Spider web - Wikipedia

A spider web, spiderweb, spider's web, or cobweb is a structure created by a spider out of proteinaceous spider silk extruded from its spinnerets, ... Spiderweb FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Structurecreatedbyaspiderfromsilk Thisarticleisaboutstructurescreatedfromspidersilk."Cobweb"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeSpiderWeb(disambiguation)andCobweb(disambiguation). Aclassiccircularformspider'sweb Opadometafastigataweavingtheweb.Seethesilkcomingfromthespinneretglandslocatedatthetipoftheabdomen. SpiralorbwebsinKarijini,WesternAustralia GardenOrbweaverwithbeetlepreycaughtinitsweb Aspiderweb,spiderweb,spider'sweb,orcobweb(fromthearchaicwordcoppe,meaning"spider")[1]isastructurecreatedbyaspideroutofproteinaceousspidersilkextrudedfromitsspinnerets,generallymeanttocatchitsprey. Spiderwebshaveexistedforatleast100millionyears,aswitnessedinararefindofEarlyCretaceousamberfromSussex,insouthernEngland.[2] Manyspidersbuildwebsspecificallytotrapandcatchinsectstoeat.However,notallspiderscatchtheirpreyinwebs,andsomedonotbuildwebsatall."Spiderweb"istypicallyusedtorefertoawebthatisapparentlystillinuse(i.e.clean),whereas"cobweb"referstoabandoned(i.e.dusty)webs.[3]However,theword"cobweb"isalsousedbybiologiststodescribethetangledthree-dimensionalweb[4]ofsomespidersofthefamilyTheridiidae.Whilethislargefamilyisknownasthecobwebspiders,theyactuallyhaveahugerangeofwebarchitectures;othernamesforthisspiderfamilyincludetangle-webspidersandcomb-footedspiders. Contents 1Silkproduction 2Types 2.1Orbwebconstruction 3Uses 3.1Humanuse 4Physicalandchemicalproperties 5Communalspiderwebs 6Lowgravity 7Inpopularculture 8Seealso 9References 10Externallinks Silkproduction[edit] Seealso:Spidersilk Clearlyvisiblespidersilkproduction Spiderwebcoveredinhoarfrost WhenspidersmovedfromthewatertothelandintheEarlyDevonianperiod,theystartedmakingsilktoprotecttheirbodiesandtheireggs.[3][5]Spidersgraduallystartedusingsilkforhuntingpurposes,firstasguidelinesandsignallines,thenasgroundorbushwebs,andeventuallyastheaerialwebsthatarefamiliartoday.[6] Spidersproducesilkfromtheirspinneretglandslocatedatthetipoftheirabdomen.Eachglandproducesathreadforaspecialpurpose–forexampleatrailedsafetyline,stickysilkfortrappingpreyorfinesilkforwrappingit.Spidersusedifferentglandtypestoproducedifferentsilks,andsomespidersarecapableofproducinguptoeightdifferentsilksduringtheirlifetime.[7] Mostspidershavethreepairsofspinnerets,eachhavingitsownfunction–therearealsospiderswithjustonepairandotherswithasmanyasfourpairs. Websallowaspidertocatchpreywithouthavingtoexpendenergybyrunningitdown,makingitanefficientmethodofgatheringfood.Howevertheseenergysavingsaresomewhatoffsetbythefactthatconstructingthewebisinitselfenergeticallycostly,duetothelargeamountofproteinrequiredintheformofsilk.Inaddition,afteratimethesilkwillloseitsstickinessandthusbecomeinefficientatcapturingprey.Itiscommonforspiderstoeattheirownwebdailytorecoupsomeoftheenergyusedinspinning.Throughingestionanddigestion,thesilkproteinsarethusrecycled. Types[edit] Argiopesp.sittingonwebdecorationsatthecenteroftheweb Thereareafewtypesofspiderwebsfoundinthewild,andmanyspidersareclassifiedbythewebstheyweave.Differenttypesofspiderwebsinclude: Spiralorbwebs,associatedprimarilywiththefamilyAraneidae,aswellasTetragnathidaeandUloboridae[8] Tanglewebsorcobwebs,associatedwiththefamilyTheridiidae Funnelwebs,withassociationsdividedintoprimitiveandmodern Tubularwebs,whichrunupthebasesoftreesoralongtheground Sheetwebs Severaldifferenttypesofsilkmaybeusedinwebconstruction,includinga"sticky"capturesilkand"fluffy"capturesilk,dependingonthetypeofspider.Websmaybeinaverticalplane(mostorbwebs),ahorizontalplane(sheetwebs),oratanyangleinbetween.Itishypothesizedthatthesetypesofaerialwebsco-evolvedwiththeevolutionofwingedinsects.Asinsectsarespiders'mainprey,itislikelythattheywouldimposestrongselectionalforcesontheforagingbehaviorofspiders.[3][9]Mostcommonlyfoundinthesheet-webspiderfamilies,somewebswillhaveloose,irregulartanglesofsilkabovethem.Thesetangledobstaclecoursesservetodisorientandknockdownflyinginsects,makingthemmorevulnerabletobeingtrappedonthewebbelow.Theymayalsohelptoprotectthespiderfrompredatorssuchasbirdsandwasps.[10]ItisreportedthatseveralNephilapilipesindividualscancollectivelyconstructanaggregatedwebsystemtocounterbirdpredationfromalldirections.[11] PlaymediaLarinioidescornutusbuildsitsweb. Orbwebconstruction[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(January2011)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Mostorbweaversconstructwebsinaverticalplane,althoughthereareexceptions,suchasUloborusdiversus,whichbuildsahorizontalweb.[12]Duringtheprocessofmakinganorbweb,thespiderwilluseitsownbodyformeasurements.Thereisvariationinwebconstructionamongorb-weavingspiders,inparticular,thespeciesZygiellax-notataisknownforitscharacteristicmissingsectorwebcrossedbyasinglesignalthread.[13] Manywebsspangapsbetweenobjectswhichthespidercouldnotcrossbycrawling.Thisisdonebyfirstproducingafineadhesivethreadtodriftonafaintbreezeacrossagap.Whenitstickstoasurfaceatthefarend,thespiderfeelsthechangeinthevibration.Thespiderreelsinandtightensthefirststrand,thencarefullywalksalongitandstrengthensitwithasecondthread.Thisprocessisrepeateduntilthethreadisstrongenoughtosupporttherestoftheweb. Afterstrengtheningthefirstthread,thespidercontinuestomakeaY-shapednetting.Thefirstthreeradialsofthewebarenowconstructed.Moreradialsareadded,makingsurethatthedistancebetweeneachradialandthenextissmallenoughtocross.Thismeansthatthenumberofradialsinawebdirectlydependsonthesizeofthespiderplusthesizeoftheweb.Itiscommonforawebtobeabout20timesthesizeofthespiderbuildingit. Aftertheradialsarecomplete,thespiderfortifiesthecenterofthewebwithaboutfivecircularthreads.Itmakesaspiralofnon-sticky,widelyspacedthreadstoenableittomoveeasilyarounditsownwebduringconstruction,workingfromtheinsideoutward.Then,beginningfromtheoutsideandmovinginward,thespidermethodicallyreplacesthisspiralwithamorecloselyspacedonemadeofadhesivethreads.Itusestheinitialradiatinglinesaswellasthenon-stickyspiralsasguidelines.Thespacesbetweeneachspiralandthenextaredirectlyproportionaltothedistancefromthetipofitsbacklegstoitsspinners.Thisisonewaythespiderusesitsownbodyasameasuring/spacingdevice.Whilethestickyspiralsareformed,thenon-adhesivespiralsareremovedasthereisnoneedforthemanymore. Afterthespiderhascompleteditsweb,itchewsofftheinitialthreecenterspiralthreadsthensitsandwaits.Ifthewebisbrokenwithoutanystructuraldamageduringtheconstruction,thespiderdoesnotmakeanyinitialattemptstorectifytheproblem. Thespider,afterspinningitsweb,thenwaitsonornearthewebforapreyanimaltobecometrapped.Thespidersensestheimpactandstruggleofapreyanimalbyvibrationstransmittedthroughtheweb.Aspiderpositionedinthemiddleofthewebmakesforahighlyvisiblepreyforbirdsandotherpredators,evenwithoutwebdecorations;manyday-huntingorb-webspinnersreducethisriskbyhidingattheedgeofthewebwithonefootonasignallinefromthehuborbyappearingtobeinedibleorunappetizing. Spidersdonotusuallyadheretotheirownwebs,becausetheyareabletospinbothstickyandnon-stickytypesofsilk,andarecarefultotravelacrossonlynon-stickyportionsoftheweb.However,theyarenotimmunetotheirownglue.Someofthestrandsofthewebaresticky,andothersarenot.Forexample,ifaspiderhaschosentowaitalongtheouteredgesofitsweb,itmayspinanon-stickypreyorsignallinetothewebhubtomonitorwebmovement.However,inthecourseofspinningstickystrands,spidershavetotouchthesestickystrands.Theydothiswithoutstickingbyusingcarefulmovements,densehairsandnonstickcoatingsontheirfeettopreventadhesion.[14] Zygiellaorbweb Infographicillustratingtheprocessofconstructinganorbweb AtypicalorbwebconstructedbyanAraneus(familyAraneidae)spider Australiangardenorbweaverspider,afterhavingcapturedprey Uses[edit] Asoldierantfindsitselfentangledinthewebofagardenspider. Somespeciesofspiderdonotusewebsforcapturingpreydirectly,insteadpouncingfromconcealment(e.g.trapdoorspiders)orrunningthemdowninopenchase(e.g.wolfspiders).Thenet-castingspiderbalancesthetwomethodsofrunningandwebspinninginitsfeedinghabits.Thisspiderweavesasmallnetwhichitattachestoitsfrontlegs.Itthenlurksinwaitforpotentialpreyand,whensuchpreyarrives,lungesforwardtowrapitsvictiminthenet,biteandparalyzeit.Hence,thisspiderexpendslessenergycatchingpreythanaprimitivehuntersuchasthewolfspider.Italsoavoidstheenergylossofweavingalargeorbweb. Somespidersspinthreadsofsilktocatchthewindandthensailonthewindtoanewlocation. Somespidersmanagetousethesignaling-snaretechniqueofawebwithoutspinningawebatall.Severaltypesofwater-dwellingspidersresttheirfeetonthewater'ssurfaceinmuchthesamemannerasanorb-webuser.Whenaninsectfallsontothewaterandisensnaredbysurfacetension,thespidercandetectthevibrationsandrunouttocapturetheprey. Humanuse[edit] Cobwebpaintings,whichbeganduringthe16thcenturyinaremotevalleyoftheAustrianTyroleanAlps,werecreatedonfabricsconsistingoflayeredandwoundcobwebs,stretchedovercardboardtomakeamat,andstrengthenedbybrushingwithmilkdilutedinwater.Asmallbrushwasthenusedtoapplywatercolortothecobwebs,orcustomtoolstocreateengravings.Fewerthanahundredcobwebpaintingssurvivetoday,mostofwhichareheldinprivatecollections.[15] IntraditionalEuropeanmedicine,cobwebswereusedonwoundsandcutsandseemtohelphealingandreducebleeding.[16]SpiderwebsarerichinvitaminK,whichcanbeeffectiveinclottingblood.Webswereusedseveralhundredyearsagoaspadstostopaninjuredperson'sbleeding.[17]Theeffectsofsomedrugscanbemeasuredbyexaminingtheireffectsonaspider'sweb-building.[18] InnortheasternNigeria,cowhornresonatorsintraditionalxylophonesoftenhaveholescoveredwithspiderwebstocreateabuzzingsound.[19] Spiderwebstrandshavebeenusedforcrosshairsorreticlesintelescopes.[20] Developmentoftechnologiestomass-producespidersilkhasledtomanufacturingofprototypemilitaryprotection,medicaldevices,andconsumergoods.[21] Physicalandchemicalproperties[edit] Thefigureontheleftisanopticalmicroscopeimageofglueballs.Thesecondfigurefromleftisascanningionsecondaryelectronimageoftheglueballs.Thetwofiguresontherightarethescanningionsecondaryelectronimagesbeforeandafteradhesionofthesubstratetotheglueball.[22] Thestickinessofspiders'websisduetodropletsofgluesuspendedonthesilkthreads.Theseglueballsaremultifunctional –thatis,theirbehaviordependsonhowquicklysomethingtouchingaglueballattemptstowithdraw.Athighvelocities,theyfunctionasanelasticsolid,resemblingrubber;atlowervelocities,theysimplyactasastickyglue.Thisallowsthemtoretainagriponattachedfoodparticles.[23] Thewebiselectricallyconductivewhichcausesthesilkthreadstospringouttotraptheirquarry,asflyinginsectstendtogainastaticchargewhichattractsthesilk.[24] Neurotoxinshavebeendetectedintheglueballsofsomespiderwebs.Presumablythesetoxinshelpimmobilizeprey,buttheirfunctioncouldalsobeantimicrobial,orprotectionfromantsorotheranimalsthatstealfromthewebsormightattackthespider.[25] Thetensilestrengthofspidersilkisgreaterthanthesameweightofsteelandhasmuchgreaterelasticity.Itsmicrostructureisunderinvestigationforpotentialapplicationsinindustry,includingbullet-proofvestsandartificialtendons.Researchershaveusedgeneticallymodifiedmammalstoproducetheproteinsneededtomakethismaterial.[26][27][28] Aftersevere,extensivefloodinginSindh,Pakistan,manytreeswerecoveredwithspiderwebs. ThecommunalspiderwebatLakeTawakoniStatePark Communalspiderwebs[edit] Occasionally,agroupofspidersmaybuildwebstogetherinthesamearea. MassivefloodinginPakistanduringthe2010monsoondrovespidersabovethewaterline,intotrees.Theresultwastreescoveredwithspiderwebs.[29] Onesuchweb,reportedin2007atLakeTawakoniStateParkinTexas,measured200yards(180 m)across.Entomologistsbelieveitmaybetheresultofsocialcobwebspidersorofspidersbuildingwebstospreadoutfromoneanother.Thereisnoconsensusonhowcommonthisoccurrenceis.[30] InBrazil,therehavebeentwoinstancesofaphenomenonthatbecameknownas"rainingspiders";communalwebsthatcoversuchwidegapsandwhichstringsaresodifficulttoseethathundredsofspidersseemtobefloatingintheair.ThefirstoccurredinSantoAntôniodaPlatina,Paraná,in2013,andinvolvedAnelosimuseximiusindividuals;[31]thesecondwasregisteredinEspíritoSantodoDourado,MinasGerais,inJanuary2019,andinvolvedParawixiabistriataindividuals.[32] Lowgravity[edit] IthasbeenobservedthatbeinginEarth'sorbithasaneffectonthestructureofspiderwebsinspace.[33] SpiderwebswerespuninlowEarthorbitin1973aboardSkylab,involvingtwofemaleEuropeangardenspiders(crossspiders)calledArabellaandAnita,aspartofanexperimentontheSkylab3mission.[34]Theaimoftheexperimentwastotestwhetherthetwospiderswouldspinwebsinspace,and,ifso,whetherthesewebswouldbethesameasthosethatspidersproducedonEarth.TheexperimentwasastudentprojectofJudyMilesofLexington,Massachusetts.[34] AfterthelaunchonJuly28,1973,andenteringSkylab,thespiderswerereleasedbyastronautOwenGarriottintoaboxthatresembledawindowframe.[34]Thespidersproceededtoconstructtheirwebwhileacameratookphotographsandexaminedthespiders'behaviorinazero-gravityenvironment.Bothspiderstookalongtimetoadapttotheirweightlessexistence.However,afteraday,Arabellaspunthefirstwebintheexperimentalcage,althoughitwasinitiallyincomplete. ThefirstwebspunbythespiderArabellainorbit Thewebwascompletedthefollowingday.Thecrewmemberswerepromptedtoexpandtheinitialprotocol.Theyfedandwateredthespiders,givingthemahousefly.[35]ThefirstwebwasremovedonAugust13toallowthespidertoconstructasecondweb.Atfirst,thespiderfailedtoconstructanewweb.Whengivenmorewater,itbuiltasecondweb.Thistime,itwasmoreelaboratethanthefirst.Bothspidersdiedduringthemission,possiblyfromdehydration.[34] Whenscientistsweregiventheopportunitytostudythewebs,theydiscoveredthatthespacewebswerefinerthannormalEarthwebs,andalthoughthepatternsofthewebwerenottotallydissimilar,variationswerespotted,andtherewasadefinitedifferenceinthecharacteristicsoftheweb.Additionally,whilethewebswerefineroverall,thespacewebhadvariationsinthicknessinplaces:someplaceswereslightlythinner,andothersslightlythicker.Thiswasunusual,becauseEarthwebshavebeenobservedtohaveuniformthickness.[36] Laterexperimentsindicatedthathavingaccesstoalightsourcecouldorientthespidersandenablethemtobuildtheirnormalasymmetricwebswhengravitywasnotafactor.[37][38] Inpopularculture[edit] Spiderwebsplayacrucialroleinthe1952children'snovelCharlotte'sWeb.Websarealsofeaturedinmanyotherculturaldepictionsofspiders.Infilms,illustration,andothervisualarts,spiderwebsmaybeusedtoreadilysuggesta"spooky"atmosphere,orimplyneglectorthepassageoftime.Artificial"spiderwebs"areacommonelementofHalloweendecorations.Spiderwebsareacommonimageintattooart,oftensymbolizinglongperiodsoftimespentinprison,orusedsimplytofillgapsbetweenotherimages. SomeobserversbelievethatasmallspiderisdepictedontheUnitedStatesone-dollarbill,intheupper-rightcornerofthefrontside(obverse),perchedontheshieldsurroundingthenumber"1".Thisperceptionisenhancedbytheresemblanceofthebackgroundimageofintertwiningfinelinestoastylizedspiderweb.However,otherobserversbelievethefigureisanowl.[39] TheWorldWideWebisthusnamedbecauseofitstangledandinterlacedstructure,saidtoresemblethatofaspiderweb. TheversionofSpider-ManintheSamRaimitrilogyoffilmsplayedbyTobeyMaguireisshowntobeabletoproduceorganicwebsratherthanrelyingonwebshooters(incontrastwithotherversionsofthecharacter)toreleasewebs. Thenotabletensilestrengthofspiderwebsisoftenexaggeratedinsciencefiction,oftenasaplotdevicetojustifythepresenceofartificiallygiantspiders.[citationneeded] PosterswereusedbythewomenatGreenhamCommonWomen'sPeaceCamp,andoftenfeaturedthesymbolofaspiderweb,meanttosymbolisethefragilityandperseveranceoftheGreenhamwomen.[40] Seealso[edit] Filterfeeder References[edit] ^"OxfordDictionaries-TheWorld'sMostTrustedDictionaryProvider".OxfordDictionaries.Retrieved16March2018. ^Brasier,Cotton&Yenney2009harvnberror:notarget:CITEREFBrasierCottonYenney2009(help) ^abcVollrath,F.;Selden,P.(December2007)."Theroleofbehaviorintheevolutionofspiders,silks,andwebs".Annu.Rev.Ecol.Evol.Syst.38:819–46.doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221.S2CID 54518303. ^O.E.D. ^Kaston,B.J.(May1964)."Theevolutionofspiderwebs".AmericanZoologist.4(2):191–207.doi:10.1093/icb/4.2.191.JSTOR 3881292. ^Blackedge,T.A.;Scharff,N.;Coddington,J.A.;Szuts,T.;Wenzel,J.W.;Hayashi,C.Y.;Agnarsson,I.(2009)."Reconstructingwebevolutionandspiderdiversificationinthemolecularera".ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.106(13):5229–34.Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5229B.doi:10.1073/pnas.0901377106.PMC 2656561.PMID 19289848. ^Craig,C.L.(1997)."Evolutionofarthropodsilks".AnnualReviewofEntomology.42:231–67.doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.231.PMID 15012314. ^Bond,J.E.;Opell,B.D.(1998)."Testingadaptiveradiationandkeyinnovationhypothesesinspiders".Evolution.52(2):403–14.doi:10.2307/2411077.JSTOR 2411077.PMID 28568335. ^Penalver,E.;Grimaldi,D.A.;Delclos,X.(2006)."EarlyCretaceousspiderwebwithitsprey".Science.312(5781):1761–61.doi:10.1126/science.1126628.PMID 16794072.S2CID 34828913. ^Blackledge,T.A.;Coddington,J.A.;Gillespie,R.G.(January2003)."Arethree-dimensionalspiderwebsdefensiveadaptations?".EcologyLetters.6(1):13–18.doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00384.x.S2CID 43521213. ^Harvey,MarkS.;Austin,AndrewD.;Adams,Mark(2007)."ThesystematicsandbiologyofthespidergenusNephila(Araneae:Nephilidae)intheAustralasianregion".InvertebrateSystematics.21(5):407.doi:10.1071/is05016.ISSN 1445-5226. ^"Uloborusdiversus".TableGrapeSpiderID.Retrieved2017-06-10. ^Anotaux,M.;Marchal,J.;Châline,N.;Desquilbet,L.;Leborgne,R.;Gilbert,C.;Pasquet,A.(2012-11-01)."Ageingaltersspiderorb-webconstruction".AnimalBehaviour.84(5):1113–1121.doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.08.017.ISSN 0003-3472.S2CID 53184814. ^Briceno,R.;Eberhard,W.(2012)."TSpidersavoidstickingtotheirwebs:cleverlegmovements,brancheddrip-tipsetae,andanti-adhesivesurfaces".Naturwissenschaften.99(4):337–41.Bibcode:2012NW.....99..337B.doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0901-9.PMID 22382404.S2CID 5794652. ^Hock,Lauren(November13,2008)."CobwebArtaTriumphofWhimsyOverPracticality".NorthwesternUniversity.Retrieved2008-11-13. ^"Germanpharmacistusedcobwebs".Channel4.September10,2008.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJune16,2008.Retrieved2008-09-10. ^"Chancemeetingleadstocreationofantibioticspidersilk".phys.org.Retrieved2019-09-13. ^Jackson,RobertR(1974)."EffectsofD-AmphetamineSulphateandDiasepamonThreadConnectionFineStructureinaSpider'sWeb"(PDF).NorthCarolinaDepartmentofMentalHealth. ^Blench,Roger.2009.AguidetothemusicalinstrumentsofCameroun:classification,distribution,historyandvernacularnames.Cambridge:KayWilliamsonEducationalFoundation. ^TheTommyDot:Exampleofusingspidersilkfortelescopicriflesights.PopularScience.April1955.p. 216.Retrieved27November2017. ^Service,RobertF.(18October2017)."Spinningspidersilkintostartupgold".ScienceMagazine,AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.Retrieved26November2017. ^Zhao,Yue;Morita,Masato;Sakamoto,Tetsuo(2019)."Lossofphosphatedeterminestheversatilityofaspiderorb-webglueball".AnalyticalSciences.35(6):645–649.doi:10.2116/analsci.18P480.ISSN 0910-6340.PMID 30773509. ^Sahni,Vasav;Blackledge,ToddA.;Dhinojwala,Ali(2010)."Viscoelasticsolidsexplainspiderwebstickiness".NatureCommunications.1(2):1.Bibcode:2010NatCo...1E..19S.doi:10.1038/ncomms1019.PMID 20975677. ^Whipple,Tom(17January2014)."Theshockingsecretofaspider'sweb".TheTimes:Nature.TimesNewspapersLimited.Retrieved20January2014. ^Wilcox,Christie(29August2020)."OrbWeaversmayspinpoisonouswebs".ScienceNews.198(4):18. ^"GMgoatspinswebbasedfuture".BBCNews.21August2000.Retrieved2008-01-06. ^Becker,Nathan;Oroudjev,Emin;Mutz,Stephanie;Cleveland,JasonP.;Hansma,PaulK.;Hayashi,CherylY.;Makarov,DmitriiE.;Hansma,HelenG.(2003)."Molecularnanospringsinspidercapture-silkthreads".NatureMaterials.2(4):278–83.Bibcode:2003NatMa...2..278B.doi:10.1038/nmat858.PMID 12690403.S2CID 7419692. ^Connor,Steve(18January2002)."Aspider'swebthatcouldcatchanF-16".TheIndependent.IndependentNewsandMediaLimited.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22January2008.Retrieved2008-01-06. ^Than,Ker(31March2011)."TreesCocoonedinWebsAfterFlood".NationalGeographic. ^"SpiderwebengulfsTexasparktrail".AssociatedPress.August30,2007.Retrieved2007-08-30.[deadlink] ^Nuwer,Rachel(18February2013)."It'sRainingSpidersinBrazil".Smithsonian.SmithsonianInstitution.Retrieved21February2019. ^Kaiser,AnnaJean(11January2019)."'Rainingspiders':airbornearachnidsappearoversouth-eastBrazil".TheGuardian.Retrieved21February2019. ^Witt,P.N.;Scarboro,M.B.;Peakall,D.B.;Gause,R.(1976)."Spiderweb-buildinginouterspace:EvaluationofrecordsfromtheSkylabspiderexperiment"(PDF).J.Arachnol.4(2):115. ^abcdBurgess,Colin;Dubbs,Chris(2007).AnimalsinSpace:FromResearchRocketstotheSpaceShuttle.ChichesterUK:Praxis.pp. 323–26.ISBN 978-0-387-36053-9. ^"SpidersinSpaceonSkylab3".About.com.Retrieved2010-08-13. ^"GuinnessWorldRecords".www.guinnessworldrecords.com.Retrieved2017-12-23. ^Zschokke,S.,Countryman,S.,Cushing,P.E.,Spidersinspace—orb-web-relatedbehaviourinzerogravity,TheScienceofNature,108,1(2021),pdfavailableviahttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-020-01708-8 ^Dvorsky,George,SpaceStationSpidersFoundaHacktoBuildWebsWithoutGravity,Gizmodo,December10,2020 ^"Top10ImagesHiddenontheOneDollarBill".TerrificTop10.2013-11-12.Retrieved2017-12-23. ^Fairhall2006,pp. 40–41.sfnerror:notarget:CITEREFFairhall2006(help) Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoSpiderweb. 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