadover1.5 millionbroadcastersand100 millionmonthlyviewers.[101] OnAugust10,2020,AmazonannouncedtherebrandingofTwitchPrime,thelive-streamingsite,renamingitPrimeGaminginanotherattempttocrackthevideogamemarketafterfailingabig-budgetgameeffort.WithTwitchPrime,userswillbegivenafreesubscriptiontoTwitch,withfreegamesfromsmallstudiosanddiscountsforlargertitleslikeGrandTheftAutoandLeagueofLegends.[102] OnNovember2,2020,TwitchannouncedavirtualflagshipconferenceandnameditGlitchConinsteadofTwitchContobeheldonNovember14.Themainaimoftheconferencewillbetobringitsnumerous,disparatecommunitiesofstreamersandfanstogetherwheretheycanbereal-lifeconfidants.[103] WholeFoodsMarket WholeFoodsMarketstoreinAnnArbor,Michigan WholeFoodsMarketisanAmericansupermarketchainexclusivelyfeaturingfoodswithoutartificialpreservatives,colors,flavors,sweeteners,andhydrogenatedfats.[104] AmazonacquiredWholeFoodsfor$13.7billioninAugust2017.[105][106][12] Other AmazonalsohasinvestmentsinrenewableenergyandplanstoexpanditspositionintotheCanadianmarketthroughaninvestmentinanewplantinAlberta.[107] Supplychain Amazonfirstlauncheditsdistributionnetworkin1997withtwofulfillmentcentersinSeattleandNewCastle,Delaware.Amazonhasseveraltypesofdistributionfacilitiesconsistingofcross-dockcenters,fulfillmentcenters,sortationcenters,deliverystations,Primenowhubs,andPrimeairhubs.Thereare75fulfillmentcentersand25sortationcenterswithover125,000employees.[108][109]Employeesareresponsibleforfivebasictasks:unpackingandinspectingincominggoods;placinggoodsinstorageandrecordingtheirlocation;pickinggoodsfromtheircomputerrecordedlocationstomakeupanindividualshipment;sortingandpackingorders;andshipping.Acomputerthatrecordsthelocationofgoodsandmapsoutroutesforpickersplaysakeyrole:employeescarryhand-heldcomputerswhichcommunicatewiththecentralcomputerandmonitortheirrateofprogress.SomewarehousesarepartiallyautomatedwithsystemsbuiltbyAmazonRobotics. InSeptember2006AmazonlaunchedaprogramcalledFBA(FulfillmentByAmazon)wherebyitcouldhandlestorage,packinganddistributionofproductsandservicesforsmallsellers.[110] Amazon.frfulfillmentcenterinLauwin-Planque,France Amazon.esfulfillmentcenterinSanFernandodeHenares,Spain Amazon.co.ukfulfillmentcenterinGlenrothes,Scotland,UK Amazon.defulfillmentcenterinGraben,Germany Amazon.co.jpfulfillmentcenterinIchikawa,Japan AmazonfulfillmentcenterinMacon,Georgia,U.S. Website amazon.comLogosinceJanuary2000Screenshot HomepageTypeofsiteE-commerceAvailable inArabicChineseDutchEnglishFrenchGermanHindiItalianJapanesePolishPortugueseSpanishSwedishTurkishOwnerAmazonURLamazon.com(originalU.S.site)CommercialYesRegistrationOptionalLaunched1995;27 yearsago (1995)Current statusActiveWritten inC++andJava[111] Thedomainamazon.comattractedatleast615 millionvisitorsannuallyby2008;[112]bythebeginningof2016,over130 millioncustomerswerevisitingtheU.S.websiteeachmonth.[113]Thecompanyhasinvestedheavilyinamassiveamountofservercapacityforitswebsite,especiallytohandletheexcessivetrafficduringtheChristmasholidayseason.[114]AccordingtoAlexaInternetrankings,amazon.comisthethirdmostpopularwebsiteintheUnitedStatesandthe11thmostpopularwebsiteworldwide.[115] ResultsgeneratedbyAmazon'ssearchenginearepartlydeterminedbypromotionalfees.[116]Thecompany'slocalizedstorefronts,whichdifferinselectionandprices,aredifferentiatedbytop-leveldomainandcountrycode: Region Country Domainname Since Notes Africa Egypt amazon.eg September2021 Americas Brazil amazon.com.br December2012 Canada amazon.ca June2002 Mexico amazon.com.mx August2013 UnitedStates amazon.com July1995 Asia China amazon.cn September2004 India amazon.in June2013 Japan amazon.co.jp November2000 Singapore amazon.sg July2017 UnitedArabEmirates amazon.ae May2019 SaudiArabia amazon.sa June2020 Europe France amazon.fr August2000 Germany amazon.de October1998 Italy amazon.it November2010 Netherlands amazon.nl November2014 Books&e-books(plusreaders)only,fullshopperMarch2020[117][118][119] Poland amazon.pl March2021 Spain amazon.es September2011 Sweden amazon.se October2020 Turkey amazon.com.tr September2018 UnitedKingdom amazon.co.uk October1998 Oceania Australia amazon.com.au November2017 Reviews Seealso:CriticismofAmazon§ Amazonreviews Amazonallowsuserstosubmitreviewstothewebpageofeachproduct.Reviewersmustratetheproductonaratingscalefromonetofivestars.Amazonprovidesabadgingoptionforreviewerswhichindicatestherealnameofthereviewer(basedonconfirmationofacreditcardaccount)orwhichindicatesthatthereviewerisoneofthetopreviewersbypopularity.AsofDecember16,2020,Amazonremovedtheabilityofsellersandcustomerstocommentonproductreviewsandpurgedtheirwebsitesofallpostedproductreviewcomments.InanemailtosellersAmazongaveitsrationaleforremovingthisfeature:"...thecommentsfeatureoncustomerreviewswasrarelyused."TheremainingreviewresponseoptionsaretoindicatewhetherthereaderfindsthereviewhelpfulortoreportthatitviolatesAmazonpolicies(abuse).Ifareviewisgivenenough"helpful"hits,itappearsonthefrontpageoftheproduct.In2010,AmazonwasreportedasbeingthelargestsinglesourceofInternetconsumerreviews.[120] WhenpublishersaskedBezoswhyAmazonwouldpublishnegativereviews,hedefendedthepracticebyclaimingthatAmazon.comwas"takingadifferentapproach...wewanttomakeeverybookavailable—thegood,thebadandtheugly...tolettruthloose".[121] Therehavebeencasesofpositivereviewsbeingwrittenandpostedbypublicrelationscompaniesonbehalfoftheirclients[122]andinstancesofwritersusingpseudonymstoleavenegativereviewsoftheirrivals'works. Contentsearch "SearchInsidetheBook"isafeaturewhichallowscustomerstosearchforkeywordsinthefulltextofmanybooksinthecatalog.[123][124]Thefeaturestartedwith120,000titles(or33 millionpagesoftext)onOctober23,2003.[125] Third-partysellers Amazonderivesmanyofitssales(around40%in2008)fromthird-partysellerswhosellproductsonAmazon.[126]AssociatesreceiveacommissionforreferringcustomerstoAmazonbyplacinglinkstoAmazonontheirwebsitesifthereferralresultsinasale.Worldwide,Amazonhas"over900,000members"initsaffiliateprograms.[127]Inthemiddleof2014,theAmazonAffiliateProgramisusedby1.2%ofallwebsitesanditisthesecondmostpopularadvertisingnetworkafterGoogleAds.[128]Itisfrequentlyusedbywebsitesandnon-profitstoprovideawayforsupporterstoearnthemacommission.[129] AssociatescanaccesstheAmazoncatalogdirectlyontheirwebsitesbyusingtheAmazonWebServices(AWS)XMLservice.Anewaffiliateproduct,aStore,allowsAssociatestoembedasubsetofAmazonproductswithinanotherwebsite,orlinkedtoanotherwebsite.InJune2010,AmazonSellerProductSuggestionswaslaunched(rumoredtobeinternallycalled"ProjectGenesis")toprovidemoretransparencytosellersbyrecommendingspecificproductstothird-partysellerstosellonAmazon.Productssuggestedarebasedoncustomers'browsinghistory.[130]In2019,AmazonlaunchedabiggerlocalonlinestoreinSingaporetoexpanditsproductselectioninthefaceofintensifyingcompetitionwithcompetitorsintheregion.[131] InJuly2019,the3rdU.S.CityCourtofAppealsinPhiladelphiaruledthatAmazoncanbeheldaccountableforfaultythird-partysales.[132]ThedecisionrancountertoapastlowercourtrulingthathadfavoredAmazon.HeatherOberdorfhadsuedthecompanyin2016overadogleashthatsnapped,causingpermanentlossofvisioninoneeye.Ifupheld,thedecisionwouldexposeAmazonandsimilarplatformbusinessestostrictliabilitylawsuitsfordefectiveproducts,whichrepresentsamajorchangeinthelaw.[133]Thepanelsentthecasebacktothelowercourt,todecidewhethertheleashwasdefective.[134] Amazonsalesrank TheAmazonsalesrank(ASR)indicatesthepopularityofaproductsoldonanyAmazonlocale.Itisarelativeindicatorofpopularitythatisupdatedhourly.Effectively,itisa"bestsellerslist"forthemillionsofproductsstockedbyAmazon.[135]WhiletheASRhasnodirecteffectonthesalesofaproduct,itisusedbyAmazontodeterminewhichproductstoincludeinitsbestsellerslists.[135]ProductsthatappearintheselistsenjoyadditionalexposureontheAmazonwebsiteandthismayleadtoanincreaseinsales.Inparticular,productsthatexperiencelargejumps(upordown)intheirsalesranksmaybeincludedwithinAmazon'slistsof"moversandshakers";suchalistingprovidesadditionalexposurethatmightleadtoanincreaseinsales.[136]Forcompetitivereasons,Amazondoesnotreleaseactualsalesfigurestothepublic.However,AmazonhasnowbeguntoreleasepointofsaledataviatheNielsenBookScanservicetoverifiedauthors.[137]WhiletheASRhasbeenthesourceofmuchspeculationbypublishers,manufacturers,andmarketers,Amazonitselfdoesnotreleasethedetailsofitssalesrankcalculationalgorithm.SomecompanieshaveanalyzedAmazonsalesdatatogeneratesalesestimatesbasedontheASR,[138]thoughAmazonstates: Pleasekeepinmindthatoursalesrankfiguresaresimplymeanttobeaguideofgeneralinterestforthecustomerandnotdefinitivesalesinformationforpublishers—weassumeyouhavethisinformationregularlyfromyourdistributionsources— Amazon.comHelp[139] Multi-levelsalesstrategy Amazonemploysamulti-levele-commercestrategy.Amazonstartedbyfocusingonbusiness-to-consumerrelationshipsbetweenitselfanditscustomersandbusiness-to-businessrelationshipsbetweenitselfanditssuppliersandthenmovedtofacilitatecustomer-to-customerwiththeAmazonMarketplacewhichactsasanintermediarytofacilitatetransactions.Thecompanyletsanyonesellnearlyanythingusingitsplatform.InadditiontoanaffiliateprogramthatletsanyonepostAmazonlinksandearnacommissiononclick-throughsales,thereisnowaprogramthatletsthoseaffiliatesbuildentirewebsitesbasedonAmazon'splatform.[140] Someotherlargee-commercesellersuseAmazontoselltheirproductsinadditiontosellingthemthroughtheirwebsites.ThesalesareprocessedthroughAmazon.comandendupatindividualsellersforprocessingandorderfulfillmentandAmazonleasesspacefortheseretailers.SmallsellersofusedandnewgoodsgotoAmazonMarketplacetooffergoodsatafixedprice.[141] InNovember2015,AmazonopenedaphysicalAmazonBooksstoreinUniversityVillageinSeattle.Thestoreis5,500squarefeetandpricesforallproductsmatchthoseonitswebsite.[142]Amazonwillopenitstenthphysicalbookstorein2017;[143]mediaspeculationsuggestsAmazonplanstoeventuallyrollout300to400bookstoresaroundthecountry.[142] InJune2018,itwasreportedthatAmazonplannedtoopenbrickandmortarbookstoresinGermany.[144] InSeptember2020,AmazonlaunchedLuxuryStoresonitsmobileapp,whereOscardelaRentabecomethefirstandonlylabeltopartnerwiththefirm.[145] Finances Amazon.comisprimarilyaretailsitewithasalesrevenuemodel;Amazontakesasmallpercentageofthesalepriceofeachitemthatissoldthroughitswebsitewhilealsoallowingcompaniestoadvertisetheirproductsbypayingtobelistedasfeaturedproducts.[146]Asof2018[update],Amazon.comisranked8thontheFortune500rankingsofthelargestUnitedStatescorporationsbytotalrevenue.[147] Forthefiscalyear2018,AmazonreportedearningsofUS$10.07 billion,withanannualrevenueofUS$232.887 billion,anincreaseof30.9%overthepreviousfiscalcycle.Since2007salesincreasedfrom14.835 billionto232.887 billion,thankstocontinuedbusinessexpansion.[148] Amazon'smarketcapitalizationwentoverUS$1 trillionagaininearlyFebruary2020aftertheannouncementofthefourthquarter2019results.[149] Year Revenue[150]inmil.USD$ Netincomeinmil.USD$ TotalAssetsinmil.USD$ Employees 1998 610 1999 1,639 2000 2,761 2001 3,122 2002 3,932 2003[151] 5,263 35 2,162 2004[151] 6,921 588 3,248 2005[151] 8,490 359 3,696 2006[151] 10,711 190 4,363 2007[151] 14,835 476 6,485 17,000 2008[152] 19,166 645 8,314 20,700 2009[153] 24,509 902 13,813 24,300 2010[154] 34,204 1,152 18,797 33,700 2011[155] 48,077 631 25,278 56,200 2012[156] 61,093 −39 32,555 88,400 2013[157] 74,452 274 40,159 117,300 2014[158] 88,988 −241 54,505 154,100 2015[159] 107,006 596 64,747 230,800 2016[160] 135,987 2,371 83,402 341,400 2017[161] 177,866 3,033 131,310 566,000 2018[162] 232,887 10,073 162,648 647,500 2019[163] 280,522 11,588 225,248 798,000 2020[164] 386,064 21,331 321,195 1,298,000 2021 469,822 33,364 420,549 1,608,000 Controversies Mainarticle:CriticismofAmazon Thisarticlehasmultipleissues.Pleasehelpimproveitordiscusstheseissuesonthetalkpage.(Learnhowandwhentoremovethesetemplatemessages) IthasbeensuggestedthatsectionsaboutcriticismofAmazonbesplitoutandmergedintothearticletitledCriticismofAmazon,whichalreadyexists.(Discuss)(January2021) Thissectionmaylendundueweighttocertainideas,incidents,orcontroversies.Pleasehelptocreateamorebalancedpresentation.Discussandresolvethisissuebeforeremovingthismessage.(August2021) (Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Sinceitsfounding,thecompanyhasattractedcriticismandcontroversyforitsactions,including:supplyinglawenforcementwithfacialrecognitionsurveillancetools;[165]formingcloudcomputingpartnershipswiththeCIA;[166]leadingcustomersawayfrombookshops;[167]adverselyimpactingtheenvironment;[168]placingalowpriorityonwarehouseconditionsforworkers;activelyopposingunionizationefforts;[169]remotelydeletingcontentpurchasedbyAmazonKindleusers;takingpublicsubsidies;seekingtopatentits1-Clicktechnology;engaginginanti-competitiveactionsandpricediscrimination;[26][27]andreclassifyingLGBTbooksasadultcontent.[170][171]CriticismhasalsoconcernedvariousdecisionsoverwhethertocensororpublishcontentsuchastheWikiLeakswebsite,workscontaininglibelandmaterialfacilitatingdogfight,cockfight,orpedophileactivities.InDecember2011,Amazonfacedabacklashfromsmallbusinessesforrunningaone-daydealtopromoteitsnewPriceCheckapp.Shopperswhousedtheapptocheckpricesinabrick-and-mortarstorewereoffereda5%discounttopurchasethesameitemfromAmazon.[172]CompanieslikeGroupon,eBayandTaap.itcounteredAmazon'spromotionbyoffering$10offfromtheirproducts.[173][174] Thecompanyhasalsofacedaccusationsofputtingunduepressureonsupplierstomaintainandextenditsprofitability.OneefforttosqueezethemostvulnerablebookpublisherswasknownwithinthecompanyastheGazelleProject,afterBezossuggested,accordingtoBradStone,"thatAmazonshouldapproachthesesmallpublishersthewayacheetahwouldpursueasicklygazelle."[116]InJuly2014,theFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedalawsuitagainstthecompanyallegingitwaspromotingin-apppurchasestochildren,whichwerebeingtransactedwithoutparentalconsent.[175]In2019,Amazonbannedsellingskin-lighteningandracistproductsthatmightaffecttheconsumer'shealth.[176] Environmentalimpact In2018,Amazonemitted44.4 millionmetrictonsofCO2.[177] InNovember2018,acommunityactiongroupopposedtheconstructionpermitdeliveredtoGoodmanGroupfortheconstructionofa160,000squaremetres(1,700,000 sq ft)logisticsplatformAmazonwilloperateatLyon–Saint-ExupéryAirport.InFebruary2019,ÉtienneTêtefiledarequestonbehalfofasecondregionalcommunityactiongroupaskingtheadministrativecourttodecidewhethertheplatformservedasufficientlyimportantpublicinteresttojustifyitsenvironmentalimpact.Constructionhasbeensuspendedwhilethesemattersaredecided.[168] InSeptember2019,Amazonworkersorganizedawalk-outaspartoftheGlobalClimateStrike.[178][179]AninternalgroupcalledAmazonEmployeesforClimateJusticesaidover1,800employeesin25citiesand14countriescommittedtoparticipatingintheactiontoprotestAmazon'senvironmentalimpactandinactiontoclimatechange.[178]ThisgroupofworkerspetitionedJeffBezosandAmazonwiththreespecificdemands:tostopdonatingtopoliticiansandlobbyiststhatdenyclimatechange,tostopworkingwithfossilfuelcompaniestoaccelerateoilandgasextraction,andtoachievezerocarbonemissionsby2030.[180][179] AmazonhasintroducedtheShipmentZeroprogram,however,ShipmentZerohasonlycommittedtoreducing50%ofitsshipmentstonet-zeroby2030.Also,eventhat50%doesnotnecessarilymeanadecreaseinemissionscomparedtocurrentlevelsgivenAmazon'srateofgrowthinorders.[181] Thatsaid,Amazon'sCEOhasalsosignedtheClimatePledge,inwhichAmazonwouldmeettheParisclimateagreementgoals10yearsaheadofschedule,andwouldbecarbon-neutralby2040.Besidesthispledge,italsoordered100,000electricdeliverytrucksfromRivian.[182]InSeptember2021,signatoriesofAmazonEnvironmentalPledgereached200.[183]Accordingtothereport,signatoriesofpledgearefrom16countries,25industries.[184] AmazonfundsbothclimatedenialgroupsincludingtheCompetitiveEnterpriseInstituteandpoliticiansdenyingclimatechangeincludingJimInhofe.[185][186] AmazonconsideredmakinganoptionforPrimecustomerstohavepackagesdeliveredatthemostefficientandenvironmentally-friendlytime(allowingthecompanytocombineshipmentswiththesamedestination)butdecidedagainstitoutoffearcustomersmightreducepurchases.[187]Since2019,thecompanyhasinsteadofferedcustomersan"AmazonDay"option,whereallordersaredeliveredonthesameday,emphasizingcustomerconvenience,anditoccasionallyoffersPrimecustomerscreditsinreturnforselectingslowerandlessexpensiveshippingoptions.[187] TheSolimoStrategy InOctober2021,basedonseveralleakedinternaldocuments,Reutersreported[188]thatAmazonsystematicallyharvestedandstudieddataabouttheirsellers'products'marketperformance,andusedthosedatatoidentifylucrativemarketsandultimatelylaunchAmazon'sreplacementproductsinIndia.Thedataincludedinformationaboutreturns,thesizingofclothingdowntotheneckcircumferenceandsleevelength,andthevolumeofproductviewsontheirwebsite.Rivals'marketperformancedataarenotavailabletoAmazon'ssellers.ThestrategyalsoinvolvedtweakingthesearchresultstofavorAmazon'sknock-offproducts.TheSolimoStrategy'simpacthadareachwellbeyondIndia:hundredsofSolimobrandedhouseholditems,frommultivitaminstocoffeepods,areavailableintheUS.OneofthevictimsoftheSolimoStrategyistheclothingbrandJohnMiller,ownedbyIndia's'retailking'KishoreBiyani. Sellingcounterfeit,unsafeanddiscardeditems ThesellingofcounterfeitproductsbyAmazonhasattractedwidespreadnotice,withbothpurchasesmarkedasbeingfulfilledbythirdpartiesandthoseshippeddirectlyfromAmazonwarehousesbeingfoundtobecounterfeit.ThishasincludedsomeproductssolddirectlybyAmazonitselfandmarkedas"shipsfromandsoldbyAmazon.com".[189]CounterfeitchargingcablessoldonAmazonaspurportedAppleproductshavebeenfoundtobeafirehazard.[190][191]Suchcounterfeitshaveincludedawidearrayofproducts,frombigticketitemstoeverydayitemssuchastweezers,gloves,[192]andumbrellas.[193]Morerecently,thishasspreadtoAmazon'snewergroceryservices.[194]Counterfeitingwasreportedtobeespeciallyaproblemforartistsandsmallbusinesseswhoseproductswerebeingrapidlycopiedforsaleonthesite.[195] OneAmazonbusinesspracticethatencouragescounterfeitingisthat,bydefault,selleraccountsonAmazonaresettouse"commingledinventory".Withthispractice,thegoodsthatasellersendstoAmazonaremixedwiththoseoftheproduceroftheproductandwiththoseofallothersellersthatsupplywhatissupposedtobethesameproduct.[196] InJune2019,BuzzFeedreportedthatsomeproductsidentifiedonthesiteas"Amazon'schoice"werelowquality,hadahistoryofcustomercomplaints,andexhibitedevidenceofproductreviewmanipulation.[197] InAugust2019,TheWallStreetJournalreportedthattheyhadfoundmorethan4,000itemsforsaleonAmazon'ssitethathadbeendeclaredunsafebyfederalagencies,hadmisleadinglabelsorhadbeenbannedbyfederalregulators.[198] InthewakeoftheWSJinvestigation,threeU.S.senators –RichardBlumenthal,EdMarkey,andBobMenendez –sentanopenlettertoJeffBezosdemandinghimtotakeactionaboutthesellingofunsafeitemsonthesite.Thelettersaidthat"Unquestionably,Amazonisfallingshortofitscommitmenttokeepingsafethoseconsumerswhouseitsmassiveplatform."[199]Theletterincludedseveralquestionsaboutthecompany'spracticesandgaveBezosadeadlinetorespondbySeptember29,2019,saying"WecallonyoutoimmediatelyremovefromtheplatformalltheproblematicproductsexaminedintherecentWSJreport;explainhowyouaregoingaboutthisprocess;conductasweepinginternalinvestigationofyourenforcementandconsumersafetypolicies;andinstitutechangesthatwillcontinuetokeepunsafeproductsoffyourplatform."[199]Earlierinthesamemonth,senatorsBlumenthalandMenendezhadsentBezosaletterabouttheBuzzFeedreport.[199] InDecember2019,TheWallStreetJournalreportedthatsomepeoplewereliterallyretrievingtrashoutofdumpstersandsellingitasnewproductsonAmazon.Thereportersrananexperimentanddeterminedthatitwaseasyforasellertosetupanaccountandsellcleanedupjunkasnewproducts.Inadditiontotrash,sellerswereobtaininginventoryfromclearancebins,thriftstores,andpawnshops.[200][201] InAugust2020,anappealscourtinCaliforniaruledthatAmazoncanbeheldliableforunsafeproductssoldonitswebsite.ACalifornianhadboughtareplacementlaptopbatterythatcaughtfireandcausedhertoreceivethird-degreeburns.[202] Riggedsearchresults Reutershasreported[188]thatAmazonhasriggeditsproductsearchresultstofavoritsbrandinIndia.Accordingtothearticle,leakedinternalstrategydocumentsshowthatAmazonhassystematicallymanipulateditssearchresultssuchthatAmazon'sbrandproductsappearinthefirstthreesearchresults,leadingcustomerstopurchasethoseinsteadofothersellers'productsontheplatform.Thecompanyemployedtwotactics:searchseedingandsearchsparkles.Bysearchseeding,Amazonboostedtherankingsofitsownbrandedgoods.Bysearchsparkles,thecompanyinsertedpromotionsoftheirbrandsintobroadcategorysearches. Taxavoidance Mainarticle:Amazontax Amazon'staxaffairswereinvestigatedinChina,Germany,Poland,SouthKorea,France,Japan,Ireland,Singapore,Luxembourg,Italy,Spain,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,andPortugal.[203]AccordingtoareportreleasedbyFairTaxMarkin2019,Amazonistheworstoffenderoftaxavoidance,havingpaida12%effectivetaxratebetween2010and2018,incontrastwith35%corporatetaxrateintheUSduringthesameperiod.Amazoncounteredthatithada24%effectivetaxrateduringthesameperiod.[204] CommentsbyDonaldTrumpandBernieSanders Inearly2018,PresidentDonaldTrumprepeatedlycriticizedAmazon'suseoftheUnitedStatesPostalServiceanditspricesforthedeliveryofpackages,stating,"IamrightaboutAmazoncostingtheUnitedStatesPostOfficemassiveamountsofmoneyforbeingtheirDeliveryBoy,"Trumptweeted."Amazonshouldpaythesecosts(plus)andnothavethembourne[sic]bytheAmericanTaxpayer."[205]Amazon'ssharesfellby6percentasaresultofTrump'scomments.ShepardSmithofFoxNewsdisputedTrump'sclaimsandpointedtoevidencethattheUSPSwasofferingbelow-marketpricestoallcustomerswithnoadvantagetoAmazon.However,analystTomFortepointedtothefactthatAmazon'spaymentstotheUSPSarenotmadepublicandthattheircontracthasareputationforbeing"asweetheartdeal".[206][207] Throughoutthesummerof2018,VermontSenatorBernieSanderscriticizedAmazon'swagesandworkingconditionsinaseriesofYouTubevideosandmediaappearances.HealsopointedtothefactthatAmazonhadpaidnofederalincometaxinthepreviousyear.[208]SanderssolicitedstoriesfromAmazonwarehouseworkerswhofeltexploitedbythecompany.[209]Onesuchstory,byJamesBloodworth,describedtheenvironmentasakinto"alow-securityprison"andstatedthatthecompany'scultureusedanOrwelliannewspeak.[210]ThesereportscitedafindingbyNewFoodEconomythatonethirdoffulfilmentcenterworkersinArizonawereontheSupplementalNutritionAssistanceProgram(SNAP).[211]ResponsesbyAmazonincludedincentivesforemployeestotweetpositivestoriesandastatementwhichcalledthesalaryfiguresusedbySanders"inaccurateandmisleading".ThestatementalsochargedthatitwasinappropriateforhimtorefertoSNAPas"foodstamps".[209]OnSeptember5,2018,SandersalongwithRoKhannaintroducedtheStopBadEmployersbyZeroingOutSubsidies(StopBEZOS)ActaimedatAmazonandotherallegedbeneficiariesofcorporatewelfaresuchasWalmart,McDonald'sandUber.[212]Amongthebill'ssupporterswereTuckerCarlsonofFoxNewsandMattTaibbiwhocriticizedhimselfandotherjournalistsfornotcoveringAmazon'scontributiontowealthinequalityearlier.[213][214] OnOctober2,2018,AmazonannouncedthatitsminimumwageforallAmericanemployeeswouldberaisedto$15perhour.Sanderscongratulatedthecompanyformakingthisdecision.[215] Oppositiontotradeunions Mainarticle:Amazonworkerorganization Astickerexpressingananti-AmazonmessageispicturedonthebackofastreetsigninSeattle. AmazonhasopposedeffortsbytradeunionstoorganizeinboththeUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom.In2001,850employeesinSeattlewerelaidoffbyAmazon.comafteraunionizationdrive.TheWashingtonAllianceofTechnologicalWorkers(WashTech)accusedthecompanyofviolatingunionlawsandclaimedAmazonmanagerssubjectedthemtointimidationandheavypropaganda.Amazondeniedanylinkbetweentheunionizationeffortandlayoffs.[216]Alsoin2001,Amazon.co.ukhiredaUSmanagementconsultancyorganization,TheBurkeGroup,toassistindefeatingacampaignbytheGraphical,PaperandMediaUnion(GPMU,nowpartofUnitetheUnion)toachieverecognitionintheMiltonKeynesdistributiondepot.Itwasallegedthatthecompanyvictimizedorsackedfourunionmembersduringthe2001recognitiondriveandheldaseriesofcaptivemeetingswithemployees.[217] AnAmazontrainingvideothatwasleakedin2018stated"Wearenotanti-union,butwearenotneutraleither.Wedonotbelieveunionsareinthebestinterestofourcustomersorshareholdersormostimportantly,ourassociates."Thevideoalsoencouragedtoreport"warningsigns"ofpotentialworkerorganization,whichincludedworkersusingwordslike"livingwage",employees"suddenlyhangingouttogether"aswellasworkersshowing"unusualinterestinpolicies,benefits,employeelists,orothercompanyinformation".[218][219]Twoyearslater,itwasfoundthatWholeFoodswasusingaheatmaptotrackwhichstoreshadthehighestlevelsofpro-unionsentiment.Factorsincludinglowracialdiversity,proximitytootherunions,highpovertylevelsinthesurroundingcommunityandcallstotheNationalLaborRelationsBoardwerenamedascontributorsto"unionizationrisk".[220] Inearly2020,Amazoninternaldocumentswereleaked,whichsaidthatWholeFoodshadbeenusinganinteractiveheatmaptomonitorits510locationsacrosstheU.S.andassigneachstoreaunionizationriskscorebasedonsuchcriteriaasemployeeloyalty,turnoverrate,andracialdiversity.Datacollectedintheheatmapsuggestthatstoreswithlowracialandethnicdiversity,especiallythoselocatedinpoorcommunities,weremorelikelytounionize.[221][222] NationalLaborRelationsBoarddeterminedthatAmazonillegallyfiredtwoemployeesinretaliationforeffortstoorganizeworkers.[223]InApril2021,afteramajorityofworkersinBessemer,AlabamavotedagainstjoiningtheRetail,WholesaleandDepartmentStoreUnion,theunionaskedforahearingwiththeNLRBtodeterminewhetherthecompanycreated"anatmosphereofconfusion,coercionand/orfearofreprisals"aheadoftheunionvote.[224] InApril2022,AmazonworkersinStatenIslandvotedtoformAmazonLaborUnion,thecompany'sfirstlegallyrecognizedunion.[225][226][227]Inthatsamemonth,TheInterceptreportedonAmazon'splannedinternalmessagingappthatwouldbanwordslike"union","livingwage","freedom","payraise"or"restrooms".[228][229] Workingconditions Formeremployees,currentemployees,themedia,andpoliticianshavecriticizedAmazonforpoorworkingconditionsatthecompany.[230][231][232]In2011,itwaspublicizedthatworkershadtocarryouttasksin100 °F(38 °C)heatattheBreinigsville,Pennsylvaniawarehouse.Asaresultoftheseinhumaneconditions,employeesbecameextremelyuncomfortableandsufferedfromdehydrationandcollapse.Loading-baydoorswerenotopenedtoallowinfreshairbecauseofconcernsovertheft.[233]Amazon'sinitialresponsewastopayforanambulancetositoutsideoncalltocartawayoverheatedemployees.[233]Thecompanyeventuallyinstalledairconditioningatthewarehouse.[234] Someworkers,"pickers",whotravelthebuildingwithatrolleyandahandheldscanner"picking"customerorders,canwalkupto15miles(24 km)duringtheirworkdayandiftheyfallbehindontheirtargets,theycanbereprimanded.Thehandheldscannersgivereal-timeinformationtotheemployeeonhowquicklyorslowlytheyareworking;thescannersalsoservetoallowTeamLeadsandAreaManagerstotrackthespecificlocationsofemployeesandhowmuch"idletime"theygainwhennotworking.[235][236] InaGermantelevisionreportbroadcastinFebruary2013,journalistsDianaLöblandPeterOnnekenconductedacovertinvestigationatthedistributioncenterofAmazoninthetownofBadHersfeldintheGermanstateofHessen.Thereporthighlightsthebehaviorofsomeofthesecurityguards,themselvesbeingemployedbyathird-partycompany,whoapparentlyeitherhadaneo-Nazibackgroundordeliberatelydressedinneo-Naziapparelandwhowereintimidatingforeignandtemporaryfemaleworkersatitsdistributioncenters.Thethird-partysecuritycompanyinvolvedwasdelistedbyAmazonasabusinesscontactshortlyafterthatreport.[237][238][239][240] InMarch2015,itwasreportedinTheVergethatAmazonwouldberemovingnon-competeclausesof18monthsinlengthfromitsUSemploymentcontractsforhourly-paidworkers,aftercriticismthatitwasactingunreasonablyinpreventingsuchemployeesfromfindingotherwork.Evenshort-termtemporaryworkershavetosigncontractsthatprohibitthemfromworkingatanycompanywheretheywould"directlyorindirectly"supportanygoodorservicethatcompeteswiththosetheyhelpedsupportatAmazon,for18monthsafterleavingAmazon,eveniftheyarefiredormaderedundant.[241][242] A2015front-pagearticleinTheNewYorkTimesprofiledseveralformerAmazonemployees[243]whotogetherdescribeda"bruising"workplacecultureinwhichworkerswithillnessorotherpersonalcriseswerepushedoutorunfairlyevaluated.[244]BezosrespondedbywritingaSundaymemotoemployees,[245]inwhichhedisputedtheTimes'saccountof"shockinglycallousmanagementpractices"thathesaidwouldneverbetoleratedatthecompany.[244] Toboostemployeemorale,onNovember2,2015,Amazonannouncedthatitwouldbeextendingsixweeksofpaidleavefornewmothersandfathers.Thischangeincludesbirthparentsandadoptiveparentsandcanbeappliedinconjunctionwithexistingmaternityleaveandmedicalleavefornewmothers.[246] Inmid-2018,investigationsbyjournalistsandmediaoutletssuchasTheGuardianreportedpoorworkingconditionsatAmazon'sfulfillmentcenters.[247][248]Laterin2018,anotherarticleexposedpoorworkingconditionsforAmazon'sdeliverydrivers.[249] InresponsetocriticismthatAmazondoesnotpayitsworkersalivablewage,JeffBezosannouncedbeginningNovember1,2018,allUSandUKAmazonemployeeswillearna$15anhourminimumwage.[250]Amazonwillalsolobbytomake$15anhourthefederalminimumwage.[251]Atthesametime,Amazonalsoeliminatedstockawardsandbonusesforhourlyemployees.[252] OnBlackFriday2018,AmazonwarehouseworkersinseveralEuropeancountries,includingItaly,Germany,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdom,wentonstriketoprotestinhumaneworkingconditionsandlowpay.[253] TheDailyBeastreportedinMarch2019thatemergencyservicesrespondedto189callsfrom46Amazonwarehousesin17statesbetweentheyears2013and2018,allrelatingtosuicidalemployees.Theworkersattributedtheirmentalbreakdownstoemployer-imposedsocialisolation,aggressivesurveillance,andthehurriedanddangerousworkingconditionsatthesefulfillmentcenters.OneformeremployeetoldTheDailyBeast"It'sthisisolatingcolonyofhellwherepeoplehavingbreakdownsisaregularoccurrence."[254] OnJuly15,2019,duringtheonsetofAmazon'sPrimeDaysaleevent,AmazonemployeesworkingintheUnitedStatesandGermanywentonstrikeinprotestofunfairwagesandpoorworkingconditions.[255][256] InAugust2019,theBBCreportedonAmazon'sTwitterambassadors.TheirconstantsupportforanddefenseofAmazonanditspracticeshaveledmanyTwitteruserstosuspectthattheyareinfactbots,beingusedtodismisstheissuesaffectingAmazonworkers.[257]InMarch2021,aflurryofnewambassadoraccountsclaimingtobeemployeesdefendedthecompanyagainstaunionizationdrive,insomecasesmakingthefalseclaimthattherewasnowaytoopt-outofuniondues.Amazonconfirmedatleastonewasfake,andTwittershutdownseveralforviolatingitstermsofuse.[258] InMarch2020,duringthecoronavirusoutbreakwhenthegovernmentinstructedcompaniestorestrictsocialcontact,Amazon'sUKstaffwasforcedtoworkovertimetomeetthedemandspikedbythedisease.AGMBspokespersonsaidthecompanyhadput"profitbeforesafety".[259]GMBhascontinuedtoraiseconcernsregarding"gruellingconditions,unrealisticproductivitytargets,surveillance,bogusself-employmentandarefusaltorecogniseorengagewithunionsunlessforced",callingfortheUKgovernmentandsafetyregulatorstotakeactiontoaddresstheseissues.[260] Inits2020statementtoitsUSshareholders,Amazonstatedthat"werespectandsupporttheCoreConventionsoftheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO),theILODeclarationonFundamentalPrinciplesandRightsatWork,andtheUnitedNationsUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights".OperationoftheseGlobalHumanRightsPrincipleshasbeen"long-heldatAmazon,andcodifyingthemdemonstratesoursupportforfundamentalhumanrightsandthedignityofworkerseverywhereweoperate".[261] OnNovember27,2020,AmnestyInternationalsaid,workersworkingforAmazonhavefacedgreathealthandsafetyriskssincethestartoftheCOVID-19pandemic.OnBlackFriday,oneofAmazon'sbusiestperiods,thecompanyfailedtoensurekeysafetyfeaturesinFrance,Poland,theUnitedKingdom,andUSA.Workershavebeenriskingtheirhealthandlivestoensureessentialgoodsaredeliveredtoconsumerdoorsteps,helpingAmazonachieverecordprofits.[262] OnJanuary6,2021,Amazonsaidthatitisplanningtobuild20,000affordablehousesbyspending$2billionintheregionswherethemajoremploymentsarelocated.[263] OnJanuary24,2021,Amazonsaidthatitwasplanningtoopenapop-upclinichostedinpartnershipwithVirginiaMasonFranciscanHealthinSeattleinordertovaccinate2,000personsagainstCOVID-19onthefirstday.[264] InFebruary2021,Amazonsaidthatitwasplanningtoputcamerasinitsdeliveryvehicles.Althoughmanydriverswereupsetbythisdecision,Amazonsaidthatthevideoswouldonlybesentincertaincircumstances.[265] Drivershaveallegedtheysometimeshavetourinateanddefecateintheirvansasaresultofpressuretomeetquotas.ThiswasdeniedinatweetfromtheofficialAmazonNewsaccountsaying:"Youdon'treallybelievethepeeinginbottlesthing,doyou?Ifthatweretrue,nobodywouldworkforus."AmazonemployeessubsequentlyleakedanemailtoTheIntercept[266]showingthecompanywasawareitsdriversweredoingso.Theemailsaid:"Thisevening,anassociatediscoveredhumanfecesinanAmazonbagthatwasreturnedtostationbyadriver.Thisisthe3rdoccasioninthelast2monthswhenbagshavebeenreturnedtothestationwithpoopinside."[267]Amazonacknowledgedtheissuepubliclyafterdenyingitatfirst.[268] InJuly2021,workersatthewarehouseinNewYorkCityfiledacomplaintwiththeOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationwhichdescribesharsh12-hourworkdayswithswelteringinternaltemperaturesthatresultedinfaintingworkersbeingcarriedoutonstretchers.Thecomplaintreads"internaltemperatureistoohot.Wehavenoventilation,dusty,dirtyfansthatspreaddebrisintoourlungsandeyes,areworkingatanon-stoppaceand[we]arefaintingoutfromheatexhaustion,gettingnosebleedsfromhighbloodpressure,andfeelingdizzyandnauseous."Theyaddthatmanyofthefansprovidedbythecompanydon'twork,waterfountainsoftenlackwater,andcoolingsystemsareinsufficient.ThosefilingthecomplaintareaffiliatedwiththeAmazonLaborUniongroupattemptingtounionizethefacility,whichthecompanyhasbeenactivelycampaigningagainst.Similarconditionshavebeenreportedelsewhere,suchasinKent,Washingtonduringthe2021heatwave.[269][270] ConflictofinterestwiththeCIAandDOD In2013,AmazonsecuredaUS$600millioncontractwiththeCIA,whichposesapotentialconflictofinterestinvolvingtheBezos-ownedTheWashingtonPostandhisnewspaper'scoverageoftheCIA.[271]KateMartin,directoroftheCenterforNationalSecurityStudies,said,"It'saseriouspotentialconflictofinterestforamajornewspaperlikeTheWashingtonPosttohaveacontractualrelationshipwiththegovernmentandthemostsecretpartofthegovernment."[272]ThiswaslaterfollowedbyaUS$10billioncontractwiththeU.S.DepartmentofDefense.[166] Seattleheadtaxandhouselessnessservices InMay2018,AmazonthreatenedtheSeattleCityCounciloveranemployeeheadtaxproposalthatwouldhavefundedhouselessnessservicesandlow-incomehousing.ThetaxwouldhavecostAmazonabout$800peremployee,or0.7%oftheiraveragesalary.[273]Inretaliation,Amazonpausedconstructiononanewbuilding,threatenedtolimitfurtherinvestmentinthecity,andfundedarepealcampaign.Althoughoriginallypassed,themeasurewassoonrepealedafteranexpensiverepealcampaignspearheadedbyAmazon.[274] NashvilleOperationsCenterofExcellence TheincentivesgivenbytheMetropolitanCouncilofNashvilleandDavidsonCountytoAmazonfortheirnewOperationsCenterofExcellenceinNashvilleYards,asiteownedbydeveloperSouthwestValuePartners,havebeencontroversial,includingthedecisionbytheTennesseeDepartmentofEconomicandCommunityDevelopmenttokeepthefullextentoftheagreementsecret.[275]Theincentivesinclude"$102millionincombinedgrantsandtaxcreditsforascaled-downAmazonofficebuilding"aswellas"a$65millioncashgrantforcapitalexpenditures"inexchangeforthecreationof5,000jobsoversevenyears.[275] TheTennesseeCoalitionforOpenGovernmentcalledformoretransparency.[275]AnotherlocalorganizationknownasthePeople'sAllianceforTransit,Housing,andEmployment(PATHE)suggestednopublicmoneyshouldbegiventoAmazon;instead,itshouldbespentonbuildingmorepublichousingfortheworkingpoorandthehomelessandinvestinginmorepublictransportationforNashvillians.[276]Otherssuggestedincentivestobigcorporationsdonotimprovethelocaleconomy.[277] InNovember2018,theproposaltogiveAmazon$15 millioninincentiveswascriticizedbytheNashvilleFirefightersUnionandtheNashvillechapteroftheFraternalOrderofPolice,[278]whocalledit"corporatewelfare."[279]InFebruary2019,another$15.2 millionininfrastructurewasapprovedbythecouncil,althoughitwasvoteddownbythreecouncilmembers,includingCouncilwomanAngieHendersonwhodismisseditas"cronyism".[280] Facialrecognitiontechnologyandlawenforcement WhileAmazonhaspubliclyopposedsecretgovernmentsurveillance,asrevealedbyFreedomofInformationActrequestsithassuppliedfacialrecognitionsupporttolawenforcementintheformoftheRekognitiontechnologyandconsultingservices.InitialtestingincludedthecityofOrlando,Florida,andWashingtonCounty,Oregon.AmazonofferedtoconnectWashingtonCountywithotherAmazongovernmentcustomersinterestedinRekognitionandabodycameramanufacturer.Theseventuresareopposedbyacoalitionofcivilrightsgroupswithconcernthattheycouldleadtoanexpansionofsurveillanceandbepronetoabuse.Specifically,itcouldautomatetheidentificationandtrackingofanyone,particularlyinthecontextofpotentialpolicebodycameraintegration.[165][281][282]Becauseofthebacklash,thecityofOrlandopubliclystateditwillnolongerusethetechnology,butmayrevisitthisdecisionatalaterdate.[283] AccesstoNHSdata TheUKgovernmentawardedAmazonacontractthatgivesthecompanyfreeaccesstoinformationabouthealthcarepublishedbytheUK'sNationalHealthService.[284]Thiswill,forexample,beusedbyAmazon'sAlexatoanswermedicalquestions,althoughAlexaalsousesmanyothersourcesofinformation.Thematerial,whichexcludespatientdata,couldalsoallowthecompanytomake,advertiseandsellitsproducts.ThecontractallowsAmazonaccesstoinformationonsymptoms,causes,anddefinitionsofconditions,and"allrelatedcopyrightablecontentanddataandothermaterials".Amazoncanthencreate"newproducts,applications,cloud-basedservicesand/ordistributedsoftware",whichtheNHSwillnotbenefitfromfinancially.Thecompanycanalsosharetheinformationwiththirdparties.ThegovernmentsaidthatallowingAlexadevicestoofferexperthealthadvicetouserswillreducepressureondoctorsandpharmacists.[285] Collectionofdataandsurveillance OnFebruary17,2020,aPanoramadocumentarybroadcastbytheBBCintheUKhighlightedtheamountofdatacollectedbythecompanyandthemoveintosurveillancecausingconcernsofpoliticiansandregulatorsintheUSandEurope.[286][287] Antitrustcomplaints OnJune11,2020,theEuropeanUnionannouncedthatitwillbepressingchargesagainstAmazonoveritstreatmentofthird-partye-commercesellers.[288] InJuly2020,AmazonalongwithothertechgiantsApple,GoogleandMetawasaccusedofmaintainingharmfulpowerandanti-competitivestrategiestoquashpotentialcompetitorsinthemarket.[289]TheCEOsofrespectivefirmsappearedinateleconferenceonJuly29,2020,beforethelawmakersoftheU.S.HouseAntitrustSubcommittee.[290]InOctober2020,theantitrustsubcommitteeoftheU.S.HouseofRepresentativesreleasedareportaccusingAmazonofabusingamonopolypositionine-commercetounfairlycompetewithsellersonitsplatform.[291]InDecember2019,theCompetitionCommissionofIndiasuspendedanapprovalforthestrategictakeoverofFutureRetailandleviedapenatyofRs200crores.TheregulatordiscoveredthroughinternalemailsofAmazonthatitintendedtoacquirethecompanysothatitcantakeadvantageofforeigninvestmentrelaxationsandnotowingtoitsinterestinthecompany.AmazonappealedthisorderintheCompanytribunal.LaterinMarch2022,theCCIdefendeditsorderincourtcitingmisrepresentationonthepartofAmazon.[292][293] Anti-vaccinationandnon-scientificcancer'cures' Anti-vaccinationandnon-evidence-basedcancer'cures'haveroutinelyappearedhighinAmazon'sbooksandvideos.Thismaybeduetopositivereviewspostedbysupportersofuntestedmethods,orgamingofthealgorithmsbytruthercommunities,ratherthananyintentonthecompany'spart.[294][295] WiredmagazinefoundthatAmazonPrimeVideowasfullof'pseudoscientificdocumentariesladenwithconspiracytheoriesandpointingviewerstowardsunproventreatments'.[296] U.S.Rep.AdamSchiff(D-Calif.)expressedconcernthatAmazonwas“surfacingandrecommendingproductsandcontentthatdiscourageparentsfromvaccinatingtheirchildren.”Amazonsubsequentlyremovedfiveanti-vaccinationdocumentaries.[297]Amazonalsoremoved12booksthatunscientificallyclaimedbleachcouldcureconditionsincludingmalariaandchildhoodautism.ThisfollowedanNBCNewsreportaboutparentswhouseditinamisguidedattempttoreversetheirchildren'sautism.[298] ResponsetoCOVID-19pandemic Hazardpayandovertime Amazonintroducednewpoliciestorewardfrontlineworkersforcontinuingtocomeintoworkduringthecrisis.Oneofthesepolicies,announcedonMarch16,2020,wasatemporary$2-per-hourriseinpay.ThispolicyexpiredinJune2020.[299]Amazonalsoannouncedapolicyofunlimited,unpaidtimeoffthatlasteduntilApril30,2020.[300] Additionalhiringasaresultofpandemic InresponsetotheCOVID-19pandemic,Amazonintroducedtemporaryrestrictionsonthesaleofnon-essentialgoods.InMarch2020,ithiredsome100,000morestaffintheUStohelpdealwithessentialitemssuchasfoodandmedicalequipment.Italsoreportedthatitwassobusythatitwasunabletobringonboardnewcustomersandthereforehadtohaveawaitinglist.InApril,thefirmannouncedthatitwasgoingtohireupto75,000workerstohelpdealwithincreaseddemand.[301]InSeptember2020,thecompanyannounceditwouldhireanadditional100,000workersintheUnitedStatesandCanada.[302] EmployeeprotestsduringCOVID-19 Duringthepandemic,therehavebeenprotestsbytheAmazonworkersatwarehousesintheUS,France,andItaly.TheBBCreportedthattherewereconfirmedcoronaviruscasesinmorethan50locations.[301]Thereasonfortheprotestsisthecompanypolicyto"runnormalshifts"despitemanypositivecasesofthevirus.[303]AccordingtotheUNIGlobalUnion,"Amazoncannotactlikethisisbusinessasusual.Wearefacingadeadlyvirusthathasalreadytakenthelivesofthousandsofpeopleandparalyzedtheworld'seconomy.Ifdistributioncentersarenotsafeforworkersrightnow,theyshouldbeclosedimmediately."[303]InSpain,thecompanyhasfacedlegalcomplaintsoveritspolicies.[304]Despiteworkersat19warehousesintheUShavetestedpositiveforCOVID-19,Amazondidnotshutdownwarehouses,onlydoingsowhenforcedbythegovernmentorbecauseofprotests.AgroupofUSSenatorswroteanopenlettertoBezosinMarch2020,expressingconcernsaboutworkersafety.[305] AnAmazonwarehouseprotestonMarch30,2020,inStatenIslandledtoitsorganizer,ChristianSmalls,beingfired.AmazondefendedthedecisionbysayingthatSmallswassupposedtobeinself-isolationatthetimeandleadingtheprotestputitsotherworkersatrisk.[304]Smallshascalledthisresponse"ridiculous".[306]TheNewYorkstateattorneygeneral,LetitiaJames,isconsideringlegalretaliationtothefiringwhichshecalled"immoralandinhumane."[304]ShealsoaskedtheNationalLaborRelationsBoardtoinvestigateSmalls'firing.Smallshimselfaccusesthecompanyofretaliatingagainsthimfororganizingaprotest.[306]AttheStatenIslandwarehouse,onecaseofCOVID-19hasbeenconfirmedbyAmazon;workersbelievetherearemore,andsaythatthecompanyhasnotcleanedthebuilding,giventhemsuitableprotection,orinformedthemofpotentialcases.[305]Smallsaddedspecificallythattherearemanyworkersthereinriskcategories,andtheprotestonlydemandedthatthebuildingbesanitizedandtheemployeescontinuetobepaidduringthatprocess.[306]DerrickPalmer,anotherworkerattheStatenIslandfacility,toldTheVergethatAmazonquicklycommunicatesthroughtextandemailwhentheyneedthestafftocompletemandatoryovertime,buthavenotbeenusingthistotellpeoplewhenacolleaguehascontractedthedisease,insteadofwaitingdaysandsendingmanagerstospeaktoemployeesinperson.[305]AmazonclaimthattheStatenIslandprotestonlyattracted15ofthefacility's5,000workers,[307]whileothersourcesdescribemuchlargercrowds.[305] OnApril14,2020,twoAmazonemployeeswerefiredfor"repeatedlyviolatinginternalpolicies",aftertheyhadcirculatedapetitionabouthealthrisksforwarehouseworkersinternally.[308] OnMay4,AmazonvicepresidentTimBrayresigned"indismay"overthefiringofwhistle-bloweremployeeswhospokeoutaboutthelackofCOVID-19protections,includingshortagesoffacemasksandfailuretoimplementwidespreadtemperaturecheckswhichwerepromisedbythecompany.Hesaidthatthefiringswere"chickenshit"and"designedtocreateaclimateoffear"inAmazonwarehouses.[309] InaQ12020financialreport,JeffBezosannouncedthatAmazonexpectstospend$4 billionormore(predictedoperatingprofitforQ2)onCOVID-19-relatedissues:personalprotectiveequipment,higherwagesforhourlyteams,cleaningforfacilities,andexpandingAmazon'sCOVID-19testingcapabilities.Thesemeasuresintendtoimprovethesafetyandwell-beingofhundredsofthousandsofthecompany'semployees.[310] Fromthebeginningof2020untilSeptemberofthesameyear,thecompanydeclaredthatthetotalnumberofworkerswhohadcontractedtheinfectionwas19,816.[311] ClosureinFrance TheSUD(tradeunions)broughtacourtcaseagainstAmazonforunsafeworkingconditions.ThisresultedinaFrenchdistrictcourt(Nanterre)rulingonApril15,2020,orderingthecompanytolimit,underthreatofa€1 millionperdayfine,itsdeliveriestocertainessentialitems,includingelectronics,food,medicalorhygienicproducts,andsuppliesforhomeimprovement,animals,andoffices.[312]Instead,AmazonimmediatelyshutdownitssixwarehousesinFrance,continuingtopayworkersbutlimitingdeliveriestoitemsshippedfromthird-partysellersandwarehousesoutsideofFrance.[313]Thecompanysaidthe€100,000fineforeachprohibiteditemshippedcouldresultinbillionsofdollarsinfinesevenwithasmallfractionofitemsmisclassified.[314]Afterlosinganappealandcomingtoanagreementwithlaborunionsformorepayandstaggeredschedules,thecompanyreopeneditsFrenchwarehousesonMay19.[313] Lobbying AmazonlobbiestheUnitedStatesfederalgovernmentandstategovernmentsonmultipleissuessuchastheenforcementofsalestaxesononlinesales,transportationsafety,privacyanddataprotectionandintellectualproperty.Accordingtoregulatoryfilings,Amazon.comfocusesitslobbyingontheUnitedStatesCongress,theFederalCommunicationsCommissionandtheFederalReserve.Amazon.comspentroughly$3.5 million,$5 millionand$9.5 milliononlobbying,in2013,2014and2015,respectively.[315] Amazon.comwasacorporatememberoftheAmericanLegislativeExchangeCouncil(ALEC)untilitdroppedmembershipfollowingprotestsatitsshareholders'meetingonMay24,2012.[316] 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^"HowAreApple,Amazon,Facebook,GoogleMonopolies?HouseReportCountsTheWays".NPR.org. ^Chaturvedi,Arpan."Future-AmazonDeal:ThereWasMisrepresentationAndConcealment,CCIArgues".BloombergQuint.RetrievedMarch22,2022. ^"Explained:WhyCCIwithdrewapprovalforAmazon'sinvestmentinFutureGroup".TheIndianExpress.December23,2021.RetrievedMarch22,2022. ^Naughton,John(August8,2020)."HowAmazonputsmisinformationatthetopofyourreadinglist".TheGuardian.RetrievedAugust11,2020. ^"HowAmazon'sAlgorithmsCuratedaDystopianBookstore".Wired.May3,2019.RetrievedMay11,2020. ^"AmazonPrimeVideoisfullofdodgydocumentariespushingdangerouscancer'cures'".Wired.June3,2019.RetrievedAugust11,2020. ^"HouseRep.SchiffcallsAmazon'santi-vaccinationcontent'directthreattopublichealth'inlettertoBezos".CNBC.March1,2019.RetrievedAugust11,2020. ^"Amazonremovesbookspromotingdangerousbleach'cures'forautismandotherconditions".NBCNews.May28,2019.RetrievedAugust11,2020. ^Rey,JasonDel(May13,2020)."Amazonextendsbonuspayforfront-lineworkersbutsaysitendsinJune".Vox.RetrievedJune3,2020. ^Davis,Charles."Amazonsettoend'unlimitedunpaidtimeoff'policy".BusinessInsider.RetrievedJune3,2020. ^ab"Amazonhiringspreeasorderssurgeunderlockdown".BBCNews.April14,2020.RetrievedApril14,2020. ^"AmazontoHire100,000inU.S.andCanada".WallStreetJournal.September14,2020. ^ab"AmazonworkersprotestovernormalshiftsdespiteCovid-19cases".FinancialTimes.RetrievedMarch19,2020. ^abc"Amazonworkersstrikeovervirusprotection".BBCNews.March31,2020.RetrievedMarch31,2020. ^abcdDzieza,Josh(March30,2020)."AmazonwarehouseworkerswalkoutinrisingtideofCOVID-19protests".TheVerge.RetrievedMarch31,2020. ^abc"NewYorkAGDenounces'ImmoralandInhumane'FiringofAmazonWorkerWhoLedProtestOverLackofCoronavirusProtections".CommonDreams.RetrievedMarch31,2020. ^Rubin,BenFox."AmazonfireswarehouseworkerwhoorganizedStatenIslandprotest".CNET.RetrievedMarch31,2020. ^Paul,Kari(April14,2020)."Amazonfirestwoemployeeswhocondemnedtreatmentofwarehouseworkers".theGuardian.RetrievedApril15,2020. ^Paul,Kari(May4,2020)."Amazonexecutiveresignsovercompany's'chickenshit'firingsofemployeeactivists".TheGuardian.RetrievedMay7,2020. ^"AmazonQ12020EarningsRelease"(PDF).April30,2020. ^"Amazonsaysmorethan19,000workersgotCovid-19".cnbc.com.October1,2020. ^OliviaDétroyat(April16,2020)."AmazonfermesesentrepôtspourcinqjoursenFrance".LeFigaro(inFrench). ^ab"AmazonisreopeningitswarehousesinFranceafterdisputewithworkersends".May19,2020. ^Gold,Hadas."AmazonlosesappealagainstworkersafetyrulinginFrancethatpromptedittoclose".CNN. ^"Amazon'sLobbyingExpenditures".Opensecrets.org. ^Parkhurst,Emily(May24,2012)."Amazonshareholdersmetbyprotesters,companycutstieswithALEC".Bizjournals.com. ^Romm,Tony."InAmazon'sshoppingcart:D.C.influence".Politico.com.Politico.RetrievedAugust7,2014. ^Kang,Cecilia(December27,2015)."F.A.A.DroneLawsStarttoClashWithStricterLocalRules".TheNewYorkTimes.ISSN 0362-4331.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonDecember28,2015.RetrievedFebruary20,2019. ^MattMcFarland."AmazongetsclosertodronedeliverywithFAAapproval".CNN.RetrievedSeptember4,2020. ^"ClientProfile:Amazon.com".CentreforResponsivePolitics.RetrievedFebruary4,2020. Furtherreading Brandt,RichardL.(2011).OneClick:JeffBezosandtheRiseofAmazon.com.NewYork:PortfolioPenguin.ISBN 978-1-59184-375-7. Daisey,Mike(2002).21DogYears.FreePress.ISBN 0-7432-2580-5. Friedman,Mara(2004).Amazon.comforDummies.WileyPublishing.ISBN 0-7645-5840-4. Marcus,James(2004).Amazonia:FiveYearsattheEpicenteroftheDot.ComJuggernaut.W.W.Norton.ISBN 1-56584-870-5. Spector,Robert(2000).Amazon.com–GetBigFast:InsidetheRevolutionaryBusinessModelThatChangedtheWorld.HarperCollins.ISBN 0-06-662041-4. Stone,Brad(2013).TheEverythingStore:JeffBezosandtheAgeofAmazon.NewYork:LittleBrownandCo.ISBN 978-0-316-21926-6.OCLC 856249407. Externallinks MediarelatedtoAmazon.comatWikimediaCommons Officialwebsite Amazon(company)companiesgroupedatOpenCorporates BusinessdataforAmazon.com,Inc.:GoogleFinanceYahoo!FinanceBloombergSECfilings vteAmazonPeopleCurrent JeffBezos(ExecutiveChairman) AndyJassy(PresidentandCEO) WernerVogels(CTO) Former RickDalzell PaulDavis TonyHsieh ChristopherNorth RamShriram TomSzkutak BrianValentine Facilities ListofAmazonlocations Doppler Day1 HQ2 Spheres Bellevue600 ProductsandservicesSubsidiaries A9.com AbeBooks AlexaInternet AmazonGames DoubleHelixGames AmazonLab126 AmazonPharmacy AmazonRobotics AmazonUniversityEsports AnnapurnaLabs Audible BlinkHome BodyLabs BookDepository BookFinder ComiXology DigitalPhotographyReview Fresh Goodreads GoodreadsChoiceAwards Graphiq IMDb IMDbPro BoxOfficeMojo IMDbTV PillPack Ring Neighbors Shopbop Souq.com Twitch Woot.com Zappos Zoox Cloudcomputing WebServices AMI AmazonAurora Beanstalk CloudFront DynamoDB EBS EC2 EFS ElastiCache EMR Glacier Lambda Lightsail MTurk Neptune ProductAdvertisingAPI RDS Redshift Rekognition Route53 S3 SageMaker SES SNS SimpleDB SQS VPC Services Amazon.com China Alexa Appstore DigitalGameStore Drive FireOS KindleStore Luna Payments Prime Key PrimeMusic PrimeNow PrimePantry PrimeVideo Marketplace Music(Wondery) Silk Wireless Devices Astro Echo Show EchoBuds Fire FireHD FireHDX FireTV Stick Kindle Technology 1-Click Dynamo Obidos Lumberyard Media AmazonGames AmazonPublishing BreakthroughNovelAward BestBooksoftheYear Film&Television AmazonStudios Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer KindleDirectPublishing YESNetwork(15%) Retail AmazonBooks AmazonFresh AmazonGo TreasureTruck WholeFoodsMarket Logistics AmazonAir AmazonPrimeAir Former 43Things Askville Amapedia AmieStreet(Songza) CDNow Dashbuttons Dashwand Diapers.com Endless.com FirePhone Lexcycle Liquavista LivingSocial LoveFilm Mobipocket PlanetAll ReflexiveEntertainment Sellaband Shelfari TenMarks Withoutabox Other AmazonLight ASIN CommunityBananaStand Criticism(tax) Fishbowl HistoryofAmazon LibraryThing ListofAmazonbrands ListofAmazonproductsandservices ListofmergersandacquisitionsbyAmazon Locker MacKenzieScott Perfect10,Inc.v.Amazon.com,Inc. 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