Firefighter - Wikipedia

Firefighting around the world Firefighter FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Rescuertrainedtoextinguishfires Forotheruses,seeFirefighter(disambiguation). "Fireman"and"Firewoman"redirecthere.Forotheruses,seeFireman(disambiguation)andFirewoman(disambiguation). FirefighterFirefightertrainingajuniorvolunteerfirefighterOccupationActivitysectorsRescue,fireprotection,civilservice,publicservice,publicsafety Afirefighterisarescuerextensivelytrainedinfirefighting,primarilytoextinguishhazardousfiresthatthreatenlife,property,andtheenvironmentaswellastorescuepeopleandinsomecasesorjurisdictionsalsoanimalsfromdangeroussituations.Malefirefightersaresometimesreferredtoasfiremen(and,lesscommonly,afemalefirefighterasfirewoman).[1][2] Thefireservice,alsoknowninsomecountriesasthefirebrigadeorfiredepartment,isoneofthethreemainemergencyservices.Fromurbanareastoaboardships,firefightershavebecomeubiquitousaroundtheworld. Theskillsrequiredforsafeoperationsareregularlypractisedduringtrainingevaluationsthroughoutafirefighter'scareer.Initialfirefightingskillsarenormallytaughtthroughlocal,regionalorstate-approvedfireacademiesortrainingcourses.[3]Dependingontherequirementsofadepartment,additionalskillsandcertificationssuchastechnicalrescueandpre-hospitalmedicinemayalsobeacquiredatthistime. Firefightersworkcloselywithotheremergencyresponseagenciessuchasthepoliceandemergencymedicalservice.Afirefighter'srolemayoverlapwithboth.Fireinvestigatorsorfiremarshalsinvestigatethecauseofafire.Ifthefirewascausedbyarsonornegligence,theirworkwilloverlapwithlawenforcement.Firefightersalsofrequentlyprovidesomedegreeofemergencymedicalservice,includingcertifyingandworkingasfull-timeparamedicsfromengine,truck,andrescuecompaniesinsomesystemstoinitiateadvancedlifesupportuntilambulancetransportarrives. Contents 1Duties 1.1Firesuppression 1.1.1Structuralfirefighting 1.1.2Wildlandfirefighting 1.2Rescue 1.3Emergencymedicalservices 1.4Specializedroles 1.4.1Aircraftrescue&firefighting 1.4.2Hazardousmaterials 1.5Fireprevention 2Occupationalhealthandsafety 2.1Directrisks 2.1.1Fires 2.1.2Structuralcollapses 2.1.3Trafficcollisions 2.1.4Violence 2.2Duringdebriscleanup 2.3Long-termrisks 2.3.1Cardiovasculardisease 2.3.2Cancer 2.3.3Mentalstress 2.3.4Occupationalhearingloss 3Typesofcoverageandworkload 4Firefightingaroundtheworld 5Communicationandcommandstructure 5.1Ranks 6Firefighterequipment 7History 8Fundraisers 9Seealso 10References 11Externallinks Duties[edit] Firesuppression[edit] Firefightershadtofocustheireffortsonsavingtheadjacentchurchinsteadofthisburningbuilding,anabandonedconventinMassueville,Quebec,Canada Firefightercarryingoutaladderslide Afireburnsduetothepresenceofthreeelements:fuel,oxygenandheat.Thisisoftenreferredtoasthefiretriangle.Sometimesitisknownasthefiretetrahedronifafourthelementisadded:achemicalchainreactionwhichcanhelpsustaincertaintypesoffire.Theaimoffirefightingistodeprivethefireofatleastoneofthoseelements.Mostcommonlythisisdonebydousingthefirewithwater,thoughsomefiresrequireothermethodssuchasfoamordryagents.Firefightersareequippedwithawidevarietyofequipmentforthispurposethatincludeladdertrucks,pumpertrucks,tankertrucks,firehose,andfireextinguishers. Structuralfirefighting[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(August2021)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) SeealsoFiresuppressionforothertechniques. Whilesometimesfirescanbelimitedtosmallareasofastructure,widercollateraldamageduetosmoke,waterandburningembersiscommon.Utilityshutoff(suchasgasandelectricity)istypicallyanearlypriorityforarrivingfirecrews.Inaddition,forcibleentrymayberequiredinordertogainaccessintothestructure.Specificproceduresandequipmentareneededatapropertywherehazardousmaterialsarebeingusedorstored. Structurefiresmaybeattackedwitheither"interior"or"exterior"resources,orboth.Interiorcrews,usingthe"twoin,twoout"rule,mayextendfirehoselinesinsidethebuilding,findthefireandcoolitwithwater.Exteriorcrewsmaydirectwaterintowindowsandotheropenings,oragainstanynearbyfuelsexposedtotheinitialfire.Hosestreamsdirectedintotheinteriorthroughexteriorwallaperturesmayconflictandjeopardizeinteriorfireattackcrews. Buildingsthataremadeofflammablematerialssuchaswoodaredifferentfrombuildingmaterialssuchasconcrete.Generally,a"fire-resistant"buildingisdesignedtolimitfiretoasmallareaorfloor.Otherfloorscanbesafebypreventingsmokeinhalationanddamage.Allbuildingssuspectedoronfiremustbeevacuated,regardlessoffirerating. Somefirefightingtacticsmayappeartobedestructive,butoftenservespecificneeds.Forexample,duringventilation,firefightersareforcedtoeitheropenholesintherooforfloorsofastructure(calledverticalventilation),oropenwindowsandwalls(calledhorizontalventilation)toremovesmokeandheatedgasesfromtheinteriorofthestructure.Suchventilationmethodsarealsousedtoimproveinteriorvisibilitytolocatevictimsmorequickly.Ventilationhelpstopreservethelifeoftrappedorunconsciousindividualsasitreleasesthepoisonousgasesfrominsidethestructure.Verticalventilationisvitaltofirefightersafetyintheeventofaflashoverorbackdraftscenario.Releasingtheflammablegasesthroughtheroofeliminatesthepossibilityofabackdraft,andtheremovalofheatcanreducethepossibilityofaflashover.Flashovers,duetotheirintenseheat(900–1,200 °F(480–650 °C))andexplosivetemperaments,arecommonlyfataltofirefighterpersonnel.Precautionarymethods,suchassmashingawindow,revealbackdraftsituationsbeforethefirefighterentersthestructureandismetwiththecircumstancehead-on.Firefightersafetyisthenumberonepriority. Wheneverpossibleduringastructurefire,propertyismovedintothemiddleofaroomandcoveredwithasalvagecover,aheavycloth-liketarp.Variousstepssuchasretrievingandprotectingvaluablesfoundduringsuppressionoroverhaul,evacuatingwater,andboardingwindowsandroofscandivertorpreventpost-firerunoff. Wildlandfirefighting[edit] Mainarticle:Wildfiresuppression Wildfires(knowninAustraliaasbushfires)requireauniquesetofstrategiesandtactics.InmanycountriessuchasAustraliaandtheUnitedStates,thesedutiesaremostlycarriedoutbylocalvolunteerfirefighters.Wildfireshavesomeecologicalroleinallowingnewplantstogrow,thereforeinsomecasestheywillbelefttoburn.[4]Prioritiesinfightingwildfiresincludepreventingthelossoflifeandpropertyaswellasecologicaldamage. Rescue[edit] Ademonstrationofavehicleextrication. Firefightersrescuepeople(andanimals)fromdangeroussituationssuchascrashedvehicles,structuralcollapses,trenchcollapses,caveandtunnelemergencies,waterandiceemergencies,elevatoremergencies,energizedelectricallineemergencies,andindustrialaccidents.[5]Inlesscommoncircumstances,Firefightersrescuevictimsfromhazardousmaterialsemergenciesaswellassteepcliffs,embankmentandhighrises-ThelatterisreferredtoasHighAngleRescue,orRopeRescue.Manyfiredepartments,includingmostintheUnitedKingdom,refertothemselvesasafireandrescueserviceforthisreason.Largefiredepartments,suchastheNewYorkCityFireDepartmentandLondonFireBrigade,havespecialistteamsforadvancedtechnicalrescue.AsbuildingfireshavebeenindeclineformanyyearsindevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStates,rescuesotherthanfiresmakeupanincreasingproportionoftheirfirefighters'work.[6] Emergencymedicalservices[edit] Firefightersfrequentlyprovidesomedegreeofemergencymedicalcare.Insomejurisdictionsfirstaidistheonlymedicaltrainingthatfirefightershave,andmedical-onlycallsarethesoleresponsibilityofaseparateemergencymedicalservices(EMS)agency.Elsewhere,itiscommonforfirefighterstorespondtomedical-onlycalls.Theimpetusforthisisthegrowingdemandforemergencymedicineandthedeclineoffiresandtraditionalfirefightingcall-outs[6]—thoughfiredepartmentsstillhavetobeabletorespondtothem—andtheirexistingabilitytorespondrapidlytoemergencies.Arapidresponseisparticularlynecessaryforcardiacarrests,asthesewillleadtodeathifnottreatedwithinminutes.[7] ThedispatchoffirefighterstomedicalemergenciesisparticularlycommoninfiredepartmentsthatruntheEMS,includingmostlargecitiesoftheUnitedStates.Inthosedepartments,firefightersareoftenjointlytrainedasemergencymedicaltechniciansinordertodeliverbasiclifesupport,andmorerarelyasparamedicstodeliveradvancedlifesupport.IntheUnitedKingdom,wherefireservicesandEMSarerunseparately,fireserviceco-respondinghasbeenintroducedmorerecently.[8]Anotherpointofvariationiswhetherthefirefightersrespondinafireengineoraresponsecar.[9]Eitherway,separateemployeestocrewambulancesarestillneeded,unlessthefirefighterscanworkshiftsontheambulances. Specializedroles[edit] Aircraftrescue&firefighting[edit] Mainarticle:Aircraftrescueandfirefighting Airportsemployspecialistfirefighterstodealwithpotentialgroundemergencies.Duetothemasscasualtypotentialofanaviationemergency,thespeedwithwhichemergencyresponseequipmentandpersonnelarriveatthesceneoftheemergencyisofparamountimportance.Whendealingwithanemergency,theairportfirefightersaretaskedwithrapidlysecuringtheaircraft,itscrewanditspassengersfromallhazards,particularlyfire.Airportfirefightershaveadvancedtrainingintheapplicationoffirefightingfoams,drychemicalandcleanagentsusedtoextinguishburningaviationfuel. Hazardousmaterials[edit] Decontaminationafterachemicalspill Firedepartmentsareusuallytheprimaryagencythatrespondstoanemergencyinvolvinghazardousmaterials.Specializedfirefighters,knownashazardousmaterialstechnicians,havetrainingandcertificationinchemicalidentification,leakcontrol,decontamination,andclean-upprocedures. Fireprevention[edit] Firefightersfrequentlygivefirepreventiontalksatschoolsandcommunityevents Firedepartmentsfrequentlyprovideadvicetothepubliconhowtopreventfiresinthehomeandwork-placeenvironments.Fireinspectorsorfiremarshalswilldirectlyinspectbusinessestoensuretheyareuptothecurrentbuildingfirecodes,[10][11]whichareenforcedsothatabuildingcansufficientlyresistfirespread,potentialhazardsarelocated,andtoensurethatoccupantscanbesafelyevacuated,commensuratewiththerisksinvolved. Firesuppressionsystemshaveaprovenrecordforcontrollingandextinguishingunwantedfires.Manyfireofficialsrecommendthateverybuilding,includingresidences,havefiresprinklersystems.[12]Correctlyworkingsprinklersinaresidencegreatlyreducetheriskofdeathfromafire.[13]Withthesmallroomstypicalofaresidence,oneortwosprinklerscancovermostrooms.IntheUnitedStates,thehousingindustrytradegroupshavelobbiedattheStateleveltopreventtherequirementforFireSprinklersinoneortwofamilyhomes.[14][15] Othermethodsoffirepreventionarebydirectingeffortstoreduceknownhazardousconditionsorbypreventingdangerousactsbeforetragedystrikes.Thisisnormallyaccomplishedinmanyinnovativewayssuchasconductingpresentations,distributingsafetybrochures,providingnewsarticles,writingpublicsafetyannouncements(PSA)orestablishingmeaningfuldisplaysinwell-visitedareas.Ensuringthateachhouseholdhasworkingsmokealarms,iseducatedinthepropertechniquesoffiresafety,hasanevacuationrouteandrendezvouspointisoftoppriorityinpubliceducationformostfirepreventionteamsinalmostallfiredepartmentlocalities. Fireinvestigators,whoareexperiencedfirefighterstrainedinfirecausedeterminism,aredispatchedtofirescenes,inordertoinvestigateanddeterminewhetherthefirewasaresultofanaccidentorintentional.Somefireinvestigatorshavefulllawenforcementpowerstoinvestigateandarrestsuspectedarsonists. Occupationalhealthandsafety[edit] Directrisks[edit] Fires[edit] Firemen'sMemorial(Boston)byJohnWilson FirefighterswearingPPEtackleanaircraftfireduringadrillatDyessAirForceBaseinAbilene,Texas Toallowprotectionfromtheinherentrisksoffightingfires,firefighterswearandcarryprotectiveandself-rescueequipmentatalltimes.Aself-containedbreathingapparatus(SCBA)deliversairtothefirefighterthroughafullfacemaskandisworntoprotectagainstsmokeinhalation,toxicfumes,andsuperheatedgases.AspecialdevicecalledaPersonalAlertSafetySystem(PASS)iscommonlywornindependentlyorasapartoftheSCBAtoalertotherswhenafirefighterstopsmovingforaspecifiedperiodoftimeormanuallyoperatesthedevice.ThePASSdevicesoundsanalarmthatcanassistanotherfirefighter(firefighterassistandsearchteam(FAST),orrapidinterventionteam(RIT),inlocatingthefirefighterindistress. Firefightersoftencarrypersonalself-rescueropes.Theropesaregenerally30feet(9.1 m)longandcanprovideafirefighter(thathasenoughtimetodeploytherope)apartiallycontrolledexitoutofanelevatedwindow.LackofapersonalrescueropeiscitedinthedeathsoftwoNewYorkCityFirefighters,Lt.JohnBellewandLt.CurtisMeyran,whodiedaftertheyjumpedfromthefourthfloorofaburningapartmentbuildingintheBronx.Ofthefourfirefighterswhojumpedandsurvived,onlyoneofthemhadaself-rescuerope.Sincetheincident,theFireDepartmentofNewYorkCityhasissuedself-rescueropestotheirfirefighters.[16] Heatinjuryisamajorissueforfirefightersastheywearinsulatedclothingandcannotshedtheheatgeneratedfromphysicalexertion.Earlydetectionofheatissuesiscriticaltostopdehydrationandheatstressbecomingfatal.Earlyonsetofheatstressaffectscognitivefunctionwhichcombinedwithoperatingindangerousenvironmentmakesheatstressanddehydrationacriticalissuetomonitor.FirefighterphysiologicalstatusmonitoringisshowingpromiseinalertingEMSandcommanderstothestatusoftheirpeopleonthefireground.DevicessuchasPASSdevicealert10–20secondsafterafirefighterhasstoppedmovinginastructure.Physiologicalstatusmonitorsmeasureafirefighter'svitalsignstatus,fatigueandexertionlevelsandtransmitthisinformationovertheirvoiceradio.Thistechnologyallowsadegreeofearlywarningtophysiologicalstress.Thesedevices[17]aresimilartotechnologydevelopedforFutureForceWarriorandgiveameasureofexertionandfatigue.Theyalsotellthepeopleoutsideabuildingwhentheyhavestoppedmovingorfallen.Thisallowsasupervisortocallinadditionalenginesbeforethecrewgetexhaustedandalsogivesanearlywarningtofirefightersbeforetheyrunoutofair,astheymaynotbeabletomakevoicecallsovertheirradio.CurrentOSHAtablesexistforheatinjuryandtheallowableamountofworkinagivenenvironmentbasedontemperature,humidityandsolarloading.[18] Firefightersarealsoatriskfordevelopingrhabdomyolysis.Rhabdomyolysisisthebreakdownofmuscletissueandhasmanycausesincludingheatexposure,highcorebodytemperature,andprolonged,intenseexertion.Routinefirefightertasks,suchascarryingextraweightofequipmentandworkinginhotenvironments,canincreasefirefighters’riskforrhabdomyolysis.[19][20] Structuralcollapses[edit] Anotherleadingcauseofdeathduringfirefightingisstructuralcollapseofaburningbuilding(e.g.awall,floor,ceiling,roof,ortrusssystem).Structuralcollapse,whichoftenoccurswithoutwarning,maycrushortrapfirefightersinsidethestructure.Toavoidlossoflife,allon-dutyfirefightersshouldmaintaintwo-waycommunicationwiththeincidentcommanderandbeequippedwithapersonalalertsafetysystemdeviceonallfirescenesandmaintainradiocommunicationonallincidents(PASS).[21][22]FrancisBranniganwasthefounderandgreatestcontributortothiselementoffirefightersafety. Trafficcollisions[edit] IntheUnitedStates,25%offatalitiesoffirefightersarecausedbytrafficcollisionswhilerespondingtoorreturningfromanincident.Otherfirefightershavebeeninjuredorkilledbyvehiclesatthesceneofafireoremergency(Paulison2005).Acommonmeasurefiredepartmentshavetakentopreventthisistorequirefirefighterstowearabrightyellowreflectivevestovertheirturnoutcoatsiftheyhavetoworkonapublicroad,tomakethemmorevisibletopassingdrivers.[23]Inadditiontothedirectdangersoffirefighting,cardiovasculardiseasesaccountforapproximately45%ofondutyfirefighterdeaths.[24] Violence[edit] Firefightershavesometimesbeenassaultedbymembersofthepublicwhilerespondingtocalls.Thesekindsofattackscancausefirefighterstofearfortheirsafetyandmaycausethemtonothavefullfocusonthesituationwhichcouldresultininjurytotheirselvesorthepatient.[25] Duringdebriscleanup[edit] Mainarticle:Occupationalhazardsoffiredebriscleanup FirefightersatGroundZeroduringtheSeptember11attacks Onceextinguished,firedebriscleanupposesseveralsafetyandhealthrisksforworkers.[26][27] Manyhazardoussubstancesarecommonlyfoundinfiredebris.Silicacanbefoundinconcrete,roofingtiles,oritmaybeanaturallyoccurringelement.Occupationalexposurestosilicadustcancausesilicosis,lungcancer,pulmonarytuberculosis,airwaydiseases,andsomeadditionalnon-respiratorydiseases.[28]Inhalationofasbestoscanresultinvariousdiseasesincludingasbestosis,lungcancer,andmesothelioma.[29]Sourcesofmetalsexposureincludeburntormeltedelectronics,cars,refrigerators,stoves,etc.Firedebriscleanupworkersmaybeexposedtothesemetalsortheircombustionproductsintheairorontheirskin.Thesemetalsmayincludeberyllium,cadmium,chromium,cobalt,lead,manganese,nickel,andmanymore.[26]Polyaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs),someofwhicharecarcinogenic,comefromtheincompletecombustionoforganicmaterialsandareoftenfoundasaresultofstructuralandwildlandfires.[30] Safetyhazardsoffirecleanupincludetheriskofreignitionofsmolderingdebris,electrocutionfromdownedorexposedelectricallinesorininstanceswherewaterhascomeintocontactwithelectricalequipment.Structuresthathavebeenburnedmaybeunstableandatriskofsuddencollapse.[27][31] Standardpersonalprotectiveequipmentforfirecleanupincludehardhats,gogglesorsafetyglasses,heavyworkgloves,earplugsorotherhearingprotection,steel-toeboots,andfallprotectiondevices.[31][32]Hazardcontrolsforelectricalinjuryincludeassumingallpowerlinesareenergizeduntilconfirmationtheyarede-energized,andgroundingpowerlinestoguardagainstelectricalfeedback,andusingappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment.[31]Properrespiratoryprotectioncanprotectagainsthazardoussubstances.Properventilationofanareaisanengineeringcontrolthatcanbeusedtoavoidorminimizeexposuretohazardoussubstances.Whenventilationisinsufficientordustcannotbeavoided,personalprotectiveequipmentsuchasN95respiratorscanbeused.[31][33] Long-termrisks[edit] Cardiovasculardisease[edit] Firefightinghaslongbeenassociatedwithpoorcardiovascularoutcomes.IntheUnitedStates,themostcommoncauseofon-dutyfatalitiesforfirefightersissuddencardiacdeath.Inadditiontopersonalfactorsthatmaypredisposeanindividualtocoronaryarterydiseaseorothercardiovasculardiseases,occupationalexposurescansignificantlyincreaseafirefighter'srisk.Historically,thefireserviceblamedpoorfirefighterphysicalconditionforbeingtheprimarycauseofcardiovascularrelateddeaths.However,overthelast20years,studiesandresearchhasindicatedthetoxicgassesputfireservicepersonnelatsignificantlyhigherriskforcardiovascularrelatedconditionsanddeath.Forinstance,carbonmonoxide,presentinnearlyallfireenvironments,andhydrogencyanide,formedduringthecombustionofpaper,cotton,plastics,andothersubstancescontainingcarbonandnitrogen.Thesubstancesinsideofmaterialschangeduringcombustion,andtheirby-productscaninterferewiththetransportofoxygeninthebody.Hypoxiacanthenleadtoheartinjury.Inaddition,chronicexposuretoparticulatematterinsmokeisassociatedwithatherosclerosis.Noiseexposuresmaycontributetohypertensionandpossiblyischemicheartdisease.Otherfactorsassociatedwithfirefighting,suchasstress,heatstress,andheavyphysicalexertion,alsoincreasetheriskofcardiovascularevents.[34] Duringfiresuppressionactivitiesafirefightercanreachpeakornearpeakheartrateswhichcanactasatriggerforacardiacevent.Forexample,tachycardiacancauseplaquebuilduptobreaklooseandlodgeitselfisasmallpartoftheheartcausingmyocardialinfarction,alsoknownasaheartattack.Thisalongwithunhealthyhabitsandlackofexercisecanbeveryhazardoustofirefighterhealth.[35] Cancer[edit] Smokecanexposefirefighterstoavarietyofcarcinogens A2015retrospectivelongitudinalstudyshowedthatfirefightersareathigherriskforcertaintypesofcancer.Firefightershadmesothelioma,whichiscausedbyasbestosexposure,attwicetherateofthenon-firefightingworkingpopulation.Youngerfirefighters(underage65)alsodevelopedbladdercancerandprostatecancerathigherratesthanthegeneralpopulation.Theriskofbladdercancermaybepresentinfemalefirefighters,butresearchisinconclusiveasof2014.[36][37]Preliminaryresearchfrom2015onalargecohortofUSfirefightersshowedadirectrelationshipbetweenthenumberofhoursspentfightingfiresandlungcancerandleukemiamortalityinfirefighters.Thislinkisatopicofcontinuingresearchinthemedicalcommunity,asiscancermortalityingeneralamongfirefighters.[38] Firefightersareexposedtoavarietyofcarcinogensatfires,includingbothcarcinogenicchemicalsandradiation(alpharadiation,betaradiation,andgammaradiation).[39] Mentalstress[edit] Aswithotheremergencyworkers,firefightersmaywitnesstraumaticscenesduringtheircareers.Theyarethusmorevulnerablethanmostpeopletocertainmentalhealthissuessuchaspost-traumaticstressdisorder[40][41]andsuicidalthoughtsandbehaviors.[42][43]AmongwomenintheUS,theoccupationswiththehighestsuicideratesarepoliceandfirefighters,witharateof14.1per100000,accordingtotheNationalCenterforInjuryPreventionandControl,CDC.[44]Chronicstressovertimeattributestosymptomsthataffectfirstresponders,suchasanxiousness,irritability,nervousness,memoryandconcentrationproblemscanoccurovertimewhichcanleadtoanxietyanddepression.Mentalstresscanhavelonglastingaffectsonthebrain.[45]A2014reportfromtheNationalFallenFirefightersFoundationfoundthatafiredepartmentisthreetimesmorelikelytoexperienceasuicideinagivenyearthanaline-of-dutydeath.[46]Mentalstressofthejobcanleadtosubstanceabuseandalcoholabuseaswaysofcopingwiththestress.[47]Thementalstressoffirefightinghasmanydifferentcauses.Therearethosetheyseeondutyandalsowhattheymissbybeingonduty.Firefightersschedulesfluctuatebydistrict.Therearestationswherefirefighterswork48hoursonand48hoursoff,whereassomeallow24hoursonand72hoursoff.[48]Thementalimpactofmissingachild'sfirststepsoraballetrecitalcantakeaheavyimpactonfirstresponders.Thereisalsothestressofbeingonoppositeshiftsasaspouseorbeingawayfromfamily. Occupationalhearingloss[edit] Anotherlong-termriskfactorfromfirefightingisexposuretohighlevelsofsound,whichcancausenoise-inducedhearingloss(NIHL)andtinnitus.[49][50]NIHLaffectssoundfrequenciesbetween3,000and6,000Hertzfirst,thenwithmorefrequentexposure,willspreadtomorefrequencies.[50]ManyconsonantswillbemoredifficulttohearorinaudiblewithNIHLbecauseofthehigherfrequencieseffected,whichresultsinpoorercommunication.[50]NIHLiscausedbyexposuretosoundlevelsatorabove85dBAaccordingtoNIOSHandatorabove90dBAaccordingtoOSHA.[50]dBArepresentsA-weighteddecibels.dBAisusedformeasuringsoundlevelsrelatingtooccupationalsoundexposuresinceitattemptstomimicthesensitivityofthehumaneartodifferentfrequenciesofsound.[50]OSHAusesa5-dBAexchangerate,whichmeansthatforevery5dBAincreaseinsoundfrom90dBA,theacceptableexposuretimebeforeariskofpermanenthearinglossoccursdecreasesbyhalf(startingwith8hoursacceptableexposuretimeat90dBA).[50][51]NIOSHusesa3-dBAexchangeratestartingat8hoursacceptableexposuretimeat85dBA.[50][52] Thetimeofexposurerequiredtopotentiallycausedamagedependsonthelevelofsoundexposedto.[52]Themostcommoncausesofexcessivesoundexposurearesirens,transportationtoandfromfires,firealarms,andworktools.[49]Travelinginanemergencyvehiclehasshowntoexposeapersontobetween103and114dBAofsound.AccordingtoOSHA,exposureatthislevelisacceptableforbetween17and78minutes[51]andaccordingtoNIOSHisacceptableforbetween35secondsand7.5minutes[52]overa24-hourdaybeforepermanenthearinglosscanoccur.Thistimeperiodconsidersthatnootherhighlevelsoundexposureoccursinthat24-hourtimeframe.[52]Sirensoftenoutputabout120 dBA,whichaccordingtoOSHA,7.5minutesofexposureisneeded[51]andaccordingtoNIOSH,9secondsofexposureisneeded[52]ina24-hourtimeperiodbeforepermanenthearinglosscanoccur.Inadditiontohighsoundlevels,anotherriskfactorforhearingdisordersistheco-exposuretochemicalsthatareototoxic.[53] TheaveragedayofworkforafirefightercanoftenbeunderthesoundexposurelimitforbothOSHAandNIOSH.[50]Whiletheaveragedayofsoundexposureasafirefighterisoftenunderthelimit,firefighterscanbeexposedtoimpulsenoise,whichhasaverylowacceptabletimeexposurebeforepermanenthearingdamagecanoccurduetothehighintensityandshortduration.[49] Therearealsohighratesofhearingloss,oftenNIHL,infirefighters,whichincreaseswithageandnumberofyearsworkingasafirefighter.[49][54]HearinglosspreventionprogramshavebeenimplementedinmultiplestationsandhaveshowntohelplowertherateoffirefighterswithNIHL.[50]Otherattemptshavebeenmadetolowersoundexposuresforfirefighters,suchasenclosingthecabsofthefiretruckstolowerthesirenexposurewhiledriving.[50]NFPA(NationalFireProtectionAssociation)isresponsibleforoccupationalhealthprogramsandstandardsinfirefighterswhichdiscusseswhathearingsensitivityisrequiredtoworkasafirefighter,butalsoenforcesbaseline(initial)andannualhearingtests(basedonOSHAhearingmaintenanceregulations).[49]WhileNIHLcanbeariskthatoccursfromworkingasafirefighter,NIHLcanalsobeasafetyconcernforcommunicatingwhiledoingthejobascommunicatingwithcoworkersandvictimsisessentialforsafety.[49]HearingprotectiondeviceshavebeenusedbyfirefightersintheUnitedStates.[50]Earmuffsarethemostcommonlyusedhearingprotectiondevice(HPD)astheyarethemosteasytoputoncorrectlyinaquickmanner.[50]MultiplefiredepartmentshaveusedHPDsthathavecommunicationdevicesbuiltin,allowingfirefighterstospeakwitheachotheratsafe,butaudiblesoundlevels,whileloweringthehazardoussoundlevelsaroundthem.[50] Typesofcoverageandworkload[edit] Seealso:VolunteerfiredepartmentandRetainedfirefighter Inacountrywithacomprehensivefireservice,firedepartmentsmustbeabletosendfirefighterstoemergenciesatanyhourofdayornight,toarriveonthescenewithinminutes.Inurbanareas,thismeansthatfull-timepaidfirefightersusuallyhaveshiftwork,withsomeprovidingcovereachnight.Ontheotherhand,itmaynotbepracticaltoemployfull-timefirefightersinvillagesandisolatedsmalltowns,wheretheirservicesmaynotberequiredfordaysatatime.Forthisreason,manyfiredepartmentshavefirefighterswhospendlongperiodsoncalltorespondtoinfrequentemergencies;theymayhaveregularjobsoutsideoffirefighting.[55][56] Whethertheyarepaidornotvariesbycountry.IntheUnitedStatesandGermany,volunteerfiredepartmentsprovidemostofthecoverinruralareas.IntheUnitedKingdom[55]andIreland,[57]bycontrast,actualvolunteersarerare.Instead,"retainedfirefighters"arepaidforrespondingtoincidents,alongwithasmallsalaryforspendinglongperiodsoftimeoncall.[55][56]ThecombinedfireservicesoftheUnitedKingdomretainaround18,000retainedfirefightersalongsidetheirwholetimecolleagues.[55]InboththeUKandIrelandretainedfirefightersmakeupthemajorityofactivefirefightingpersonnel.[57]Theirtraining,qualifications,andrangeofpossibledeployments,areallcomparabletowholetimefirefighters.[55]Retainedfirefightersarerequiredtoliveorworkwithinasetradiusoftheirassignedfirestation-intheUnitedKingdomthisisusually1mile(1.6 km),[56]andinIreland2miles(3.2 km).[57] Firefightingaroundtheworld[edit] Furtherinformation:FirefightingworldwideandFiredepartmentranksbycountry TheParisFireBrigadeisaFrenchArmyunitwhichservesasthefireserviceforParisandcertainsitesofnationalstrategicimportance. FirefighterstacklingablazeinMontreal,Canada IndonesianfirefightershandlingatrafficaccidentinJakarta Akeydifferencebetweenmanycountry'sfireservicesiswhatthebalanceisbetweenfull-timeandvolunteer(oron-call)firefighters.IntheUnitedStatesandUnitedKingdom,largemetropolitanfiredepartmentsarealmostentirelymadeupoffull-timefirefighters.Ontheotherhand,inGermanyandAustria,[58]volunteersplayasubstantialroleeveninthelargestfiredepartments,includingBerlin's,whichservesapopulationof3.6million.Regardlessofhowthisbalanceworks,acommonfeatureisthatsmallerurbanareashaveamixoffull-timeandvolunteer/on-callfirefighters.ThisisknownintheUnitedStatesasacombinationfiredepartment.InChileandPeru,allfirefightersarevolunteers.[59] Anotherpointofvariationishowthefireservicesareorganized.SomecountriesliketheCzechRepublic,IsraelandNewZealandhaveasinglenationalfireservice.OtherslikeAustralia,theUnitedKingdomandFranceorganizefireservicesbasedonregionsorsub-nationalstates.IntheUnitedStates,Austria,GermanyandCanada,firedepartmentsarerunatamunicipallevel. Atypically,SingaporeandmanypartsofSwitzerlandhavefireserviceconscription.[60][61]InGermany,conscriptioncanalsobeusedifavillagedoesnothaveafunctioningfireservice.OtherunusualarrangementsareseeninDenmark,wheremostfireservicesarerunbyprivatecompanies,[62]andinFrance,wheretwoofthecountry'sfireservices(theParisFireBrigadeandtheMarseilleNavalFireBattalion)arepartofthearmedforces;similarly,thenationalfireserviceofMonacoispartoftheMilitaryofMonacoandmaintainsanarmouryofsidearmsforusebyfirefightersduringcivildefenceoperations. Anotherwayinwhichafirefighter'sworkvariesaroundtheworldisthenatureoffirefightingequipmentandtactics.Forexample,Americanfiredepartmentsmakeheavieruseofaerialappliances,andareoftensplitbetweenengineandladdercompanies.InEurope,wherethesizeandusefulnessofaerialappliancesareoftenlimitedbynarrowstreets,theyareonlyusedforrescues,andfirefighterscanrotatebetweenworkingonanengineandanaerialappliance. [63][62]Afinalpointinvariationishowinvolvedfirefightersareinemergencymedicalservices. Communicationandcommandstructure[edit] NewSouthWalesFireBrigadestationofficer(redhelmet)andfirefighters(yellowhelmets),Australia Theexpedientandaccuratehandlingoffirealarmsorcallsaresignificantfactorsinthesuccessfuloutcomeofanyincident.Firedepartmentcommunicationsplayacriticalroleinthatsuccessfuloutcome.Firedepartmentcommunicationsincludethemethodsbywhichthepubliccannotifythecommunicationscenterofanemergency,themethodsbywhichthecentercannotifytheproperfirefightingforces,andthemethodsbywhichinformationisexchangedatthescene.Onemethodistouseamegaphonetocommunicate. Atelecommunicator(oftenreferredtoasa000OperatorinAustralia[64])hasaroledifferentfrombutjustasimportantasotheremergencypersonnel.Thetelecommunicatormustprocesscallsfromunknownandunseenindividuals,usuallycallingunderstressfulconditions.He/shemustbeabletoobtaincomplete,reliableinformationfromthecallerandprioritizerequestsforassistance.Itisthedispatcher'sresponsibilitytobringordertochaos. Whilesomefiredepartmentsarelargeenoughtoutilizetheirowntelecommunicationdispatcher,mostruralandsmallareasrelyonacentraldispatchertoprovidehandlingoffire,rescue,andpoliceservices. Firefightersaretrainedtousecommunicationsequipmenttoreceivealarms,giveandreceivecommands,requestassistance,andreportonconditions.Sincefirefightersfromdifferentagenciesroutinelyprovidemutualaidtoeachother,androutinelyoperateatincidentswhereotheremergencyservicesarepresent,itisessentialtohavestructuresinplacetoestablishaunifiedchainofcommand,andshareinformationbetweenagencies.TheU.S.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)hasestablishedaNationalIncidentManagementSystem.[65]OnecomponentofthissystemistheIncidentCommandSystem. AllradiocommunicationintheUnitedStatesisunderauthorizationfromtheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC);assuch,firedepartmentsthatoperateradioequipmentmusthaveradiolicensesfromtheFCC. Tencodeswerepopularintheearlydaysofradioequipmentbecauseofpoortransmissionandreception.Advancesinmodernradiotechnologyhavereducedtheneedforten-codesandmanydepartmentshaveconvertedtosimpleEnglish(cleartext). Ranks[edit] Mainarticle:Firedepartmentranksbycountry Manyfirefightersareswornmemberswithcommandstructuressimilartothemilitaryorpolice.Theydonotusuallyhavegeneralpolicepowers(althoughsomefirefightersintheUnitedStateshavelimitedpolicepowers,likefirepolicedepartments),thoughcertainfiresafetyofficials(suchasfiremarshalsorfiresafetyinspectors)dopossessextensivepolicepowersinconnectionwiththeirworkofenforcementandcontrolinregulatoryandemergencysituations.Insomecountriesfirefighterscarry,orhaveaccessto,firearms,includingsomeUSfiremarshals,andtheCorpsdesSapeurs-PompiersofMonacowhichisamilitaryunitprovidingcivilianfirecover. Thenomenclatureoffirefightingvariesfromcountrytocountry.Thebasicunitoffirefightersisknownasa"company"inmanycountries,includingtheUnitedStates,withitsmemberstypicallyworkingonthesameengine.A"crew"or"platoon"isasubdivisionofacompanywhoworkonthesameshift.InBritishandCommonwealthfireservicesthefirefightersofeachstationaremoretypicallyorganisedarounda"watch"pattern,withseveralwatches(usuallyfour)workingonashiftbasis,asaseparate"crew"foreachengineorspecialistapplianceatthatstation.[66] Firefighterequipment[edit] Mainarticle:Glossaryoffirefightingequipment TurkishfirefightersinMOPP4levelprotectivegearduringanexerciseheldatIncirlikAirBase,Turkey Torontofirefighterspreparetheirequipment Afirefighterusingahydrauliccutterduringademonstration BritishsailorsinfirefightinggearonHMSIllustrious(R06),Liverpool,25October2009 Apartiallistofsomeequipmenttypicallyusedbyfirefighters: Handtools,suchas Flat-headandpick-headaxe Pikepole Halliganbar Flashlight Spannerwrench Circular("K-12"),CuttersEdgeandchainsaws Hydraulicrescuetoolssuchasspreaders,cutters,andrams Personalprotectiveequipment("PPE")designedtowithstandwaterandhightemperatures,suchas Bunkergear,includingturnoutjacketandpants Self-containedbreathingapparatus(SCBA) Helmet,facemaskandvisor;climbinghelmets Safetyboots,gloves,andNomexandCarbonflashhoods Personalalertsafetysystem(PASS)device Handheldradio,pager,orothercommunicationdevices Thermalimagingcamera Gasdetector History[edit] Forbroadercoverageofthistopic,seeHistoryoffirefighting. ApictureofAmericanfirefightersinthe1770s Vancouverfiremenrespondingtoafirealarm,Vancouver,BritishColumbia,Canada.PhotographtakenbyW.J.Carpenterin1910. Althoughpeoplehavefoughtfiressincetherehavebeenvaluablethingstoburn,thefirstinstanceoforganizedprofessionalscombatingstructuralfiresoccurredin ancientEgypt.Likewise,firefightersoftheRomanRepublicexistedsolelyasprivatelyorganizedandfundedgroupsthatoperatedmoresimilarlytoabusinessthanapublicservice;however,duringthePrincipateperiod,Augustusrevolutionizedfirefightingbycallingforthecreationofafireguardthatwastrained,paid,andequippedbythestate,therebycommissioningthefirsttrulypublicandprofessionalfirefightingservice.KnownastheVigiles,theywereorganisedintocohorts,servingasanightwatchandcitypoliceforce. TheearliestAmericanfiredepartmentswerevolunteers,includingthevolunteerfirecompanyinNewAmsterdam,nowknownasNewYork.[67]Firecompanieswerecomposedofcitizenswhovolunteeredtheirtimetohelpprotectthecommunity.Astimeprogressedandnewtownswereestablishedthroughouttheregion,therewasasharpincreaseinthenumberofvolunteerdepartments. In1853,thefirstcareerfiredepartmentintheUnitedStateswasestablishedinCincinnati,Ohio,followedfouryearslaterbySt.LouisFireDepartment.Largecitiesbeganestablishingpaid,full-timestaffinordertotrytofacilitategreatercallvolume. Cityfiredepartmentsdrawtheirfundingdirectlyfromcitytaxesandsharethesamebudgetasotherpublicworkslikethepolicedepartmentandtrashservices.Theprimarydifferencebetweenmunicipalitydepartmentsandcitydepartmentsisthefundingsource.Municipalfiredepartmentsdonotsharetheirbudgetwithanyotherserviceandareconsideredtobeprivateentitieswithinajurisdiction.Thismeansthattheyhavetheirowntaxesthatfeedintotheirbudgetingneeds.Cityfiredepartmentsreporttothemayor,whereasmunicipaldepartmentsareaccountabletoelectedboardofficialswhohelpmaintainandrunthedepartmentalongwiththechiefofficerstaff.[citationneeded] Fundraisers[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(April2020)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Fundsforfirefightingequipmentmayberaisedbythefirefightersthemselves,especiallyinthecaseofvolunteerorganizations.[68]EventssuchaspancakebreakfastsandchilifeedsarecommonintheUnitedStates.[69][70]Socialeventsareusedtoraisemoneyincludedances,fairs,andcarwashes. Seealso[edit] Firefightingapparatus –Vehicleforuseduringfirefightingoperations Firefighterarson USAFFirefighting IncidentCommandSystem –Standardizedapproachtocommand,control,andcoordinationofemergencyresponse Indexoffirefightingarticles InternationalFirefighters'Day Rescue –Operationsforlifesaving,orinresponsetoinjuriesafteranaccident Smokejumper –Skydivingwildlandfirefighters WildlandFirefighterFoundation Womeninfirefighting References[edit] ^Knowles,Michael(January4,2018)."BBCinsexismrowovercartoonhippoinHeyDuggeewhowantstobeafireman".Express.co.uk. ^Coulter,Martin(January3,2018)."LondonFireBrigadeaccusesBBCofsexismoveruseofterm'fireman'inchildren'sshowHeyDuggee".www.standard.co.uk. ^"FireAcademy".PublicSafetyElite.Retrieved2016-03-10. ^ForestFireinCanada,NaturalResourcesCanada,2008-06-05,archivedfromtheoriginalon2009-05-30,retrieved2009-05-01 ^"Firefighterjobprofile".Prospects.ac.uk. ^ab"Plentyoffirefighters,butwherearethefires?".TheBostonGlobe.2013-09-07.Retrieved2017-09-22. 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^DanielsRD,BertkeS,DahmMM,YiinJH,KubaleTL,HalesTR,BarisD,ZahmSH,BeaumontJJ,WatersKM,PinkertonLE(2015)."Exposure-responserelationshipsforselectcancerandnon-cancerhealthoutcomesinacohortofUSfirefightersfromSanFrancisco,ChicagoandPhiladelphia(1950-2009)".OccupationalandEnvironmentalMedicine.72(10):699–706.doi:10.1136/oemed-2014-102671.PMC 4558385.PMID 25673342. ^IARCWorkingGroupontheEvaluationofCarcinogenicRiskstoHumans(2010)."Painting,firefighting,andshiftwork".IARCMonographsontheEvaluationofCarcinogenicRiskstoHumans/WorldHealthOrganization,InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer.98:9–764.PMC 4781497.PMID 21381544. ^"Firefighters'battlewithPTSD:"Everydayisananxiousday"".TheGuardian.23August2017.Retrieved22September2017. ^Berger,William;Coutinho,EvandroSilvaFreire;Figueira,Ivan;Marques-Portella,Carla;Luz,MarianaPires;Neylan,ThomasC.;Marmar,CharlesR.;Mendlowicz,MauroVitor(2012-06-01)."Rescuersatrisk:asystematicreviewandmeta-regressionanalysisoftheworldwidecurrentprevalenceandcorrelatesofPTSDinrescueworkers".SocialPsychiatryandPsychiatricEpidemiology.47(6):1001–1011.doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0408-2.ISSN 0933-7954.PMC 3974968.PMID 21681455. ^Stanley,IanH.;Hom,MelanieA.;Joiner,ThomasE.(2016)."Asystematicreviewofsuicidalthoughtsandbehaviorsamongpoliceofficers,firefighters,EMTs,andparamedics".ClinicalPsychologyReview.44:25–44.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002.PMID 26719976. ^Stanley,IanH.;Hom,MelanieA.;Hagan,ChristopherR.;Joiner,ThomasE.(2015)."Careerprevalenceandcorrelatesofsuicidalthoughtsandbehaviorsamongfirefighters".JournalofAffectiveDisorders.187:163–171.doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.007.PMID 26339926. ^Lindahl,Björn."Whyaresuiciderateshigherforfarmersandfirefightersthanforlibrarians?".NordicLabourJournal. 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Externallinks[edit] LookupfirefighterinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoFirefighter. 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