Thai Airways - Wikipedia

Thai Airways International Public Company Limited, trading as THAI (SET: THAI, Thai: บริษัท การบินไทย จำกัด (มหาชน)) is the flag carrier airline of Thailand ... ThaiAirways FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Flag-carrierandlargestairlineofThailand ThisarticleisaboutThaiAirwaysInternational.Forthedefunctdomesticairline,seeThaiAirwaysCompany. Arequestthatthisarticletitlebechanged toThaiAirwaysInternationalisunderdiscussion.Pleasedonotmovethisarticleuntilthediscussionisclosed. ThaiAirwaysInternationalPCLบริษัทการบินไทยจำกัด(มหาชน) IATA ICAO Callsign TG THA THAI Founded29 March1960;61yearsago (1960-03-29)(mergedwithThaiAirwaysCompanyon1April1981)AOC #03/2017[1]HubsBangkok–SuvarnabhumiPhuketFrequent-flyerprogramRoyalOrchidPlusAllianceStarAllianceSubsidiaries ThaiCatering ThaiCargo ThaiCrewCenter ThaiFlightTrainingCenter ThaiGroundServices ThaiTechnical ThaiSmile(100%)[2][3] NokAir(8.91%)[4] Fleetsize40Destinations59ParentcompanyThaiMinistryofFinance(47.86%)Traded asSET: THAIHeadquarters89VibhavadiRangsitRoadDistrictChatuchak,Bangkok10900,ThailandKeypeople PiyasvastiAmranand,ChairmanofThePlanAdministrator[5] SuvadhanaSibunruang,ActingChiefExecutiveOfficer[6] Revenue21,005millionbaht(Q22021)[7]Netincome11,125millionbaht(Q22021)[7]Totalassets168,582millionbaht(Q22021)[7]Employees14,900(2021)[8]Websitethaiairways.com ThaiAirwaysInternationalPublicCompanyLimited,tradingasTHAI(SET: THAI,Thai:บริษัทการบินไทยจำกัด(มหาชน))istheflagcarrierairlineofThailand.[9][10][11]Formedin1961,theairlinehasitscorporateheadquartersinVibhavadiRangsitRoad,ChatuchakDistrict,Bangkok,[12][13]andprimarilyoperatesfromSuvarnabhumiAirport.THAIisafoundingmemberoftheStarAlliance.Theairlineisthesecond-largestshareholderofthelow-costcarrierNokAirwitha15.94percentstake(2020),[14]anditlaunchedaregionalcarrierunderthenameThaiSmileinthemiddleof2012usingthenewAirbusA320aircraft.[15] ThaioperatefromitsmainhubatSuvarnabhumiAirportandsecondaryhubatPhuketInternationalAirport,theairlineanditssubsidiariesflytoover101destinationsin37countries,usingafleetof36aircraft,thatconsistofwide-bodyaircraftfrombothBoeingandAirbus,whilethesubsidiaryThaiSmileoperatesnarrowbodyaircraft.Asof2013,servicesbetweenBangkokandLosAngeleswereservedviaIncheonInternationalAirportnearSeoul.However,itendeditsservicetotheUSon25October2015.[16]Thai'sroutenetworkisdominatedbyflightstoEurope,EastAsia,andSouth/SouthwestAsia,thoughtheairlineservesfivecitiesinOceania.ThaiwasthefirstAsia-PacificairlinetoserveHeathrowAirport.AmongAsia-Pacificcarriers,thecompanyhasoneofthelargestpassengeroperationsinEurope.Asof2021,thelongestrouteThaioperatesistheSuvarnabhumiAirport(VTBS)toHeathrowAirport(LHR)(5,950 mi).Asoftheendof2019,1,438ofits22,054employeeswerepilots.[17][18] Contents 1History 1.1Beginnings 1.21980sand1990s:mergerwithThaiAirwaysCompany 1.32000s:Airlinebrandrenewalandfinancialdifficulties 1.42010s:Fleetrenewalandrouteexpansion 2Branding 2.1Safetyvideo 2.2TheLaunchofThaiSmile 3LiveriesandLogos 3.1Specialliveries 4CorporateAffairs 4.1Financials 4.22018recoveryplan 4.3ManagementIssues 4.42020DebtRestructuring 4.5Corruption 4.5.1Rolls-RoyceEngineProcurement 5Destinations 5.1Alliances 5.2CodeshareAgreements 6Fleet 7Aircraftmaintenancecentres 7.1ThaiTechnical 8Hygiene 9Cabinservices 9.1RoyalFirstClass(FirstClass) 9.2RoyalSilkClass(BusinessClass) 9.3EconomyClass 10RoyalOrchidPlus 11Sponsorship 12Accidentsandincidents 13Seealso 14References 15Externallinks History[edit] AThaiAirwaysInternationalSudAviationCaravelleatStockholmin1970 Beginnings[edit] ThaiAirwaysInternationalwasfoundedin1960asajointventurebetweenScandinavianAirlines(SAS),whichhelda30percentshareofthenewcompanyvaluedattwomillionThaibaht,andThailand'sdomesticcarrier,ThaiAirwaysCompany(Thai:เดินอากาศไทย).[19]ThepurposeofthejointventurewastocreateaninternationalcomponentforthedomesticcarrierThaiAirwaysCompany.[citationneeded]SASprovidedoperational,managerial,andmarketingexpertise,withtrainingaimedatbuildingafullyindependentnationalairlineintheshortestpossibletime.Thainationalsweregraduallyabletoassumefullmanagerialresponsibilityandthenumberofexpatriatestaffdulydecreased,withexpatriatesaccountingforlessthanonepercentofstaffbasedinThailandin1987.[20] Thecarrier'sfirstrevenueflightwason1May1960,withflightstonineoverseasAsiandestinationsfromBangkok.[citationneeded] AThaiMcDonnellDouglasDC-10,Frankfurt,1977 Theairline'sfirstintercontinentalservicesusingDouglasDC-8sstartedin1971toAustralia,andthentoEuropethefollowingyear.[21]AnumberofthelargerDouglasDC-10wide-bodytri-jetswasacquiredinthelate-1970s.ServicestoNorthAmericacommencedin1980.[20] On1April1977,after17yearsofcapitalparticipationbySAS,theThaigovernmentboughtouttheremaining15percentofSAS-ownedsharesandThaibecameastateownedenterpriseoftheThaigovernment.[20]Asof22May2020,theThaiMinistryofFinanceisnolongerthemajorityshareholder,havingreduceditsholdingto47.86percentfrom51.03percent.[22] 1980sand1990s:mergerwithThaiAirwaysCompany[edit] On1April1988,then-PrimeMinisterGen.PremTinsulanonda,mergedtheinternationalanddomesticoperationsofthetwocompaniestoformthepresentcompany,ThaiAirwaysInternational,tohaveasinglenationalcarrier.[20]On25June1991,thereconfiguredcompanylisteditssharesontheStockExchangeofThailandandofferedthemtothepublic.TheThaipublicofferingofsharesisthelargesteverundertakeninthecountry.[20] In1997ThaiAirwaysplannedaprivatizationprogram,thefirstinThaihistory.[23] On14May1997,THAI,alongwithLufthansa,AirCanada,SAS,andUnitedAirlines,foundedtheworld'sfirstandlargestairlinealliance,StarAlliance. ThegenesisofThai'slaterfinancialdifficultieshasbeenattributedtoactionstakeninthe1990swhenThaiAirwaysbegan"buyingeverytypeofplanethatwasbeingmanufactured."DifferentmodelsmeantthattheairlinehadtotrainanarmyoftechnicianstokeepdifferingairframesandenginesfrombothGeneralElectricandRolls-Royceairworthy,significantlyinflatingmaintenancecosts.[9] ThaiAirbusA300,PhuketAirport,2008 2000s:Airlinebrandrenewalandfinancialdifficulties[edit] Inthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,ThaiAirwayscontinueditsroutenetworkexpansionwithnewservicestoChengdu,Busan,Chennai,Xiamen,Milan,Moscow,Islamabad,Hyderabad,Johannesburg,andOslo. UsingtheAirbusA340-500fleetitacquiredin2005,Thaicommencednon-stopflightsbetweenBangkokandNewYork,itsfirstnon-stopservicetoNorthAmerica.[24]Theairlinelaterconvertedanexistingone-stopservice(viaTokyo)toLosAngelesintoanon-stopflightusingthesameaircrafttype.[24]Citingveryhighfuelcosts,ThaidiscontinuedtheNewYorkserviceinJuly2008,eventhoughtheairlinehadbeenabletofill80percentoftheseats.TheservicetoLosAngeleswasagainrevertedtoone-stopserviceviaSeoulon1May2012,leavingtheairlinewithoutanon-stopservicebetweenThailandandNorthAmerica.TheA340susedwerephasedout,replacedbytheBoeing777-200ERfortheBangkok–Seoul–Los-Angelesroute.AlthoughthepreviousA340usedfornon-stopserviceswasnotsubjecttoETOPS,thephasinginofthe777withone-stopservice(withthe330minuterule)wouldbeindefiniteforyearstocome;theairlinehadnoplanstopursuenewerNorthAmericadestinations(e.g.,Houston)orpurchasetheBoeing747-8fortranspacificroutessinceisoperatingtheAirbusA380. The2000salsosawThaiexpanditsThaiairportnetworkbeyonditsBangkokhub.Theairlinelaunchednon-stopflightsfromPhukettoTokyo–Narita,Seoul–IncheonandHongKong.[citationneeded] Duringthelate-2000s,Thai'sgrowthwashamperedbyacombinationofinternalandexternalfactors,includingaspikeinfuelprices,domesticpoliticalconflictinThailand,andtheglobaleconomiccrisisofthelate-2000s.In2008,afterachievingprofitabilityfortheprevious40years,Thairecordedalossforthefirsttimeinitshistoryofaround21billionbaht(US$675million).TheairlineblamedhighfuelcostsandThailand'spoliticalturmoil.[25]AsofQ22009,afteraseriesofrestructuringinitiatives,includingatwo-yeardeferralofitsAirbusA380deliveries,thecarrierreturnedtoanetprofitof2.5billionbaht.[26] Thai'sneedforreformbecameevidentinthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,butreforms,whentheycame,wereinvariablycutshort.Thai'sproblemswerethreefold:ineffectiveleadershipatthetop;inexperiencedboards;andacoddledunion.PiyasvastiAmranandtookThai'shelminOctober2009afterservingasenergyminister.AtThai,heisstillregardedasatruereformer,imposingsalarycutsforseniorexecutivesaspartofhisdrivetoreducecosts.Hewasvotedoutbytheboardin2012forwhatmayhavebeenpoliticalreasons.Theboardofdirectorswas,afterthe2014Thaicoupd'état,packedwithmilitarybrass.FivecivilianmemberswerepurgedandreplacedwithfiveRoyalThaiAirForce(RTAF)generals,aswastheboard'schairman.TheappointmentsendedThai'spolicyofonlyappointingtechnocratstotheboard.ThreeRTAFgeneralsremainonthe2020board;theyhavenoexperiencerunninglistedcompaniesorrestructuringloss-makingairlines.Concomitantly,employeesatThaienjoyedanoverprotectedstatus.SalaryincreasesbasedonlengthofemploymentledtoseniorcaptainsearningmorethantheCEO.[9] 2010s:Fleetrenewalandrouteexpansion[edit] Whilecelebratingitsfiftiethanniversaryin2010,Thai,ledbyitspresident,PiyasvastiAmranand,draftednewplansfortheairline'sfuture,includingaircraftfleetrenewalandanupgradeofexistingservices.Thaiplacedordersforanumberofaircraft,includingtheBoeing787andAirbusA350,anditlaunchedarefurbishmentofitsBoeing747and777cabins.Mindfulofrisingfuelcosts,theairlinephased-outitsmostinefficientaircraft,includingitsAirbusA340-500s.TheairlinetookdeliveryofitsfirstAirbusA380aircraftinthesecondhalfof2012,intendingtoeventuallydeploytheaircraftonitscoreEuropeanroutes. THAIresumednetworkexpansionwiththeresumptionofflightstoBrussels,inadditiontoanewnon-stopflightfromStockholmandCopenhagentoPhuket.Atthesametime,theGreekdebtcrisiscausedThaitosuspenditsservicestoAthens. ThaiexpectstobethefirstcarrierinAsiatoflycommercialflightsusingbiofuels.ThecarrierlaunchedtheinitiativewithexperimentalflightsinDecember2011aspartofitsCorporateSocialResponsibilityprogram,otherwiseknownas"TravelGreen".ThaihopestostimulatesustainedbiofuelproductioninThailandbyworkingwithThaigovernmentagenciesandregionalcorporatepartners,suchasPTTPublicCompanyLimited.TheeffortaimstoreducecarbondioxideemissionsinregionalairtravelaswellaspositionThailandtobethe"biohub"ofAsia.[27] InApril2015,afteranauditoftheThaiDepartmentofCivilAviation,ThailandwasdowngradedfromCategory1toCategory2duetonegativeauditresultsfromtheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO).[28]On1December2015,theUSFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)announcedtheirreassessmentofthesafetyratingforThailand,downgradingitfromaCategory1toCategory2country.TheFAAstated,"U.S.andThaiaviationofficialshavealong-standingcooperativerelationshipandbothourcountriesworkcontinuouslytomeetthechallengeofensuringaviationsafety.ACategory2InternationalAviationSafetyAssessment(IASA)ratingmeansthatthecountryeitherlackslawsorregulationsnecessarytooverseeaircarriersinaccordancewithminimuminternationalstandards,oritscivilaviationauthority—abodyequivalenttotheFAAforaviationsafetymatters—isdeficientinoneormoreareas,suchastechnicalexpertise,trainedpersonnel,record-keeping,orinspectionprocedures.WithaCategory2rating,Thailand'saircarrierscancontinueexistingroutestotheUnitedStatesbuttheywon'tbeallowedtoestablishnewroutestotheUnitedStates."[29] TheEuropeanAviationSafetyAgency(EASA)declinedtoblacklistanyThaicarriersfollowingareviewofcertaincarriersinNovember2015.Thailaterreceivedthirdcountryoperator(TCO)certificationfromtheEU,effective15December2015,authorizingthecarriertocontinueflyingtotheEUfortheforeseeablefuture.[30] InJuly2015,ThaiannouncedtheplannedcancellationofservicetoLosAngelesafter25October2015,markingtheendofUSservice. InJune2016,asaresultofitsrestructuringplan,Thaiannounceditwouldcommencethrice-weeklyTehranservice.However,theserviceendedon28February2018.[31]TheairlinealsoconsideredareturntotheUSusingBoeing787-9by2017.However,CharampornJothikastira,THAIpresident,turneddownthepossibilityofreturningtoLosAngelesorNewYorkCityduetolossesinthepast.Instead,ThaiconsideredothercitiessuchasSanFranciscoandSeattle.[32][33]WhileThaiSmile,itssubsidiary,isplanningfornewregionalroutessuchasCebu,Medan,Surabaya,Chandigarh,ShantouandTianjin.[34] InAugust2016,Thaiintroducedanewroutenetworkmanagementsystem.Followingimplementation,flightschedulesweresynchronized,allowinginternationalpassengerstotransitviaBangkokSuvarnabhumimoreconveniently.Thaiplannedtoadjust13routeschedulesmainlyinJapan,Australia,andIndia.[35]TheroutesthathavebeenannouncedarePerthandBrisbane.[36] Branding[edit] Safetyvideo[edit] Thecurrentsafetyvideois5minutesand27secondslongthatwasintroducedbackin2018.SuebNakhasathienFoundationpresidentRungsitKanjanavanitstatedhisbeliefthatthevideodoesnotsufficientlyreflectThaicultureastheanimalsandflowersusedaremorecommonlyfoundinSouthAmerica.[37] TheLaunchofThaiSmile[edit] ThaiSmileAirbusA320-200(HS-TXA) AspartofTHAI'sbroadergrowthstrategyintheregion,THAIlaunchedaregionalcarrierwithlight-premiumservices,ThaiSmile,whichoperatesthenarrow-bodiedAirbusA320-200onregionalanddomesticroutes.ThenewairlinebegancommercialoperationsinJuly2012,afteritsfirstA320swerereceived.AsofSeptember2020,ThaiSmilefilesto31destinationsandafleetof20aircraftwithChiangMaiInternationalAirportbeingitsfocuscity BySeptember2016,ThaiSmile,Thai'ssubsidiaryannouncednewservicestoGaya,Varanasi,Jaipur,andLucknowinIndiamarkingtheexpansionofThai'sAsiannetwork.[38] Inthefourthquarterof2016,ThaiSmilevowedtoresumeitssuspendedroutesandThai'sterminatedregionalroutestoDaNang,[39]KotaKinabalu,[40]LuangPrabang[41]andMandalay.AlsotheairlinehasconsideredlaunchingnewservicestoHangzhouandZhengzhou.[42] LiveriesandLogos[edit] In2006,ThaiAirwaysmoveditshubtothenewSuvarnabhumiAirport.Coincidingwiththearrivalofnewaircraftinthemid-2000s,aswellasitsnewhubinBangkok,theairlinelaunchedabrandrenewalbyintroducingnewaircraftlivery,newaircraftseating,andrevampedgroundandairservice. ThelogoonthetailfinshowsthetraditionalThaigreetinggesture(wai),andthecurvesrepresentstraditionalThaiarchitectureofthedecorativestructurecalledlamyongthatarecommonontempleroofstodistinguishdifferenttiersinthestructure.ThegoldrepresentsthecolourofThaiTemples,whilethemagentasignifiesmagnoliablossom,wherefinallythepurplerepresentstheThaiOrchid-acolourthatisusedthroughouttheairlinefromuniformstointeriorcabincolourschemes.[43] NewliveryonThaiAirwaysBoeing747-400 Specialliveries[edit] In1999,THAIfirstpaintedtheSuphannahongRoyalBargeaircraftliveryonitsBoeing747-4D7(HS-TGJ)aircraft,royallybestowedthename“Haripunchai”ontheoccasionoftheSixthCycleBirthdayofKingRamaIX.[44] TomarktheCoronationoftheKingRamaXThaiAirwaysusedaBoeing777-300(HS-TKF)toputtheSuphannahongRoyalBargeasitsaircraftlivery,whereitwillbefeaturedtilltheendof2022[45][46] ThaiAirwaysBoeing777-300(HS-TKF)withtheSuphannahongRoyalBargelandingatBeijingCapitalAirport Boeing747-400(HS-TGW)withtheStarAlliancelivery Boeing747-400(HS-TGP)withtheretrolivery AirbusA330-300(HS-TBD)withtheStarAlliancelivery CorporateAffairs[edit] ThaiAirways'corporateheadquarters ThaiAirwaysCrewCentre,Laksi Financials[edit] AsofOctober2019,Thai'saccumulateddebtamountedtomorethan100billionbaht,promptingadeputytransportministertoquestion"...howserioustheairline'sexecutiveswereindealingwiththeworseningfinancialsituation."[47]Thaireportedanetlossof4.68billionbahtinthethirdquarterof2019anda10.91billionbahtnetlossforthefirstninemonthsof2019.Thai'spresidentlamentedthat,"...suchlosseswerenormalforairlinesamidfiercecompetitionandpricedumpingtowincustomers,"[48]astatementcontradictedbytheperformanceofotherairlinesintheregionsuchasVietJetAir. In2019,Thai'snetlosswidenedto12.2billionbaht,upfromThai'snetlossof11.6billionbahtin2018and2.11billionin2017.[49][50] Forcalendaryear2017,Thaipostedrevenuesof190,535millionbaht,netincomeof(2,072)millionbaht,andtotalassetsof280,775millionbaht.[51]Inthefirsthalfof2018,Thaireportedanetlossof381millionbaht.[52] Calendaryear 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Turnover(mbaht) 202,606 163,875 184,270 194,342 216,743 207,711 203,889 192,591 181,446 191,946 Netprofit/loss(mbaht) −21,379 7,344 14,744 −10,197 6,229 −12,047 −15,612 −13,068 15 −2,072 Employees 25,884 25,848 25,412 25,323 24,952 22,864 21,998 22,370 Passengers(m) 18.7 18.5 18.2 18.4 20.6 21.5 19.1 21.2 22.2 24.6 Passengerchangeyear-on-year 1.2% 1.7% 1.3% 12.1% 4.3% 11.2% 11.% 4.7% 10.3% Passengerloadfactor(%) 68.2 65.8 73.6 70.4 76.6 74.1 68.9 72.9 73.4 79.2 Aircraft(atyearend) 89 91 90 89 95 100 102 95 95 100 Notes/sources [53] [53] [54] [54] [55] [10][55] [10][55] [56] Atthecommencementof2014,ThaiwassubjecttoarumorthatthecompanywoulddeclarebankruptcyinMay2014.[57]ListedontheThaistockexchange,thecompanywasformerlyastateenterprise—until22May2020—inwhichthefinanceministryheldastakeofupto51percent.[22]Inastatementtothemedia,ChokchaiPanyayong,theairways'seniorexecutivevice-presidentandactingpresident,stated:"Thaihasneveroncedefaulted.Despiteitslossinthethirdquarteroflastyear,thecompanystillhashighliquidityandhasaclearplanfordebtrepayment."[57]Hefurtherexplainedthatthecarrier'slossof6.35billionbahtinthethirdquarteroflastyearwastheresultofthecompany'sunsuccessfulplantoattractmorecustomers.[57]Thai'sfinanciallossfor2014wasreportedtobeat15.6billionbaht(US$479million),3.6billionbahthigherthanthepreviousyear.[10][58]ThaiblameddecliningtouristarrivalsfromNorthAsiaowingtopoliticalunrestinThailandduringtheyear,butcapacityfiguresfromFlightglobal'sInnovataNetworkDataservicesuggestthatEuropewasprobablyanevenbiggerdrainonthebottomlineduringtheyear.[59] 2018recoveryplan[edit] Thai'snewmanagementteamhassetitselfthegoalofreturningto"sustainableprofitability"by2022aswellasjoiningtheranksoftheworld'stopfiveairlines.Thecenterpieceofitsturnaroundplanisitsproposed100billionbahtpurchaseof23newaircraft.[52]THAI'schairmanpointedtoitsagingfleetasbeingexpensivetomaintain.THAI's89aircrafthaveanaverageageof9.3yearscomparedwithcompetitorSingaporeAirlinesaverageageof7.6years.Thai'schairmansaidthecompanyhasnotyetdetermined"...whataircraftandtypeweneedtobuybecausewehaveyettofinalizefinancing."[52] Thai'srecoveryplansincludeteamingupwithstateenterprisesAirportsofThailandPCL(AOT)andKrungThaiBank(KTB)tohelpdrivethecarriertoprofitability.Theteam's"firsttask"istodelivermoretouriststo55"second-tier"provinces.TheTourismAuthorityofThailand(TAT)willassisttheteambycreatinganewcampaign,"MoreLocal",todrivetourismtolessvisitedcornersofthenation.AOT,whichoperatesThailand'ssixinternationalairports,willinvest220billionbahtininfrastructuretoincreaseairportcapacityfrom2018's80millionpassengersto185millionintenyears.KTB'scontributiontotheeffortconsistsofcreatingnewpaymentsolutionsfortouristsandrampinguptravelpromotions.[60] ManagementIssues[edit] Politicalinterference,corruptionandabuseofauthorityhavebeenpersistentissuesinThai'smanagement.[61]SpeakingattheWorldEconomicForumonEastAsia,formerpresidentPiyasvastiAmranand,whohadbeenabruptlydismissedinMay2012,citedThai'sprocurementofA340-500s(threeofwhichhadsincebeengrounded)asexamplesofmismanagementinfluencedbycorruptionandpoliticalmeddling,resultinginoperationallosses.[62] Atanextraordinaryboardmeetingheldon27March2020,ChakkritParapuntakul,SecondViceChairman,wasappointedasactingpresidentofThaiAirwayseffective11April2020.[63] 2020DebtRestructuring[edit] TheThaigovernmentsteppedintoprovideTHAIwitha50bnbahtloanguaranteeinApril2020andreaffirmedtheairline'sstatusasastateenterprise.[64]Themovewastakenintheabsenceofa"getwell"plan.[65][66]Aweeklater,thebailoutloanwaswithdrawnandthecabinetreplaceditwithaplantohaveThaifilewiththeCentralBankruptcyCourtfordebtrestructuring.[67]AsofMarch2021,theairlineis410billionbahtindebtand13,000creditors.[68]Itsmaincreditorsarethestate-ownedKrungthaiandGovernmentSavingsBanks.The50bnbahtloanithadsoughtfromthegovernmentwouldhavekeptitafloatforonlyfivemonths.An80bnbahtcapitalinfusionwouldhavebeenneededlater.[69][70] ThaiAirwayslostitsstateenterprisestatuson22May2020whentheFinanceMinistrysoldoffa3.17%stakeinThaitotheVayupak1Fund,thusreducingitsformermajorityshareholdingto47.86%.[22]Thaihasappealedtothegovernmentforhelptoforestalltheseizureofitsaircraftbyforeigncreditors.Theairlinesoughtgovernmenthelpbecauseithascontractsandlegalobligationsthatcanonlyberesolvedbythestate.TheseissuesmustbedealtwithbeforeThaientersdebtrehabilitation.Concurrently,investigatorsarelookingintoanomaliesinThaiticketsalesin2019.TheTransportMinistryreportedthatThaiticketsalesandfreightrevenuestotalled140bnbahtin2019,yetThaihad25.4mpassengersatanaverageticketpriceof6,081baht,atotalof154.5bnbaht.[71]Aseniorprosecutor,WanchaiRoujanavong,[72]hadearlierwarnedthat,"...theproposedrehabilitationofThaiAirwaysInternational[is]theopeningofaPandora'sBox,whichwillexposeextensivecorruptionintheailingnationalflagcarrierwhichhashithertobeenhiddenfromthepublic."[73] OnSeptember14,2020,theCentralBankruptcyCourthasgivenapprovalforTHAItoenterrehabilitation.[74]THAIhassubmittedtherehabilitationplanon2March2021.[75]Theairlinenominatedtheairline'sindependentdirectorPiyasvastiAmranandandChakkritParapuntakul,thecompany'ssecondvicechairmanasrehabilitationplanadministrators,whilethecreditorswillmeeton12May2021tovoteontherehabilitationplan,andthecourtisexpectedtodecidewhethertoendorsetheplanbetweenJuneandJuly2021.[68] On15June2021,theCentralBankruptcyCourtsetthehearingtoreadoutthecourt'sorderwithregardtotheconsiderationofTHAI'sBusinessRehabilitationPlan.AfterreceivingtwoobjectionsagainsttheBusinessRehabilitationPlanofTHAI,thePlanner'sclarification,andtheofficialreceiver'sopinionregardingseveralissues,theCentralBankruptcyCourtgrantedanordertoapproveTHAI'sBusinessRehabilitationPlanaswellastheamendedplanfollowingtheacceptanceresolutionofthecreditors'meetingon19May2021.Asaresult,thePlanAdministratornominationswhosenameswereproposedaccordingtotheBusinessRehabilitationPlanandtheamendedplan,i.e.Mr.PiyasvastiAmranand,Mr.PornchaiThiravet,Mr.SiriJirapongphan,Mr.KraisornBarameeauychai,andMr.ChansinTreenuchagron,hasbecomethePlanAdministratorswhoareauthorizedtooperateTHAI'sbusinessandimplementtheplan.[76] Corruption[edit] On20August2020,thenDeputyTransportMinisterThawornSenniamannouncedsomeThaiAirwaysemployeesbecameunusuallyrichfromthe2003-200410AirbusA340'sprocurementdealandothermismanagedprojects,accordingtoapolice-ledinvestigationteamsetupbytheMinistryofTransport.TheteamisforwardingitsfindingstotheNationalAnti-CorruptionCommissionandhasbeeninformedbytheCouncilofStatethatitmustshutdownduetoatechnicality.[77] Rolls-RoyceEngineProcurement[edit] InJanuary2017,afouryearinvestigationbytheUK'sSeriousFraudOffice(SFO)determinedthataircraftengine-makerRolls-RoycehadpaidbribestoThaiAirwaysemployeesandgovernmentemployeesinThailandtosecureordersfortheRolls-RoyceT800engineforitsBoeing777-200s.[78]Rolls-Royceadmittedtothechargeandagreedtopaypenalties.[79]TheillicitpaymentsofUS$36.38Mtookplacebetween1991and2005.Bribeswerepaidinthreetranches:[80] 1June1991–30June1992:Rolls-RoycepaidUS$18.8M 1March1992–31March1997:Rolls-RoycepaidUS$10.38M 1April2004–28February2005:Rolls-RoycepaidUS$7.2M ThegovernmentrejectedcallsforPrimeMinisterPrayutChan-o-chatousehisSection44[81]powerstocutthroughredtapeintheinvestigationoftheRolls-Roycebriberyscandal.[80]ResponsefromtheThaigovernment'sNationalAnti-CorruptionCommissiontoinformationprovidedbytheSFO,issaidtobe"tepid"and"...couldbemoreembarrassingthanthescandalitself."[82] On28August,ThawornSenneamannouncedthefindingsofaHousepanelwhichfoundevidenceofbribesofaminimumof5%,or2.6billionbaht,oncontractsinpaymentstoofficials,politicians,andTHAIexecutives.ThawornallegedthatRolls-Roycepaid245millionbahtinbribesthroughmiddlemen,andirregularexpensesandovertimepaymentstostaffandseniormanagement,withexcessivepaymentstoexecutivescosting.[83]On1September,theTransportMinistryformallysubmittedthefindingsoftheprobeintoallegedirregularitiestotheFinanceMinistry,PrimeMinister'sOffice,andNationalAntiCorruptionCommissionforfurtheraction.[84] Destinations[edit] Mainarticle:ListofThaiAirwaysdestinations AsofDecember2020,bothThaiAirwaysInternationalandThaiSmilehaveacombinedof94destinations. Alliances[edit] ThaiAirwaysisamemberandoneofthe5foundingmembersofStarAlliancewhichwasfoundedon14May1997.[85]AsofFebruary2020ThaiSmileisaconnectingmemberforthealliance. CodeshareAgreements[edit] ThaiAirwayscodeshareswiththefollowingairlines:[86] AirCanada AirIndia AirNewZealand AllNipponAirways AsianaAirlines AustrianAirlines BangkokAirways BrusselsAirlines EgyptAir ElAl[87] Emirates EVAAir GulfAir LaoAirlines Lufthansa MalaysiaAirlines OmanAir PakistanInternationalAirlines RoyalBruneiAirlines ScandinavianAirlines ShenzhenAirlines SwissInternationalAirLines TAPAirPortugal ThaiSmile(Subsidiary) TurkishAirlines Fleet[edit] Mainarticle:ThaiAirwaysfleet ThaiAirwaysoperatesafleetofwidebodyaircraftfrombothAirbusandBoeing,totalling38aircraftasofNovember2021. Aircraftmaintenancecentres[edit] Thaimaintainsthreemaintenancecentres,atU-TapaoInternationalAirport,DonMueangInternationalAirport,andSuvarnabhumiAirport.ThecentersserviceaircraftbelongingtootherairlinesinadditiontoThaiaircraft. ThaiTechnical[edit] ThaiTechnicaliscertifiedinternationallybytheFederalAviationAdministration,theJointAviationAuthorities,[88]theEuropeanAviationSafetyAgencyPart-145MaintenanceOrganisation,[89]andtheJapanCivilAviationBureauforfacilitiesatDonMueangInternationalAirportandSuvarnabhumiAirport.[90]IthasalsoreceiveditsRequalifierIdentificationCertificatefromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportation[91]foritsoperationsatU-TapaoInternationalAirportandSuvarnabhumiAirport.[92] ItiscertifieddomesticallybytheDepartmentofCivilAviation(Thailand)forallthreeofitsfacilitiesinThailand.[92] On27February1998,theDepartmentreceiveditsISO9002certificationfromBureauVeritasQualityInternational,[93]withISO14001certificationgrantedbythesameagencyon16March2001.[93] Hygiene[edit] Thaiinitiatedaprogramentitled"TheMostHygienicIn-CabinEnvironmentProgram"withanemphasisonairquality,surfacecleanliness,andfoodsafety.Theprogramincludesremovalofallin-flightdisposablematerialsafterflights,sterilizationandfumigationofallcabinequipment,andinspectionoftheair-circulationsystem.Aspecialauditprocessisalsocarriedoutforthecleaningandsanitizationofaircraftsystemsbyateamofspecialists.ThesemeasuresareappliedtotheentireThaifleet.[94] Thaiwasthefirstairlinetoinstallhospital-gradeair-filterTrueHEPA,capableofinterceptingupto99.99percentofdustparticlesandmicroorganismsoneveryflight.[94]TheWorldHealthOrganizationawardedtheairlineaplaquefortheimplementationofitsin-cabinmanagementsystemin2004.Itwasthefirstawardofitskindtobepresentedtoaprivateorganization.[95][96] Cabinservices[edit] RoyalFirstClass(FirstClass)[edit] Thai'sRoyalFirstClassseats,manufacturedbyB/EAerospace,wereintroducedwiththearrivaloftheAirbusA340-600.TheseseatswerealsoavailableonselectedBoeing747-400aircraft.AnewversionofRoyalFirstClassseatinginasuiteorenclosureconfigurationisavailableonThai'sAirbusA380-800aircraftandselectBoeing747-400aircraftsincethe2012refurbishment.[97] RoyalSilkClass(BusinessClass)[edit] Thai'sRoyalSilkClassseatshavebeeninstalledonallThaiaircraft.Theangledshelldesignseatshave150to160 cm(58to62 in)ofpitchandawidthof51to55 cm(20to21.5 in).Priortorefurbishment,RoyalSilkseatsonBoeing777-300ERsaresoldaspremiumeconomyclassseatsonflightstoCopenhagen,Oslo,StockholmandMoscow.AnewsetofRoyalSilkseatsareavailableonTHAI'sAirbusA380-800s,Boeing777-300ERs,Boeing787-8s,andAirbusA350-900s.Afterthedeliveryofthenew787-9stoTHAI,theZodiacCirrusorReverseHerringboneseatsarenowavailableonboardthenewaircraft.[98] EconomyClass[edit] Thai'sEconomyClassoffersbetween81and86 cm(32and34 in)seatpitchdependingontheaircrafttype.PersonalscreenswithAVODarepresentontheAirbusA330-300,AirbusA350-900,AirbusA380-800,Boeing777-200ER/-300ER,Boeing787-8/-9aircraft.[98] RoyalOrchidPlus[edit] RoyalOrchidPlusisThai'sfrequentflyerprogram.Ithasamembershipofovertwomillionpeople.[99]TherearetwotypesofmileswhichcanbeaccruedwithaRoyalOrchidPlusaccount:EligibleQualifyingMiles(EQM)onflightsofTHAIanditssubsidiariesandcodeshareandStarAlliancepartners[100]aswellasQualifyingMiles(QMiles)arethemilesflownaswellasthebonusmilesearnedfromtravelinparticularclassesofserviceonTHAIandStarAllianceairlines.RoyalOrchidPlusmilesareearnedbasedonthepaidclassoftravel.TherearefourtiersintheRoyalOrchidPlusprogram:Member,Silver,GoldandPlatinum,dependingontheQMilesearnedinonecalendaryear. Sponsorship[edit] ThaiAirwayssignedasponsorshipagreementwithEnglishFootballLeague(EFL).ThenewagreementwillseeThaiAirwayshaveadigitalandin-stadiapresenceateveryoneofthefiveEFLFinalsthatareheldatWembleyStadiumthroughoutthe2017/18.[101]Asof2020,Thaihasbeengivenayearextensiononthepartnership.[102]ThaiAirwaysalsohassignedasponsorshipagreementwithAustralianRugbyTeamMelbourneRebels[103]andtheAustralianA-LeaguesoccerclubWesternSydneyWanderers[104] Accidentsandincidents[edit] 30June1967:ThaiAirwaysInternationalFlight601,aSudAviationSE-210CaravelleIII(HS-TGI,Chiraprapa),crashedintheseawhilelandingatKaiTakAirportduringatyphoon,killing24of80onboard. 9July1969:AThaiAirwaysInternationalSudAviationCaravelleIII(HS-TGK,Tepamart)landedwithdifficultyatDonMueangInternationalAirportduringathunderstorm;all75onboardsurvived,buttheaircraftwaswrittenoff.Theaircraftmayhavebeencaughtbyadowndraft.[105] 10May1973:AThaiAirwaysInternationalDouglasDC-8-33(HS-TGU,Srisubhan)overrantherunwayonlandingatTribhuvanInternationalAirportinKathmandu.All100passengersand10crewonboardsurvived,butonepersononthegrounddied.[106] 26October1986:ThaiAirwaysInternationalFlight620,anAirbusA300B4-600(HS-TAE,Sukhothai)landedsafelyatItamiAirport,Japanafteragrenadeexplodedonboardat33,000feet(10,000 m)overTosaBay;all239passengersandcrewonboardsurvived.Theaircraftwasdamagedbytheexplosionbutwasrepairedandreturnedtoservice.[107] 10November1990:ThaiAirwaysInternationalFlight305,anAirbusA300B4flyingfromYangontoBangkokwashijackedbyfourBurmesestudentsdemandingtobetakentoIndia.TheaircraftdivertedtoCalcuttawherethehijackerssurrenderedafternegotiations.ThehijackersdemandedrestorationofdemocracyinBurma.[108] 31July1992:ThaiAirwaysInternationalFlight311fromBangkok,anAirbusA310-300hitthesideofamountain37kilometres(23 mi)northofKathmanduwhiledescendingtowardTribhuvanInternationalAirport.All113onboard(99passengersand14crew)died.Theaccidentwascausedbypiloterrorandlossofsituationawarenessininclementweather.[109][110] 22October1994:AThaiAirwaysInternationalAirbusA300B4-100(HS-THO)waswrittenoffafteritwasstruckbyanout-of-controlThaiAirwaysMD-11(HS-TMD,PhraNakhon)thatwasperforminganenginerun-upatBangkokInternationalAirport.[111] 11December1998:ThaiAirwaysInternationalFlight261,anA310-200(HS-TIA,Phitsanulok),boundforSuratThanifromBangkok,crashedintoaricepaddyabout3 km(2 mi)fromSuratThaniairportduringitsthirdlandingattemptinheavyrain;101of146onboarddied.[112] 3March2001:ThaiAirwaysInternationalFlight114,aBoeing737-400(HS-TDC,Narathiwat),boundforChiangMaifromBangkok,wasdestroyedbyanexplosionofthecenterwingtankresultingfromignitionoftheflammablefuel-airmixtureinthetankwhiletheaircraftwasparkedatthegateinBangkok.Thesourceoftheignitionenergyfortheexplosioncouldnotbedeterminedwithcertainty,butthemostlikelysourcewasanexplosionoriginatingatthecenterwingtankpumpasaresultofrunningthepumpinthepresenceofmetalshavingsandafuel-airmixture.Onecrewmemberdied.[113] 8September2013:ThaiAirwaysInternationalFlight679,anAirbusA330-300,(HS-TEF,SongDao),arrivingfromGuangzhouBaiyunInternationalAirport(CAN)hadarunwayexcursionfromrunway19LwhilelandingatBangkok'sSuvarnabhumiAirport(BKK),withextensivedamagetotheairplaneandtherunway.Allpassengersandcrewwereevacuatedwithnoseriousinjuries.[114]Preliminaryinvestigationdeterminedthecauseoftheincidenttobetherightlandinggearcollapsingasaresultofadamagedbogie.[114]Intheaftermathoftheaccident,ThaiAirwayshadthelogosoftheaircraftpaintedoverinblack,promptingwidespreadcriticismofattemptedcover-up.Anairlineofficialinitiallysaidthatthepracticewaspartofthe"crisiscommunicationrule"recommendedbyStarAlliance.Thiswasdeniedbythegroup,andThaiAirwayslaterclarifiedthatthe"de-identifying"ofaircraftwasitsownpracticeandnotStarAlliancepolicy.[115][116]Thecontroversyprompteddiscussionovertheappropriatenessandeffectivenessofthepracticeasabrand-protectionpolicy.[117]Theaircraftwasdamagedbeyondrepairandwrittenoffasahullloss.[118]TheairframehassincebeenconvertedtoaroadsideattractioncalledAirwaysLand,featuringacafeandeventspace,onMittraphapRoadinSidaDistrict,NakhonRatchasimaProvince.[119] 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