Rivet - Wikipedia

A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. Rivet FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Forotheruses,seeRivet(disambiguation). Permanentmechanicalfastener Solidrivets Sophisticatedrivetedjointonarailwaybridge PlaymediaRivetersworkontheLibertyshipSSJohnW.Brown(December2014). Arivetisapermanentmechanicalfastener.Beforebeinginstalled,arivetconsistsofasmoothcylindricalshaftwithaheadononeend.Theendoppositetotheheadiscalledthetail.Oninstallation,therivetisplacedinapunchedordrilledhole,andthetailisupset,orbucked(i.e.,deformed),sothatitexpandstoabout1.5timestheoriginalshaftdiameter,holdingtherivetinplace.Inotherwords,thepoundingorpullingcreatesanew"head"onthetailendbysmashingthe"tail"materialflatter,resultinginarivetthatisroughlyadumbbellshape.Todistinguishbetweenthetwoendsoftherivet,theoriginalheadiscalledthefactoryheadandthedeformedendiscalledtheshopheadorbuck-tail. Becausethereiseffectivelyaheadoneachendofaninstalledrivet,itcansupporttensionloads.However,itismuchmorecapableofsupportingshearloads(loadsperpendiculartotheaxisoftheshaft). Fasteningsusedintraditionalwoodenboatbuilding,suchascoppernailsandclinchbolts,workonthesameprincipleastherivetbutwereinuselongbeforethetermrivetwasintroducedand,wheretheyareremembered,areusuallyclassifiedamongnailsandboltsrespectively. Contents 1Types 1.1Solid/roundheadrivets 1.1.1High-strengthstructuralsteelrivets 1.2Semi-tubularrivets 1.3Blindrivets 1.4Oscarrivets 1.5Driverivet 1.6Flushrivet 1.7Friction-lockrivet 1.8Rivetalloys,shearstrengths,anddrivingcondition 1.9Self-piercingrivets 1.10Compressionrivets 2Sizes 2.1Imperial 2.2Metric 3Applications 4Jointanalysis 5Installation 5.1Solidandsemitubularrivets 6Testing 6.1Solidrivetsforconstruction 6.2Testingofblindrivets 7Alternatives 8Seealso 9References 9.1Bibliography 10Externallinks Types[edit] Thereareanumberoftypesofrivets,designedtomeetdifferentcost,accessibility,andstrengthrequirements: Solid/roundheadrivets[edit] Atypicaltechnicaldrawingofauniversalheadsolidrivet Solidrivetsareoneoftheoldestandmostreliabletypesoffasteners,havingbeenfoundinarchaeologicalfindingsdatingbacktotheBronzeAge.Solidrivetsconsistsimplyofashaftandheadthataredeformedwithahammerorrivetgun.Arivetcompressionorcrimpingtoolcanalsodeformthistypeofrivet.Thistoolismainlyusedonrivetsclosetotheedgeofthefastenedmaterial,sincethetoolislimitedbythedepthofitsframe.Arivetcompressiontooldoesnotrequiretwopeople,andisgenerallythemostfoolproofwaytoinstallsolidrivets. RivetingteamworkingonthecockpitshellofaC-47transportattheplantofNorthAmericanAviation.Thewomanontheleftoperatesanairhammer,whilethemanontherightholdsabuckingbar. Solidrivetsareusedinapplicationswherereliabilityandsafetycount.Atypicalapplicationforsolidrivetscanbefoundwithinthestructuralpartsofaircraft.Hundredsofthousandsofsolidrivetsareusedtoassembletheframeofamodernaircraft.Suchrivetscomewithrounded(universal)or100°countersunkheads.Typicalmaterialsforaircraftrivetsarealuminiumalloys(2017,2024,2117,7050,5056,55000,V-65),titanium,andnickel-basedalloys(e.g.,Monel).Somealuminumalloyrivetsaretoohardtobuckandmustbesoftenedbysolutiontreating(precipitationhardening)priortobeingbucked."Icebox"aluminumalloyrivetshardenwithage,andmustlikewisebeannealedandthenkeptatsub-freezingtemperatures(hencethename"icebox")toslowtheage-hardeningprocess.Steelrivetscanbefoundinstaticstructuressuchasbridges,cranes,andbuildingframes. Thesettingofthesefastenersrequiresaccesstobothsidesofastructure.Solidrivetsaredrivenusingahydraulically,pneumatically,orelectromagneticallyactuatedsqueezingtoolorevenahandheldhammer.Applicationswhereonlyonesideisaccessiblerequire"blind"rivets. Solidrivetsarealsousedbysomeartisansintheconstructionofmodernreproductionofmedievalarmour,jewelleryandmetalcouture. High-strengthstructuralsteelrivets[edit] AnoriginalstructuralsteelrivetfromtheGoldenGateBridge(1937).Removedandreplacedc.2000duringworktoreinforcethestructuretoresistseismicloads Womenrivetheaters,withtheirtongsandcatchingbuckets,PugetSoundNavyYard,May1919 Untilrelativelyrecently,structuralsteelconnectionswereeitherweldedorriveted.High-strengthboltshavelargelyreplacedstructuralsteelrivets.Indeed,thelateststeelconstructionspecificationspublishedbyAISC(the14thEdition)nolongercoverstheirinstallation.Thereasonforthechangeisprimarilyduetotheexpenseofskilledworkersrequiredtoinstallhighstrengthstructuralsteelrivets.Whereastworelativelyunskilledworkerscaninstallandtightenhighstrengthbolts,itnormallytakesfourskilledworkerstoinstallrivets(warmer,catcher,holder,basher). Atacentrallocationneartheareasbeingriveted,afurnacewassetup.Rivetswereplacedinthefurnaceandheatedtoglowinghot(oftentowhitehot)sothattheyweremoremalleableandeasilydeformed.Therivetwarmerorcookusedtongstoremoveindividualrivetsandthrowthemtoacatcherstationednearthejointstoberiveted.Thecatcher(usually)caughttherivetinaleatherorwoodenbucketwithanash-linedbottom.Thecatcherinsertedtherivetintotheholetoberiveted,thenquicklyturnedtocatchthenextrivet.Theholderuporholderonwouldholdaheavyrivetsetordollyoranother(larger)pneumaticjackagainsttheroundheadoftherivet,whiletheriveter(sometimestworiveters)appliedahammerorpneumaticrivethammertotheunformedhead,makingitmushroomtightlyagainstthejointinitsfinaldomedshape.Alternativelythebuckishammeredmoreorlessflushwiththestructureinacountersunkhole.[1]Beforetheuseofpneumatichammers,e.g.intheconstructionofRMSTitanic,themanwhohammeredtherivetwasknownasthe"basher".Uponcooling,therivetcontractedandexertedfurtherforce,tighteningthejoint. ThelastcommonlyusedhighstrengthstructuralsteelrivetsweredesignatedASTMA502Grade1rivets.[2] Suchrivetedstructuresmaybeinsufficienttoresistseismicloadingfromearthquakesifthestructurewasnotengineeredforsuchforces,acommonproblemofoldersteelbridges.Thisisbecauseahotrivetcannotbeproperlyheattreatedtoaddstrengthandhardness.Intheseismicretrofitofsuchstructuresitiscommonpracticetoremovecriticalrivetswithanoxygentorch,precisionreamthehole,theninsertamachinedandheattreatedbolt. Semi-tubularrivets[edit] Atypicaltechnicaldrawingofanovalheadsemi-tubularrivet Semi-tubularrivets(alsoknownastubularrivets)aresimilartosolidrivets,excepttheyhaveapartialhole(oppositethehead)atthetip.Thepurposeofthisholeistoreducetheamountofforceneededforapplicationbyrollingthetubularportionoutward.Theforceneededtoapplyasemitubularrivetisabout1/4oftheamountneededtoapplyasolidrivet.Tubularrivetsaresometimespreferredforpivotpoints(ajointwheremovementisdesired)sincetheswellingoftherivetisonlyatthetail.Thetypeofequipmentusedtoapplysemi-tubularrivetsrangefromprototypingtoolstofullyautomatedsystems.Typicalinstallationtools(fromlowesttohighestprice)arehandset,manualsqueezer,pneumaticsqueezer,kickpress,impactriveter,andfinallyPLC-controlledrobotics.Themostcommonmachineistheimpactriveterandthemostcommonuseofsemitubularrivetsisinlighting,brakes,ladders,binders,HVACductwork,mechanicalproducts,andelectronics.Theyareofferedfrom1/16-inch(1.6 mm)to3/8-inch(9.5 mm)indiameter(othersizesareconsideredhighlyspecial)andcanbeupto8 inches(203 mm)long.Awidevarietyofmaterialsandplatingsareavailable,mostcommonbasemetalsaresteel,brass,copper,stainless,aluminumandmostcommonplatingsarezinc,nickel,brass,tin.Tubularrivetsarenormallywaxedtofacilitateproperassembly.Aninstalledtubularrivethasaheadononeside,witharolledoverandexposedshallowblindholeontheother. Blindrivets[edit] Threealuminiumblindrivets:1/8",3/32",and1/16" Animationofarivetbeingtightened(neckedareaofmandrelnotshown) SpeedintheWorkshops–SpeedintheAir,March1944GeoTuckerEyeletCo.advertforpoprivets,featuringSpitfireaircraft Poprivetgunwithrivetinserted Blindrivets,commonlyreferredtoas"pop"rivets(POPisthebrandnameoftheoriginalmanufacturer,nowownedbyStanleyEngineeredFastening,adivisionofStanleyBlack&Decker)aretubularandaresuppliedwithanail-likemandrelthroughthecenterwhichhasa"necked"orweakenedareanearthehead.Therivetassemblyisinsertedintoaholedrilledthroughthepartstobejoinedandaspeciallydesignedtoolisusedtodrawthemandrelthroughtherivet.Thecompressionforcebetweentheheadofthemandrelandthetoolexpandsthediameterofthetubethroughoutitslength,lockingthesheetsbeingfastenediftheholewasthecorrectsize.Theheadofthemandrelalsoexpandstheblindendoftherivettoadiametergreaterthanthatofthedrilledhole,compressingthefastenedsheetsbetweentheheadoftherivetandtheheadofthemandrel.Atapredeterminedtension,themandrelbreaksattheneckedlocation.Withopentubularrivets,theheadofthemandrelmayormaynotremainembeddedintheexpandedportionoftherivet,andcancomelooseatalatertime.Moreexpensiveclosed-endtubularrivetsareformedaroundthemandrelsotheheadofthemandrelisalwaysretainedinsidetheblindendafterinstallation."Pop"rivetscanbefullyinstalledwithaccesstoonlyonesideofapartorstructure.[3] Priortotheinventionofblindrivets,installationofarivettypicallyrequiredaccesstobothsidesoftheassembly:arivethammerononesideandabuckingbarontheotherside.In1916,RoyalNavyreservistandengineerHamiltonNeilWyliefiledapatentforan"improvedmeansofclosingtubularrivets"(grantedMay1917).[4]In1922WyliejoinedtheBritishaircraftmanufacturerArmstrong-WhitworthLtdtoadviseonmetalconstructiontechniques;herehecontinuedtodevelophisrivetdesignwithafurther1927patent[5]thatincorporatedthepull-throughmandrel,andallowedtherivettobeusedblind.By1928,theGeorgeTuckerEyeletcompany,ofBirmingham,England,[6]produceda"cup"rivetbasedonthedesign.ItrequiredaseparateGKNmandrelandtherivetbodytobehandassembledpriortouseforthebuildingoftheSiskinIIIaircraft.TogetherwithArmstrong-Whitworth,theGeo.TuckerCo.furthermodifiedtherivetdesigntoproduceaone-pieceunitincorporatingmandrelandrivet.[7]Thisproductwaslaterdevelopedinaluminiumandtrademarkedasthe"POP"rivet.TheUnitedShoeMachineryCo.producedthedesignintheU.S.asinventorssuchasCarlCherryandLouHuckexperimentedwithothertechniquesforexpandingsolidrivets. Theyareavailableinflathead,countersunkhead,andmodifiedflushheadwithstandarddiametersof1/8,5/32and3/16 inch.Blindrivetsaremadefromsoftaluminumalloy,steel(includingstainlesssteel),copper,andMonel. Therearealsostructuralblindrivets,whicharedesignedtotakeshearandtensileloads.[8] Therivetbodyisnormallymanufacturedusingoneofthreemethods: Name Description Wire Themostcommonmethod Tube Commoninlongerlengths,notnormallyasstrongaswire Sheet Leastpopularandgenerallytheweakestoption Thereisavastarrayofspecialtyblindrivetsthataresuitedforhighstrengthorplasticapplications.Typicaltypesinclude: Name Description TriFold Arivetthatsplitsintothreeequallegslikeamollybolt.Typicallyusedinsoftplasticswhereawidefootprintisneededattherearsurface.Usedinautomotiveinteriorsandvinylfences.(See§Oscarrivets.) Structuralrivet(a) An"external"mechanicallylockedstructuralblindrivetthatisusedwhereawatertight,vibrationresistantconnectionisofimportance.Typicallyusedinmanufactureorrepairoftruckbodies.Aspecialnosepieceisrequiredtoapplythisrivet. Structuralrivet(b) An"internal"mechanicallylockedstructuralblindrivetthatisusedwhereawatertight,vibrationresistantconnectionisofimportance.Typicallyusedinmanufactureorrepairoftruckbodies. Internallyandexternallylockedstructuralblindrivetscanbeusedinaircraftapplicationsbecause,unlikeothertypesofblindrivets,thelockedmandrelscannotfalloutandarewatertight.Sincethemandrelislockedintoplace,theyhavethesameorgreatershear-load-carryingcapacityassolidrivetsandmaybeusedtoreplacesolidrivetsonallbutthemostcriticalstressedaircraftstructures. Thetypicalassemblyprocessrequirestheoperatortoinstalltherivetinthenoseofthetoolbyhandandthenactuatethetool.However,inrecentyearsautomatedrivetingsystemshavebecomepopularinanefforttoreduceassemblycostsandrepetitivedisorders.ThecostofsuchtoolsrangefromUS$1,500forautofeedpneumaticstoUS$50,000forfullyroboticsystems. Whilestructuralblindrivetsusingalockedmandrelarecommon,therearealsoaircraftapplicationsusing"non-structural"blindrivetswherethereduced,butstillpredictable,strengthoftherivetwithoutthemandrelisusedasthedesignstrength.AmethodpopularizedbyChrisHeintzofZenithAircraftusesacommonflat-head(countersunk)rivetwhichisdrawnintoaspeciallymachinednosepiecethatformsitintoaroundheadrivet,takingupmuchofthevariationinherentinholesizefoundinamateuraircraftconstruction.Aircraftdesignedwiththeserivetsuserivetstrengthfiguresmeasuredwiththemandrelremoved.[9] Oscarrivets[edit] Oscarrivetshownwithmandrel(dashedlinesdepictflare/flangeafterinstallation) Oscarrivetsaresimilartoblindrivetsinappearanceandinstallation,buthavesplits(typicallythree)alongthehollowshaft.Thesesplitscausetheshafttofoldandflareout(similartothewingsonatogglebolt'snut)asthemandrelisdrawnintotherivet.Thisflare(orflange)providesawidebearingsurfacethatreducesthechanceofrivetpull-out.Thisdesignisidealforhighvibrationapplicationswherethebacksurfaceisinaccessible. AversionoftheOscarrivetistheOlympicrivetwhichusesanaluminummandrelthatisdrawnintotherivethead.Afterinstallation,theheadandmandrelareshavedoffflushresultinginanappearancecloselyresemblingabrazierheaddrivenrivet.TheyareusedinrepairofAirstreamtrailerstoreplicatethelookoftheoriginalrivets. Driverivet[edit] Adriverivetisaformofblindrivetthathasashortmandrelprotrudingfromtheheadthatisdriveninwithahammertoflareouttheendinsertedinthehole.Thisiscommonlyusedtorivetwoodpanelsintoplacesincetheholedoesnotneedtobedrilledallthewaythroughthepanel,producinganaestheticallypleasingappearance.Theycanalsobeusedwithplastic,metal,andothermaterialsandrequirenospecialsettingtoolotherthanahammerandpossiblyabackingblock(steelorsomeotherdensematerial)placedbehindthelocationoftherivetwhilehammeringitintoplace.Driverivetshavelessclampingforcethanmostotherrivets.Drivescrews,possiblyanothernamefordriverivets,arecommonlyusedtoholdnameplatesintoblindholes.Theytypicallyhavespiralthreadsthatgripthesideofthehole.[10] Flushrivet[edit] Aflushrivetisusedprimarilyonexternalmetalsurfaceswheregoodappearanceandtheeliminationofunnecessaryaerodynamicdragareimportant.Aflushrivettakesadvantageofacountersinkhole;theyarealsocommonlyreferredtoascountersunkrivets.Countersunkorflushrivetsareusedextensivelyontheexteriorofaircraftforaerodynamicreasonssuchasreduceddragandturbulence.Additionalpost-installationmachiningmaybeperformedtoperfecttheairflow. FlushrivetingwasinventedinAmericainthelate1930sbyVladimirPavleckaandhisteamatDouglasAircraft.[11][12] FlushrivetingwasfirstusedbyHowardHughesindesigningandbuildinghisH-1planein1934: “Manygroundbreakingtechnologiesweredevelopedduringtheconstructionprocess,includingindividuallymachinedflushrivetsthatleftthealuminiumskinoftheaircraftcompletelysmooth.”[1] Friction-lockrivet[edit] Theseresembleanexpandingboltexcepttheshaftsnapsbelowthesurfacewhenthetensionissufficient.Theblindendmaybeeithercountersunk('flush')ordomeshaped. OneearlyformofblindrivetthatwasthefirsttobewidelyusedforaircraftconstructionandrepairwastheCherryfriction-lockrivet.Originally,Cherryfriction-lockswereavailableintwostyles,hollowshankpull-throughandself-pluggingtypes.Thepull-throughtypeisnolongercommon;however,theself-pluggingCherryfriction-lockrivetisstillusedforrepairinglightaircraft. Cherryfriction-lockrivetsareavailableintwoheadstyles,universaland100degreecountersunk.Furthermore,theyareusuallysuppliedinthreestandarddiameters,1/8,5/32and3/16 inch. Afriction-lockrivetcannotreplaceasolidshankrivet,sizeforsize.Whenafriction-lockisusedtoreplaceasolidshankrivet,itmustbeatleastonesizelargerindiameterbecausethefriction-lockrivetlosesconsiderablestrengthifitscenterstemfallsoutduetovibrationsordamage. Rivetalloys,shearstrengths,anddrivingcondition[edit] Alloytype Alphabeticalletter Drivencondition Markingonhead PLAIN 2117 AD 2117T3 DIMPLE 5056 B 5056H32 RAISEDCROSS 2017 D 2017T31 RAISEDDOT 2024 DD 2024T31 TWORAISEDDASHES 7050 E(orKEperNAS) 7050T73 RAISEDRING Self-piercingrivets[edit] ‹ Thetemplatebelow(Unreferencedsection)isbeingconsideredformerging.Seetemplatesfordiscussiontohelpreachaconsensus. ›Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(July2009)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) Self-pierceriveting(SPR)isaprocessofjoiningtwoormorematerialsusinganengineeredrivet.[13]Unlikesolid,blindandsemi-tubularrivets,self-piercerivetsdonotrequireadrilledorpunchedhole. SPRsarecoldforgedtoasemi-tubularshapeandcontainapartialholetotheoppositeendofthehead.Theendgeometryoftherivethasachamferedpokethathelpstherivetpiercethematerialsbeingjoined.Ahydraulicorelectricservorivetsetterdrivestherivetintothematerial,andanupsettingdieprovidesacavityforthedisplacedbottomsheetmaterialtoflow.TheSPRprocessisdescribedinhereSPRprocess. Theself-piercerivetfullypiercesthetopsheetmaterial(s)butonlypartiallypiercesthebottomsheet.Asthetailendoftherivetdoesnotbreakthroughthebottomsheetitprovidesawaterorgas-tightjoint.Withtheinfluenceoftheupsettingdie,thetailendoftherivetflaresandinterlocksintothebottomsheetformingalowprofilebutton. Rivetsneedtobeharderthanthematerialsbeingjoined.[14]theyareheattreatedtovariouslevelsofhardnessdependingonthematerial'sductilityandhardness.Rivetscomeinarangeofdiametersandlengthsdependingonthematerialsbeingjoined;headstylesareeitherflushcountersunkorpanheads. Dependingontherivetsetterconfiguration,i.e.hydraulic,servo,stroke,nose-to-diegap,feedsystemetc.,cycletimescanbeasquickasonesecond.Rivetsaretypicallyfedtotherivetsetternosefromtapeandcomeincassetteorspoolformforcontinuousproduction. Rivetingsystemscanbemanualorautomateddependingontheapplicationrequirements;allsystemsareveryflexibleintermsofproductdesignandeaseofintegrationintoamanufacturingprocess. SPRjoinsarangeofdissimilarmaterialssuchassteel,aluminum,plastics,compositesandpre-coatedorpre-paintedmaterials.[15][16]Benefitsincludelowenergydemands,noheat,fumes,sparksorwasteandveryrepeatablequality. Compressionrivets[edit] Compressionrivetsarecommonlyusedforfunctionalordecorativepurposesonclothing,accessories,andotheritems.Theyhavemaleandfemalehalvesthatpresstogether,throughaholeinthematerial.Doublecaprivetshaveaestheticcapsonbothsides.Singlecaprivetshavecapsonjustoneside;theothersideislowprofilewithavisiblehole.Cutleryrivetsarecommonlyusedtoattachhandlestoknifebladesandotherutensils. Sizes[edit] InstallingrivetsonM3tankhull Rivetscomeinbothinchseriesandmetricseries: Imperialunits(fractionsofinches)withdiameterssuchas1/8"or5/16". SystèmeinternationalorSIunitswithdiameterssuchas3 mm,8 mm. Themainofficialstandardsrelatemoretotechnicalparameterssuchasultimatetensilestrengthandsurfacefinishingthanphysicallengthanddiameter.Theyare: Abbreviation Issuingauthority AIA/NASM AerospaceIndustriesAssociation(AIA)ImperialStandard,NASMisanacronymforNationalAerospaceStandards,MIL-STD. AN/MS UnitedStatesMilitaryStandardusedbytheUSAarmy,navy,orairforceisImperial. ASME/ANSI TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)18-digitPINcodeImperialsystemisapprovedbyANSIandadoptedbytheU.S.DepartmentofDefense. BS/BSI BritishStandardsInstitution.providesfour-figureBSnumbersforImperialstandardsandalsoprovidessimilarBSnumbersforofficialtranslationsintoEnglishfortheInternalmarketoftheEuropeanUnion(seebelow:DINorSI) SAE TheSocietyofAutomotiveEngineersisaworldwideorganizationthatprovides(mostlyImperial)specificationsfordesignandtestingforcomponentsusedintheautomotiveindustry. JIS JapaneseIndustrialStandard(JIS)isametricsystemlargelybasedonDINwithsomeminormodificationstomeettheneedsoftheJapanesemarket,nortablyusedinJapaneseelectronicequipment. DIN DeutschesInstitutfürNormungistheGermannationalmetricstandardusedinmostEuropeancountriesbecauseitcloselyresemblesthenewerInternationalStandardsOrganizations(ISO)specifications.DINfastenersuseaDINstyleidentifierplusthematerialandthefinishorplating(ifany). ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)isaworldwidemetricstandard.ClarifiedISOstandardsfor(metric)fastenersarerapidlygaininginternationalrecognitioninpreferencetothesimilarDIN,onwhichSIwasoriginallybased. Imperial[edit] Rivetdiametersarecommonlymeasuredin1⁄32-inchincrements[17]andtheirlengthsin1⁄16-inchincrements,expressedas"dashnumbers"attheendoftherivetidentificationnumber.A"dash3dash4"(XXXXXX-3-4)designationindicatesa3⁄32-inchdiameterand4⁄16-inch(or1⁄4-inch)length.Somerivetslengthsarealsoavailableinhalfsizes,andhaveadashnumbersuchas–3.5(7⁄32inch)toindicatetheyarehalf-size.Thelettersanddigitsinarivet'sidentificationnumberthatprecedeitsdashnumbersindicatethespecificationunderwhichtherivetwasmanufacturedandtheheadstyle.Onmanyrivets,asizein32ndsmaybestampedontherivethead.Othermakingsontherivethead,suchassmallraisedordepresseddimplesorsmallraisedbarsindicatetherivet'salloy. Tobecomeaproperfastener,arivetshouldbeplacedinholeideally4–6thousandthsofaninchlargerindiameter.Thisallowstherivettobeeasilyandfullyinserted,thensettingallowstherivettoexpand,tightlyfillingthegapandmaximizingstrength. Metric[edit] Rivetdiametersandlengthsaremeasuredinmillimeters.Conveniently,therivetdiameterrelatestothedrillrequiredtomakeaholetoaccepttherivet,ratherthantheactualdiameteroftherivet,whichisslightlysmaller.Thisfacilitatestheuseofasimpledrill-gaugetocheckbothrivetanddrillarecompatible.Forgeneraluse,diametersbetween2 mm–20 mmandlengthsfrom5 mm–50 mmarecommon.Thedesign-type,materialandanyfinishisusuallyexpressedinplainlanguage(oftenEnglish). Applications[edit] Arivetedbufferbeamonasteamlocomotive ArivetedtrussbridgeovertheOrangeRiver Detailofa1941rivetedshiphull,withtherivetsclearlyvisible Impactmethodforsolidrivetandsemitubularrivets Beforeweldingtechniquesandboltedjointsweredeveloped,metalframedbuildingsandstructuressuchastheEiffelTower,ShukhovTowerandtheSydneyHarbourBridgeweregenerallyheldtogetherbyriveting,aswereautomobilechassis.Rivetingisstillwidelyusedinapplicationswherelightweightandhighstrengtharecritical,suchasinanaircraft.Manysheet-metalalloysarepreferablynotweldedasdeformationandmodificationofmaterialpropertiescanoccur. AlargenumberofcountriesusedrivetsintheconstructionofarmoredtanksduringWorldWarII,includingtheM3Lee(GeneralGrant)manufacturedintheUnitedStates.However,manycountriessoonlearnedthatrivetswerealargeweaknessintankdesign,sinceifatankwashitbyalargeprojectileitwoulddislocatetherivetsandtheywouldflyaroundtheinsideofthetankandinjureorkillthecrew,eveniftheprojectiledidnotpenetratethearmor.SomecountriessuchasItaly,Japan,andBritainusedrivetsinsomeoralloftheirtankdesignsthroughoutthewarforvariousreasons,suchaslackofweldingequipmentorinabilitytoweldverythickplatesofarmoreffectively. Blindrivetsareusedalmostuniversallyintheconstructionofplywoodroadcases. Commonbutmoreexoticusesofrivetsaretoreinforcejeansandtoproducethedistinctivesoundofasizzlecymbal. Jointanalysis[edit] Thestressandshearinarivetisanalyzedlikeaboltedjoint.However,itisnotwisetocombinerivetswithboltsandscrewsinthesamejoint.Rivetsfilltheholewheretheyareinstalledtoestablishaverytightfit(oftencalledinterferencefit).Itisdifficultorimpossibletoobtainsuchatightfitwithotherfasteners.Theresultisthatrivetsinthesamejointwithloosefastenerscarrymoreoftheload—theyareeffectivelymorestiff.Therivetcanthenfailbeforeitcanredistributeloadtotheotherloosefitfastenerslikeboltsandscrews.Thisoftencausescatastrophicfailureofthejointwhenthefastenersunzip.Ingeneral,ajointcomposedofsimilarfastenersisthemostefficientbecauseallfastenersreachcapacitysimultaneously. Installation[edit] Solidandsemitubularrivets[edit] Thereareseveralmethodsforinstallingsolidrivets. Manualwithhammerandhandsetorbuckingbar Pneumatichammers Handheldsqueezers Rivetingmachines Pinhammer,rivetset Rivetssmallenoughandsoftenoughareoftenbucked.[18]Inthisprocesstheinstallerplacesarivetgunagainstthefactoryheadandholdsabuckingbaragainstthetailorahardworkingsurface.Thebuckingbarisaspeciallyshapedsolidblockofmetal.Therivetgunprovidesaseriesofhigh-impulseforcesthatupsetsandworkhardensthetailoftherivetbetweentheworkandtheinertiaofthebuckingbar.Rivetsthatarelargeorhardmaybemoreeasilyinstalledbysqueezinginstead.Inthisprocessatoolincontactwitheachendoftherivetclinchestodeformtherivet. Rivetsmayalsobeupsetbyhand,usingaball-peenhammer.Theheadisplacedinaspecialholemadetoaccommodateit,knownasarivet-set.Thehammerisappliedtothebuck-tailoftherivet,rollinganedgesothatitisflushagainstthematerial. Testing[edit] Solidrivetsforconstruction[edit] Ahammerisalsousedto"ring"aninstalledrivet,asanon-destructivetestfortightnessandimperfections.Theinspectortapsthehead(usuallythefactoryhead)oftherivetwiththehammerwhiletouchingtherivetandbaseplatelightlywiththeotherhandandjudgesthequalityoftheaudiblyreturnedsoundandthefeelofthesoundtravelingthroughthemetaltotheoperator'sfingers.Arivettightlysetinitsholereturnsacleanandclearring,whilealooserivetproducesarecognizablydifferentsound. Testingofblindrivets[edit] Ablindrivethasstrengthpropertiesthatcanbemeasuredintermsofshearandtensilestrength.Occasionallyrivetsalsoundergoperformancetestingforothercriticalfeatures,suchaspushoutforce,breakloadandsaltsprayresistance.AstandardizeddestructivetestaccordingtotheInchFastenerStandardsiswidelyaccepted.[19][20] Thesheartestinvolvesinstallingarivetintotwoplatesatspecifiedhardnessandthicknessandmeasuringtheforcenecessarytosheartheplates.Thetensiletestisbasicallythesame,exceptthatitmeasuresthepulloutstrength.PertheIFI-135standard,allblindrivetsproducedmustmeetthisstandard.Thesetestsdeterminethestrengthoftherivet,andnotthestrengthoftheassembly.TodeterminethestrengthoftheassemblyausermustconsultanengineeringguideortheMachinery'sHandbook.[21] Alternatives[edit] Adhesives Boltedjoints Brazing Clinching Foldedjoints Nails Screws Soldering Welding Seealso[edit] Boiler Cleco Clinker(boatbuilding) Ringbinder Rivetnut RosietheRiveter References[edit] ^"Threeworkerssecuringarivet".NYPLDigitalCollections.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-10-06. ^Segui,WilliamT.(2007).SteelDesign(4th ed.).Toronto:Thomson.ISBN 978-0-495-24471-4. ^BlindRivets,August1942,PopularScienceArchived2018-01-26attheWaybackMachineearlyarticlethatexplainshowtheywork ^Improvedmeansofclosingtubularrivets.UnitedKingdomPatentGB106169 ^Improvementsinandrelatingtorivetsandriveting–UnitedKingdomPatentGB286471 ^"GeorgeTuckerEyeletCo".GracesGuide.Retrieved8July2020. ^EmhartNewsJune2011 GB ^Smith1990,p. 159. ^Heintz,Chris(2010).FlyingOnYourOwnWings.ISBN 978-1425188283.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2017-07-10. ^"HansonRivet".Archivedfromtheoriginalon18January2013.Retrieved18April2013. ^"CountersunkRivetMethodisPatentedForAirplanes"(PDF).NewYorkTimes.March9,1941.RetrievedJanuary20,2021. ^LeePayne(January1,1982)."TheGreatJetEngineRace...AndHowWeLost".AirForceMagazine.AirForceAssociation.RetrievedJanuary16,2021. ^Haque,R.andDurandet,Y.,"Strengthpredictionofself-piercerivetedjointincross-tensionandlap-shear,"Materials&Design,Vol.108,No.2016,pp.666–78,doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.029. ^Haque,R.andDurandet,Y.,"Investigationofself-pierceriveting(SPR)processdataandspecificjoiningevents,"JournalofManufacturingProcesses,Vol.30,No.2017,pp.148–60,doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.09.018. ^Haque,R.(2018).Residualstressinself-piercingriveting(SPR)joints-Areview.MaterialsPerformanceandCharacterization,7(4)doi:10.1520/MPC20170109 ^Haque,R.,"Qualityofself-piercingriveting(SPR)jointsfromcross-sectionalperspective:Areview,"ArchivesofCivilandMechanicalEngineering,Vol.18,No.1,2018,pp.83–93,doi:10.1016/j.acme.2017.06.003. ^"StraightFactsonBlindRivets".machinedesign.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2012-09-02. ^Thetermbuckedcomesfromanameforoneofthetwopartsofarivet.Theheadoftherivetisonepart,andisthepartthattheair-hammerstrikes.Theotherpartisreferredtoasthebucktail,andisthepartthatthebuckingbarisheldagainst.Hencethetermsbuckingbar,bucked,andbuck-man. ^"IndustrialFastenersInstitute".Industrial-fasteners.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2002-09-13.Retrieved2012-04-28. ^IFI,IndustrialFastenersInstitute(2003).InchFastenerStandards(7th ed.).IndustrialFastenersInstitute:IndustrialFastenersInstitute. ^Heald,Oberg,Jones,Ryffel,McCauleyandHeald(2008).Machinery'sHandbook(28th ed.).IndustrialPress:IndustrialPress.ISBN 978-0-8311-2828-9. Bibliography[edit] Smith,Carroll(1990).CarrollSmith'sNuts,Bolts,Fasteners,andPlumbingHandbook.MotorBooks/MBIPublishingCompany.p. 112.ISBN 978-0-87938-406-7. Externallinks[edit] WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoRivets. "Rivet" .EncyclopædiaBritannica.Vol. 23(11th ed.).1911. PopularScience,November1941,"Self-SettingExplosiveRivetSpeedsWarplaneBuilding"systemusedbyboththeUSandGermanyinWorldWarTwoforaircraftassembly–seebottomhalfofpage FourMethodsofFlushRiveting,filmmadebyDisneyStudiosduringWorldWarTwo "HoldEverything",February1946,PopularSciencenewrivettypesdevelopedduringWorldWarTwo "BlindRivetstheygetitalltogether".PopularScience,October1975,pp. 126–128. 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