Android version history - Wikipedia

Improved the Gmail application. Shadow animations for list scrolling. Camera software enhancements. Improved battery efficiency. 2.3. Androidversionhistory FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch HistoryofthemobileoperatingsystemAndroidbyGoogle TheversionhistoryoftheAndroidmobileoperatingsystembeganwiththepublicreleaseoftheAndroidbetaonNovember5,2007.Thefirstcommercialversion,Android1.0,wasreleasedonSeptember23,2008.AndroidiscontinuallydevelopedbyGoogleandtheOpenHandsetAlliance(OHA),andithasseenseveralupdatestoitsbaseoperatingsystemsincetheinitialrelease. Contents 1Overview 2Versionhistory 2.1Android1.0 2.2Android1.1 2.3Android1.5Cupcake 2.4Android1.6Donut 2.5Android2.0Eclair 2.5.1Android2.0.1Eclair 2.5.2Android2.1Eclair 2.6Android2.2Froyo 2.7Android2.3Gingerbread 2.7.1Android2.3.3Gingerbread 2.8Android3.0Honeycomb 2.8.1Android3.1Honeycomb 2.8.2Android3.2Honeycomb 2.9Android4.0IceCreamSandwich 2.9.1Android4.0.3IceCreamSandwich 2.10Android4.1JellyBean 2.10.1Android4.2JellyBean 2.10.2Android4.3JellyBean 2.11Android4.4KitKat 2.11.1Android4.4WKitKat,withwearableextensions 2.12Android5.0Lollipop 2.12.1Android5.1Lollipop 2.13Android6.0Marshmallow 2.14Android7.0Nougat 2.14.1Android7.1Nougat 2.15Android8.0Oreo 2.15.1Android8.1Oreo 2.16Android9Pie 2.17Android10 2.18Android11 2.19Android12 3Hardwarerequirements 4Seealso 5Explanatorynotes 6References 7Externallinks Overview Seealso:Androidsoftwaredevelopment ThedevelopmentofAndroidstartedin2003byAndroid,Inc.,whichwaspurchasedbyGooglein2005.[1]TherewereatleasttwointernalreleasesofthesoftwareinsideGoogleandtheOHAbeforethebetaversionwasreleased.[2][3]ThebetawasreleasedonNovember5,2007,[4][5]whilethesoftwaredevelopmentkit(SDK)wasreleasedonNovember12,2007.[6]SeveralpublicbetaversionsoftheSDKwerereleased.[7]Thesereleasesweredonethroughsoftwareemulationasphysicaldevicesdidnotexisttotesttheoperatingsystem. ThefirstpublicreleaseofAndroid1.0occurredwiththereleaseoftheT-MobileG1(akaHTCDream)inOctober2008.[8]Android1.0and1.1werenotreleasedunderspecificcodenames.Thecodenames"AstroBoy"and"Bender"weretaggedinternallyonsomeoftheearlypre-1.0milestonebuildsandwereneverusedastheactualcodenamesofthe1.0and1.1releasesoftheOS.[9] Theprojectmanager,RyanGibson,conceivedusingaconfectionery-themednamingschemeforpublicreleases,startingwithAndroid1.5Cupcake.GoogleannouncedinAugust2019theywereendingtheconfectionerythemingschemetousenumericalorderingforfutureversions.[10]ThefirstreleaseunderthenumericalorderformatwasAndroid10,whichwasreleasedSeptember2019. In2017,GoogleannouncedthatGooglePlaywouldbegintorequireappstotargetarecentAndroidversion.[11]InitiallytheminimumrequirementwasAndroid8,releasedinthesecondhalfof2017,forwhichsupportwouldberequiredfornewappsbyAugust2018,andforupdatestoexistingappsbyNovember2018.Thispatternhascontinuedinsubsequentyears.[12][13]InNovember2020,GoogleannouncednewappswillneedtotargetAndroid10byAugust2021andanyupdatestoexistingappswillneedtotargetAndroid10byNovember2021.[14] Name Internalcodename Versionnumber(s) Initialstablereleasedate Supported(securityfixes) APIlevel References Android1.0 N/A 1.0 September23,2008 No 1 [9][15] Android1.1 PetitFour 1.1 February9,2009 No 2 [9][15][16] AndroidCupcake Cupcake 1.5 April27,2009 No 3 [15][17] AndroidDonut Donut 1.6 September15,2009 No 4 [15][18] AndroidEclair Eclair 2.0 October27,2009 No 5 [15][19][20] 2.0.1 December3,2009 No 6 2.1 January11,2010 No 7 [21] AndroidFroyo Froyo 2.2–2.2.3 May20,2010 No 8 [15][22] AndroidGingerbread Gingerbread 2.3–2.3.2 December6,2010 No 9 [15][23] 2.3.3–2.3.7 February9,2011 No 10 AndroidHoneycomb Honeycomb 3.0 February22,2011 No 11 [15][24] 3.1 May10,2011 No 12 3.2–3.2.6 July15,2011 No 13 AndroidIceCreamSandwich IceCreamSandwich 4.0–4.0.2 October18,2011 No 14 [15][25] 4.0.3–4.0.4 December16,2011 No 15 AndroidJellyBean JellyBean 4.1–4.1.2 July9,2012 No 16 [15][26] 4.2–4.2.2 November13,2012 No 17 4.3–4.3.1 July24,2013 No 18 AndroidKitKat KeyLimePie 4.4–4.4.4 October31,2013 No 19 [15][27] 4.4W–4.4W.2 June25,2014 No 20 AndroidLollipop LemonMeringuePie 5.0–5.0.2 November4,2014 No 21 [15][28][29] 5.1–5.1.1 March2,2015 No 22 [30] AndroidMarshmallow MacadamiaNutCookie 6.0–6.0.1 October2,2015 No 23 [15][31][32] AndroidNougat NewYorkCheesecake 7.0 August22,2016 No 24 [15][33][34][35][36] 7.1–7.1.2 October4,2016 No 25 AndroidOreo OatmealCookie 8.0 August21,2017 No 26 [15][37][38] 8.1 December5,2017 No 27 [15][39] AndroidPie PistachioIceCream 9 August6,2018 Yes 28 [15][40][41] Android10 QuinceTart 10 September3,2019 Yes 29 [15][42][43][44] Android11 RedVelvetCake 11 September8,2020 Yes 30 [15][45] Android12 SnowCone 12 October4,2021 Yes 31 [15][46][47] Android12L SnowConev2 TBA Q12022 Presupported 32 [48][49] Versionhistory ThefollowingtablesshowthereleasedatesandkeyfeaturesofallAndroidoperatingsystemupdatestodate,listedchronologicallybytheirofficialapplicationprogramminginterface(API)levels. Android1.0 Android1.0(API1) Android1.0,thefirstcommercialversionofthesoftware,wasreleasedonSeptember23,2008.[50]ThefirstcommerciallyavailableAndroiddevicewastheHTCDream.[51]Android1.0incorporatedthefollowingfeatures: Version Releasedate Features 1.0 September23,2008 AndroidMarket,allowingapplicationdownloadsandupdatesthroughtheMarketapplication. Webbrowsertoshow,zoomandpanfullHTMLandXHTMLwebpages–multiplepagesshowaswindows("cards").[52][53] Camerasupport–however,thisversionlackedtheoptiontochangethecamera'sresolution,whitebalance,quality,etc.[54] FoldersallowingthegroupingofanumberofapplicationiconsintoasinglefoldericonontheHomescreen.[55] Accesstowebemailservers,supportingPOP3,IMAP4,andSMTP.[53] GmailsynchronizationwiththeGmailapplication. GoogleContactssynchronizationwiththePeopleapplication. GoogleCalendarsynchronizationwiththeCalendarapplication. GoogleMapswithStreetViewtoviewmapsandsatelliteimagery,aswellasfindlocalbusinessesandobtaindrivingdirectionsusingGPS.[54] GoogleSync,allowingmanagementofover-the-airsynchronizationofGmail,People,andCalendar. GoogleSearch,allowinguserstosearchtheInternetandphoneapplications,contacts,calendar,etc. GoogleTalkinstantmessaging. Instantmessaging,textmessaging,andMMS. MediaPlayer,enablingmanagement,importing,andplaybackofmediafiles–however,thisversionlackedvideoandstereoBluetoothsupport.[53][54] NotificationsappearintheStatusbar,withoptionstosetringtone,LEDorvibrationalerts.[52][53][56] VoiceDialerallowsdialingandplacingofphonecallswithouttypinganameornumber.[53] WallpaperallowstheusertosetthebackgroundimageorphotobehindtheHomescreeniconsandwidgets. YouTubevideoplayer.[57] Otherapplicationsinclude:AlarmClock,Calculator,Dialer(Phone),Homescreen(Launcher),Pictures(Gallery),andSettings. Wi-FiandBluetoothsupport. Android1.1 Android1.1(API2) OnFebruary9,2009,theAndroid1.1updatewasreleased,initiallyfortheHTCDreamonly.Android1.1wasknownas"PetitFour"internally,thoughthisnamewasnotusedofficially.[9][58]Theupdateresolvedbugs,changedtheAndroidAPIandaddedanumberoffeatures:[59] Version Releasedate Features 1.1 February9,2009 DetailsandreviewsavailablewhenausersearchesforbusinessesonMaps. Longerin-callscreentimeoutbydefaultwhenusingthespeakerphone,plustheabilitytoshow/hidethedialpad. Abilitytosaveattachmentsinmessages. Supportaddedformarqueeinsystemlayouts. Android1.5Cupcake Android1.5Cupcake(API3) OnApril27,2009,theAndroid1.5updatewasreleased,basedonLinuxkernel2.6.27.[60][61]Thiswasthefirstreleasetoofficiallyuseacodenamebasedonadessertitem("Cupcake"),athemeusedforallreleasesuntilAndroidPie,withAndroid10usinganumber-onlysystem.TheupdateincludedseveralnewfeaturesandUIamendments:[62] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 1.5 April27,2009[60] Supportforthird-partyvirtualkeyboardswithtextpredictionandauserdictionaryforcustomwords. SupportforWidgets–miniatureapplicationviewsthatcanbeembeddedinotherapplications(suchastheHomescreen)andreceiveperiodicupdates.[63] VideorecordingandplaybackinMPEG-4and3GPformats. Auto-pairingandstereosupportforBluetooth(A2DPandAVRCPprofiles). Copyandpastefeaturesinwebbrowser. UserpicturesshownforFavoritesinContacts. Specificdate/timestampshownforeventsincalllog,andone-touchaccesstoacontactcardfromacalllogevent. Animatedscreentransitions. Auto-rotationoption. Newstockbootanimation. AbilitytouploadvideostoYouTube. AbilitytouploadphotostoPicasa. Abilitytocheckphoneusagehistory.[64] Android 1.5homescreen Android1.6Donut Android1.6Donut(API4) OnSeptember15,2009,Android1.6–dubbedDonut–wasreleased,basedonLinuxkernel2.6.29.[65][66][67]Includedintheupdatewerenumerousnewfeatures:[65] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 1.6 September15,2009[66] Voiceandtextentrysearchenhancedtoincludebookmarkhistory,contacts,andtheweb. Abilityfordeveloperstoincludetheircontentinsearchresults. Multi-lingualspeechsynthesisenginetoallowanyAndroidapplicationto"speak"astringoftext. EasiersearchingandtheabilitytoviewappscreenshotsinAndroidMarket. Gallery,Cameraandcamcordermorefullyintegrated,withfastercameraaccess. Abilityforuserstoselectmultiplephotosfordeletion. UpdatedtechnologysupportforCDMA/EVDO,802.1x,VPNs,andatext-to-speechengine. SupportforWVGAscreenresolutions. Speedimprovementsinsearchingandcameraapplications. ExpandedGestureframeworkandanewGestureBuilderdevelopmenttool. Android 1.6homescreen Android2.0Eclair Android2.0Eclair(API5) OnOctober27,2009,theAndroid2.0SDKwasreleased,basedonLinuxkernel2.6.29andcodenamedEclair.[68]Changesincludetheoneslistedbelow.[69] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 2.0 October27,2009[20] ExpandedAccountsync,allowinguserstoaddmultipleaccountstoadeviceforsynchronizationofanemailandcontacts. MicrosoftExchangeemailsupport,withacombinedinboxtobrowseanemailfrommultipleaccountsinonepage. Bluetooth2.1support. AbilitytotapaContactsphotoandselecttocall,SMS,oremailtheperson. AbilitytosearchallsavedSMSandMMSmessages,withtheaddedabilitytodeletetheoldestmessagesinaconversationautomaticallydeletedwhenadefinedlimitisreached. Numerousnewcamerafeatures,includingflashsupport,digitalzoom,scenemode,whitebalance,coloreffectandmacrofocus. Improvedtypingspeedonavirtualkeyboard,withasmarterdictionarythatlearnsfromwordusageandincludescontactnamesassuggestions. RefreshedbrowserUIwithbookmarkthumbnails,double-tapzoomandsupportforHTML5. Calendaragendaviewenhanced,showingattendingstatusforeachinvitee,andtheabilitytoinvitenewgueststoevents. OptimizedhardwarespeedandrevampedUI. Supportformorescreensizesandresolutions,withbettercontrastratio. ImprovedGoogleMaps3.1.2. MotionEventclassenhancedtotrackmulti-touchevents.[70] Pressure-sensitivetouchsupportinAPI,eventhoughnoaccordinghardwareexistedatthattime.[71][72] Additionoflivewallpapers,allowingtheanimationofhome-screenbackgroundimagestoshowmovement. Android2.0.1Eclair Android2.0.1Eclair(API6) Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 2.0.1 December3,2009[73] MinorAPIchanges,bugfixesandframeworkbehavioralchanges. Android2.1Eclair Android2.1Eclair(API7) Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 2.1 January11,2010[74][21] MinoramendmentstotheAPIandbugfixes. Android 2.1homescreen Android2.2Froyo Android2.2Froyo(API8) OnMay20,2010,theSDKforAndroid2.2(Froyo,shortforfrozenyogurt)wasreleased,basedonLinuxkernel2.6.32.[75] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 2.2 May20,2010 Speed,memory,andperformanceoptimizations.[76] Additionalapplicationspeedimprovements,implementedthroughJITcompilation.[77] IntegrationofChrome'sV8JavaScriptengineintotheBrowserapplication. SupportfortheAndroidCloudtoDeviceMessaging(C2DM)service,enablingpushnotifications. ImprovedMicrosoftExchangesupport,includingsecuritypolicies,auto-discovery,GALlook-up,calendarsynchronizationandremotewipe.[78] ImprovedapplicationlauncherwithshortcutstoPhoneandBrowserapplications. USBtetheringandWi-Fihotspotfunctionality[79] Optiontodisabledataaccessoveramobilenetwork. UpdatedMarketapplicationwithbatchandautomaticupdatefeatures.[76] Quickswitchingbetweenmultiplekeyboardlanguagesandtheirdictionaries. SupportforBluetooth-enabledcaranddeskdocks. Supportfornumericandalphanumericpasswords. SupportforfileuploadfieldsintheBrowserapplication.[80] ThebrowsernowshowsallframesofanimatedGIFsinsteadofjustthefirstframeonly. Supportforinstallingapplicationstoexpandablememory. AdobeFlashsupport.[81] Supportforhigh-PPIdisplays(upto320 ppi),suchasfour-inch720pscreens.[82] Galleryallowsuserstoviewpicturestacksusingazoomgesture. Android 2.2homescreen 2.2.1 September27,2010[83] Bugfixes,securityupdatesandperformanceimprovements. 2.2.2 January21,2011[84] Minorbugfixes,includingSMSroutingissuesthataffectedtheNexusOne.[85] 2.2.3 November21,2011[86] Twosecurityupdates. Android2.3Gingerbread Android2.3Gingerbread(API9) OnDecember6,2010,theAndroid2.3(Gingerbread)SDKwasreleased,basedonLinuxkernel2.6.35.[87][88]Changesincluded:[87] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 2.3 December6,2010[88] Updateduserinterfacedesignwithincreasedsimplicityandspeed. Supportforextra-largescreensizesandresolutions(WXGAandhigher).[82] NativesupportforSIPVoIPinternettelephones. Faster,moreintuitivetextinputonavirtualkeyboard,withimprovedaccuracy,bettersuggestedtextandvoiceinputmode. Enhancedcopy/pastefunctionality,allowinguserstoselectawordbypress-holding,copying,andpasting. SupportforNearFieldCommunication(NFC),allowingtheusertoreadanNFCtagembeddedinaposter,sticker,oradvertisement. Newaudioeffectssuchasreverb,equalization,headphonevirtualization,andbassboost. NewDownloadManager,givinguserseasyaccesstoanyfiledownloadedfromthebrowser,email,oranotherapplication. Supportformultiplecamerasonthedevice,includingafront-facingcamera,ifavailable. SupportforWebM/VP8videoplayback,andAACaudioencoding. Improvedpowermanagementwithamoreactiveroleinmanagingapplicationsthatarekeepingthedeviceawakefortoolong. Enhancedsupportfornativecodedevelopment. SwitchedfromYAFFStoext4onnewerdevices.[89][90] Audio,graphical,andinputenhancementsforgamedevelopers. Concurrentgarbagecollectionforincreasedperformance. Nativesupportformoresensors(suchasgyroscopesandbarometers). FirstAndroidversiontofeatureanEasteregg.ItwasanimageoftheBugdroidstandingnexttoazombiegingerbreadman,withmanymorezombiesinthebackground. Android 2.3homescreen 2.3.1 December22,2010[91] ImprovementsandbugfixesfortheNexus S. 2.3.2 January21,2011[92] ImprovementsandbugfixesfortheNexus S. Android2.3.3Gingerbread Android2.3.3Gingerbread(API10) Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 2.3.3 February9,2011[93] SeveralimprovementsandAPIfixes.[94] 2.3.4 April28,2011[95] SupportforvoiceorvideochatusingGoogleTalk.[96] OpenAccessoryLibrarysupport.OpenAccessorywasintroducedin3.1(Honeycomb)buttheOpenAccessoryLibrarygrants2.3.4addedsupportwhenconnectingtoaUSBperipheralwithcompatiblesoftwareandacompatibleapplicationonthedevice.[97] SwitchedthedefaultencryptionforSSLfromAES256-SHAtoRC4-MD5.[98][99] FixedaspontaneousrebootonSamsungGalaxySPlus. 2.3.5 July25,2011[100] ImprovednetworkperformancefortheNexusS4G,amongotherfixesandimprovements. FixedaBluetoothbugonSamsungGalaxyS. FixedaWi-FicrashonSamsungGalaxySPlus. ImprovedtheGmailapplication. Shadowanimationsforlistscrolling. Camerasoftwareenhancements.[101] Improvedbatteryefficiency. 2.3.6 September2,2011[102] Fixedavoicesearchbug.[a] 2.3.7 September21,2011 GoogleWalletsupportfortheNexusS4G. Android3.0Honeycomb Android3.0Honeycomb(API11) OnFebruary22,2011,theAndroid3.0(Honeycomb)SDK–thefirsttablet-onlyAndroidupdate–wasreleased,basedonLinuxkernel2.6.36.[105][106][107][108]Thefirstdevicefeaturingthisversion,theMotorolaXoomtablet,wasreleasedonFebruary24,2011.[109]Theupdate'sfeaturesincluded:[105] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 3.0 February22,2011[107] Optimizedtabletsupportwithanew“holographic”userinterface(removedagainthefollowingyearwithversion4.2).[110] NewEasteregg,animageofaTron-themedbumblebee. AddedSystemBar,featuringquickaccesstonotifications,status,andsoftnavigationbuttons,availableatthebottomofthescreen. AddedtheActionBar,givingaccesstocontextualoptions,navigation,widgets,orothertypesofcontentatthetopofthescreen. Simplifiedmultitasking–tappingRecentApplicationsintheSystemBarallowsuserstoseesnapshotsofthetasksunderwayandquicklyjumpfromoneapplicationtoanother. Redesignedthekeyboard,makingtypingfast,efficientandaccurateonlargerscreensizes Simplified,moreintuitivecopy/pasteinterface. Multiplebrowsertabsreplacingbrowserwindows,plusformauto-fillandanew“incognito”modeallowingsomewhatanonymousbrowsing. Quickaccesstocameraexposure,focus,flash,zoom,front-facingcamera,time-lapse,andothercamerafeatures. Abilitytoviewalbumsandothercollectionsinfull-screenmodeinGallery,witheasyaccesstothumbnailsforotherphotos. Newtwo-paneContactsUIandFastScrolltoletuserseasilyorganizeandlocatecontacts. Newtwo-paneEmailUItomakeviewingandorganizingmessagesmoreefficient,allowinguserstoselectoneormoremessages. Hardwareacceleration. Supportformulti-coreprocessors. Abilitytoencryptalluserdata. HTTPSstackimprovedwithServerNameIndication(SNI). FilesysteminUserspace(FUSE;kernelmodule). Disallowsapplicationsfromhavingtowriteaccesstosecondarystorage(memorycardsondeviceswithinternalprimarystorage)outsideofdesignated,application-specificdirectories.Fullaccesstoprimaryinternalstorageisstillallowedthroughaseparateapplication-levelpermission.[111][112] Android 3.0homescreen Android3.1Honeycomb Android3.1Honeycomb(API12) Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 3.1 May10,2011[113] UIrefinements. ConnectivityforUSBaccessories(USBOn-The-Go). ExpandedRecentApplicationslist. ResizableHomescreenwidgets. Supportforexternalkeyboardsandpointingdevices. Supportforjoysticksandgamepads. SupportforFLACaudioplayback.[114][115] High-performanceWi-Filock,maintaininghigh-performanceWi-Ficonnectionswhenthedevicescreenisoff. SupportforHTTPproxyforeachconnectedWi-Fiaccesspoint. Android3.2Honeycomb Android3.2Honeycomb(API13) Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 3.2 July15,2011[116] Improvedhardwaresupport,includingoptimizationsforawiderrangeoftablets. IncreasedabilityofapplicationstoaccessfilesontheSDcard,e.g.forsynchronization. Compatibilitydisplaymodeforapplicationsthathavenotbeenoptimizedfortabletscreenresolutions. Newdisplaysupportfunctions,givingdevelopersmorecontroloverdisplayappearanceondifferentAndroiddevices.[117] 3.2.1 September20,2011 Bugfixesandminorsecurity,stabilityandWi-Fiimprovements. UpdatetoAndroidMarketwithautomaticupdatesandeasier-to-readTermsandConditionstext. UpdatetoGoogleBooks. ImprovedAdobeFlashsupportinbrowser. ImprovedChinesehandwritingprediction. 3.2.2 September30,2011 BugfixesandotherminorimprovementsfortheMotorolaXoom4G. 3.2.4 December15,2011 PayAsYouGofor3Gand4Gtablets. 3.2.6 February15,2012 FixeddataconnectivityissueswhencomingoutofAirplanemodeontheUS4GMotorolaXoom. Android4.0IceCreamSandwich Android4.0IceCreamSandwich(API14) TheSDKforAndroid4.0.1(IceCreamSandwich),basedonLinuxkernel3.0.1,[118]waspubliclyreleasedonOctober19,2011.[119]Google'sGabeCohenstatedthatAndroid4.0was"theoreticallycompatible"withanyAndroid2.3.xdeviceinproductionatthattime.[120]ThesourcecodeforAndroid4.0becameavailableonNovember14,2011.[121]IceCreamSandwichwasthelastversiontoofficiallysupportAdobeSystems'Flashplayer.[122]Theupdateintroducednumerousnewfeatures:[123][124][125] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 4.0 October18,2011[123] Majorrefinementstothe"Holo"interfacewiththenewRobotofontfamily. SoftbuttonsfromAndroid3.xarenowavailableforuseonphones. Separationofwidgetsinanewtab,listedinasimilarmannertoapplications. Easier-to-createfolders,withadrag-and-dropstyle. Improvedvisualvoicemailwiththeabilitytospeeduporslowdownvoicemailmessages. Pinch-to-zoomfunctionalityintheCalendar. Integratedscreenshotcapture(accomplishedbyholdingdownthePowerandVolume-Downbuttons). Improvederrorcorrectiononthekeyboard. Abilitytoaccessapplicationsdirectlyfromthelockscreen. Improvedcopy-and-pastefunctionality. Bettervoiceintegrationandcontinuous,real-timespeech-to-textdictation. FaceUnlock,afeaturethatallowsuserstounlockhandsetsusingfacialrecognitionsoftware.[110] Automaticsyncingofbrowserwithusers'Chromebookmarks. DataUsagesectioninsettingsthatletsuserssetwarningswhentheyapproachacertainusagelimit,anddisabledatausewhenthelimitisexceeded. Abilitytoshutdownapplicationsfromtherecentappslistwithaswipe.[126] Improvedcameraapplicationwithzeroshutterlag,timelapsesettings,panoramamode,andtheabilitytozoomwhilerecording. Built-inphotoeditor. Newgallerylayout,organizedbylocationandperson. Refreshedthe"People"applicationwithsocialnetworkintegration,statusupdatesandhi-resimages. AndroidBeam,anear-fieldcommunicationfeatureallowingtherapidshort-rangeexchangeofwebbookmarks,contactinfo,directions,YouTubevideosandotherdata.[110] SupportfortheWebPimageformat.[114] HardwareaccelerationoftheUI.[127] Wi-FiDirect.[128] 1080pvideorecordingforstockAndroiddevices. AndroidVPNFramework(AVF),andTUN(butnotTAP)kernelmodule.Priorto4.0,VPNsoftwarerequiredarootedAndroiddevice. Android 4.0homescreen 4.0.1 October19,2011 FixedminorbugsfortheSamsungGalaxyNexus. 4.0.2 November28,2011 FixedminorbugsontheVerizonGalaxyNexus,theUSlaunchofwhichwaslaterdelayeduntilDecember2011.[b] Android4.0.3IceCreamSandwich Android4.0.3IceCreamSandwich(API15) Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 4.0.3 December16,2011[131] Numerousbugfixesandoptimizations. Improvementstographics,databases,spell-checkingandBluetoothfunctionality. NewAPIsfordevelopers,includingasocialstreamAPIintheContactsprovider. Calendarproviderenhancements. NewcameraapplicationsenhancingvideostabilizationandQVGAresolution. Accessibilityrefinementssuchasimprovedcontentaccessforscreenreaders.[132] 4.0.4 March28,2012 Stabilityimprovements. Bettercameraperformance. Smootherscreenrotation. Improvedphonenumberrecognition.[133] Android4.1JellyBean Android4.1JellyBean(API16) GoogleannouncedAndroid4.1(JellyBean)attheGoogleI/OconferenceonJune27,2012.BasedonLinuxkernel3.0.31,JellyBeanwasanincrementalupdatewiththeprimaryaimofimprovingthefunctionalityandperformanceoftheuserinterface.Theperformanceimprovementinvolved"ProjectButter",whichusestouchanticipation,triplebuffering,extendedvsynctimingandafixedframerateof60 fpstocreateafluidand"buttery-smooth"UI.[134]Android4.1JellyBeanwasreleasedtotheAndroidOpenSourceProjectonJuly9,2012,[135]andtheNexus7tablet,thefirstdevicetorunJellyBean,wasreleasedonJuly13,2012. Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 4.1 July9,2012 Smootheruserinterface: VsynctimingacrossalldrawingandanimationdonebytheAndroidframework,includingapplicationrendering,touchevents,screencompositionanddisplayrefresh. Triplebufferinginthegraphicspipeline. CPUinputboost. Synchronizingtouchtovsynctiming. Enhancedaccessibility. Bi-directionaltextandotherlanguagesupport. User-installablekeyboardmaps. Expandablenotifications. TLSv1.1andv1.2supportadded. Abilitytoturnoffnotificationsonanapplication-specificbasis. Shortcutsandwidgetscanautomaticallybere-arrangedorre-sizedtoallownewitemstofitonhomescreens. BluetoothdatatransferforAndroidBeam. Tabletswithsmallerscreensnowuseanexpandedversionoftheinterfacelayoutandhomescreenusedbyphones.[136] Improvedcameraapplication. Multichannelaudio.[134] TheFraunhoferFDKAACcodecbecomesstandardinAndroid,addingAAC5.1channelencoding/decoding. USBaudio(forexternalsoundDACs).[134] Audiochaining(alsoknownasgaplessplayback).[134][137][138] Abilityforotherlauncherstoaddwidgetsfromtheapplicationdrawerwithoutrequiringrootaccess. Android 4.1homescreen 4.1.1 July9,2012[139] FixedabugontheNexus7regardingtheinabilitytochangescreenorientationinanyapplication. 4.1.2 October9,2012[140] Lock/homescreenrotationsupport.[141] One-fingergesturestoexpand/collapsenotifications.[142] Bugfixesandperformanceenhancements. Android4.2JellyBean Android4.2JellyBean(API17) GooglewasexpectedtoannounceJellyBean4.2ataneventinNewYorkCityonOctober29,2012,buttheeventwascancelledduetoHurricaneSandy.[143]Insteadofreschedulingtheliveevent,Googleannouncedthenewversionwithapressrelease,undertheslogan"AnewflavorofJellyBean".JellyBean4.2wasbasedonLinuxkernel3.4.0,anddebutedonGoogle'sNexus4andNexus10,whichwerereleasedonNovember13,2012.[144][145] Version Releasedate Features 4.2 November13,2012[146] Lockscreenimprovements,includingwidgetsupport(removedagainin2014)[110]andtheabilitytoswipedirectlytothecamera.[147] Notificationpowercontrols("QuickSettings"). "Daydream"screensavers,showinginformationwhenidleordocked(laterrenamedto"screensaver"followingthelaunchoftheunrelatedGoogleDaydreamVRplatformin2016).[110] Multipleuseraccounts(tabletsonly). RewrittenBluetoothstack,switchingfromBlueztoBroadcomopensourceBlueDroid,[148]allowingimprovedsupportformultipledisplaysandwirelessdisplay(Miracast). Nativeright-to-left,always-onVPNandapplicationverification.[149]AnewNFCstackwasaddedatthesametime.[148] Accessibilityimprovements:triple-taptomagnifytheentirescreen,panandzoomwithtwofingers.SpeechoutputandGestureModenavigationforblindusers. Newclockapplicationwithabuilt-inworldclock,stopwatchandtimer. Alldevicesnowusethesameinterfacelayout,previouslyadaptedfromphoneson4.1forsmallertablets(withcenteredsoftwarebuttons,thesystembaratthetopofthescreen,andahomescreenwithadockandcenteredapplicationmenu),regardlessofscreensize. IncreasednumberofextendednotificationsandActionableNotificationsformoreapplications,allowinguserstorespondtocertainnotificationswithinthenotificationbarandwithoutlaunchingtheapplicationdirectly. SELinuxsupport. PremiumSMSconfirmation.[150] GroupMessagingsupport. 4.2.1 November27,2012[151][152] FixedabuginthePeopleapplicationwhereDecemberwasnotdisplayedonthedateselectorwhenaddinganeventtoacontact.[153] AddedBluetoothgamepadsandjoysticksassupportedHIDs(Humaninterfacedevices). 4.2.2 February11,2013[154] FixedBluetoothaudiostreamingbugs.[155] Long-pressingtheWi-FiandBluetoothiconsinQuickSettingsnowtogglestheon/offstate. Newdownloadnotifications,whichnowshowthepercentageandestimatedtimeremainingforactiveapplicationdownloads. Newsoundsforwirelesschargingandlowbattery. NewGalleryapplicationanimationallowsfasterloading. USBdebugwhitelist. Bugfixesandperformanceenhancements. Android4.3JellyBean Android4.3JellyBean(API18) GooglereleasedJellyBean4.3undertheslogan"AnevensweeterJellyBean"onJuly24,2013,duringaneventinSanFranciscocalled"BreakfastwithSundarPichai".MostNexusdevicesreceivedtheupdatewithinaweek,althoughthesecond-generationNexus7tabletwasthefirstdevicetoofficiallyshipwithit.[156]AminorbugfixupdatewasreleasedonAugust22,2013.[157] Version Releasedate Features 4.3 July24,2013[158] Bluetoothlowenergysupport.[159] BluetoothAudio/VideoRemoteControlProfile(AVRCP)1.3support. OpenGLES3.0support,allowingimprovedgamegraphics.[159] Restrictedaccessmodefornewuserprofiles.[159] Filesystemperformanceimprovementbyrunningthefstrimcommandwhileadeviceisidle.[160] Dialpadauto-completeinthePhoneapplication.[159] Volumeforincomingcalls(ringtone)andnotificationalertsisnolongeradjustableseparately. ImprovementstoPhotoSphere.[161] ReworkedcameraUI,previouslyintroducedonGooglePlayeditionphones.[162] Additionof"AppOps",afine-grainedapplicationpermissionscontrolsystem(hiddenbydefault).[163] SELinuxenabledbydefault. 4Kresolutionsupport.[164] Numeroussecurityupdates,performanceenhancements,andbugfixes.[165] System-levelsupportforgeofencingandWi-FiscanningAPIs. BackgroundWi-FilocationstillrunsevenwhenWi-Fiisturnedoff. Developerloggingandanalyzingenhancements. Addedsupportforfivemorelanguages. Changeddigitalrightsmanagement(DRM)APIs. Right-to-left(RTL)languagesnowsupported.[159] Clockinthestatusbardisappearsifitisselectedasalockscreenwidget. Nativeemojisupport.[166] 4.3.1 October3,2013[167] BugfixesandsmalltweaksfortheNexus7LTE.[168] Android4.4KitKat Android4.4KitKat(API19) GoogleannouncedAndroid4.4KitKatonSeptember3,2013.Althoughinitiallyunderthe"KeyLimePie"("KLP")codename,thenamewaschangedbecause"veryfewpeopleactuallyknowthetasteofakeylimepie."[169]Sometechnologybloggersalsoexpectedthe"KeyLimePie"releasetobeAndroid5.[170]KitKatdebutedonGoogle'sNexus5onOctober31,2013,andwasoptimizedtorunonagreaterrangeofdevicesthanearlierAndroidversions,having512 MBofRAMasarecommendedminimum;thoseimprovementswereknownas"ProjectSvelte"internallyatGoogle.[171]TherequiredminimumamountofRAMavailabletoAndroidis340 MB,andalldeviceswithlessthan512 MBofRAMmustreportthemselvesas"lowRAM"devices.[172] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 4.4 October31,2013[173][174] Refreshedinterfacewithwhiteelementsinsteadofblue. Clocknolongershowsboldhours;alldigitsarethin.TheH,M,andSmarkingsforthestopwatchandtimerhavebeenremoved,leavingjustthenumbers. Abilityforapplicationstotriggertranslucencyinthenavigationandstatusbars.[175] Abilityforapplicationstouse"immersivemode"tokeepthenavigationandstatusbarshiddenwhilemaintaininguserinteraction.[176] Actionoverflowmenubuttonsarealwaysvisible,evenondeviceswitha"Menu"key,whichwasofficiallydeprecatedbyAndroid4.0.[177] Writeaccessdisabledforuser-installedapplicationsonexternalstorage(i.e.MicroSD),exceptfortheirowndirectoriesinsideAndroid/data.[178][179] Purgingofappdatadirectoriesinuserstorage(internaluserstorageandMicroSD)uponuninstallation[179] Optimizationsforperformanceondeviceswithlowerspecifications,includingzRAMsupportand"lowRAM"deviceAPI.[171] Wirelessprintingcapability.[171] NFChostcardemulation,enablingadevicetoreplacesmartcards.[171] WebViewsarenowbasedontheChromiumengine(featureparitywithChromeforAndroid30). Expandedfunctionalityfornotificationlistenerservices.[171] PublicAPIfordevelopingandmanagingtextmessagingclients.[180] StorageAccessFramework,anAPIallowingappstoretrievefilesinaconsistentmanner.Aspartoftheframework,anewsystemfilepickerallowsuserstoaccessfilesfromvarioussources(includingthoseexposedbyapps,suchasonlinestorageservices).[111] NewframeworkforUItransitions. Sensorbatching,stepdetectorandcounterAPIs.[171] Settingsapplicationnowmakesitpossibletoselectdefaulttextmessagingandthehome(launcher)application. Audiotunneling,audiomonitoringandloudnessenhancer.[181] Built-inscreenrecordingfeature(primarilyfordevelopers,asusageofADBisrequired).[182] NativeinfraredblasterAPI. Verifiedboot. EnforcingSELinux. ExpandedaccessibilityAPIsandsystem-levelclosedcaptioningsettings. AndroidRuntime(ART)introducedasanewexperimentalapplicationruntimeenvironment,notenabledbydefault,asareplacementfortheDalvikvirtualmachine.[183] BluetoothMessageAccessProfile(MAP)support.[184] Disabledaccesstobatterystatisticsbythird-partyapplications.[185] Settingsapplicationnolongerusesamulti-panelayoutondeviceswithlargerscreens. Wi-Fiandmobiledataactivity(TX/RX)indicatorsaremovedtoquicksettings.[186] DisablestextwrappingintheWebViewbrowsercomponent.[187] Android 4.4homescreen 4.4.1 December5,2013[188][189] BetterapplicationcompatibilityfortheexperimentalAndroidRuntime(ART). CameraapplicationnowloadsGoogle+PhotosinsteadofGallerywhenswipingawayfromthecameraview. Miscellaneousimprovementsandbugfixes. 4.4.2 December9,2013[190] Furthersecurityenhancementsandbugfixes. Removalofthe"AppOps"applicationpermissionscontrolsystem,introducedinAndroid4.3.[191] 4.4.3 June2,2014[192][193] RefreshedtheDialerapp'sinterface.[194] UpdatedtheChromium-basedWebViewtoversion33(screencastingtoDevTools,HTML5Canvashardwareaccelerationperformanceimprovements,vibrationAPI,HTML5formvalidation,andanHTML5datalist).[195] Miscellaneousimprovementsandbugfixes. 4.4.4 June19,2014[196] CVE-2014-0224fixed,eliminatinganOpenSSLman-in-the-middlevulnerability.[197] Android4.4WKitKat,withwearableextensions Android4.4WKitKat,withwearableextensions(API20) OnJune24,2014,aversionofAndroidKitKatexclusivetoAndroidWeardeviceswasreleased. Version Releasedate Features 4.4W[198] June25,2014[199] InitialreleaseoftheAndroidWearplatformforsmartwatches:thesameasAndroid4.4"KitKat",butwithwearableextensionsadded. 4.4W.1 September6,2014[200] UIupdatesforGoogleMapsnavigationandalarms. 4.4W.2 October21,2014[201] Offlinemusicplayback. GPSsupport. Android5.0Lollipop Android5.0Lollipop(API21) Android5.0"Lollipop"wasunveiledunderthecodename"AndroidL"onJune25,2014,duringGoogleI/O.Itbecameavailableasanofficialover-the-air(OTA)updateonNovember12,2014,forselectdevicesthatrundistributionsofAndroidservicedbyGoogle,includingNexusandGooglePlayeditiondevices.ItssourcecodewasmadeavailableonNovember3,2014.[202][203] Lollipopfeaturesaredesigneduserinterfacebuiltaroundaresponsivedesignlanguagereferredtoas"materialdesign".Otherchangesincludeimprovementstothenotifications,whichcanbeaccessedfromthelockscreenanddisplayedwithinapplicationsastop-of-the-screenbanners.Furthermore,Googlemadeinternalchangestotheplatform,withtheAndroidRuntime(ART)officiallyreplacingDalvikforimprovedapplicationperformance,andwithchangesintendedtoimproveandoptimizebatteryusage,knowninternallyasProjectVolta.[204][205][206][207] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 5.0[208] November4,2014[28] AndroidRuntime(ART)withahead-of-time(AOT)compilationandimprovedgarbagecollection(GC),replacingDalvikthatcombinesbytecodeinterpretationwithtrace-basedjust-in-time(JIT)compilation.[208][209] Supportfor64-bitCPUs. OpenGLES 3.1andAndroidExtensionPack(AEP)onsupportedGPUconfigurations. Recentactivitiesscreenwithtasksinsteadofapplications,uptoaconfiguredmaximumoftasksperapplication. Vectordrawables,whichscalewithoutlosingdefinition. Supportforprintpreviews. Materialdesign,bringingarestyleduserinterfaceand“rippleeffect”forbuttons. Refreshedlockscreen,nolongersupportingwidgets.[210] Refreshednotificationtrayandquicksettingspull-down. ProjectVolta,forbatterylifeimprovements. Searchescanbeperformedwithinthesystemsettingsforquickeraccesstoparticularsettings. Lockscreenprovidesshortcutstoapplicationandnotificationsettings.[211] Guestloginsandmultipleuseraccountsareavailableonmoredevices,suchasphones.[212] AudioinputandoutputthroughUSBdevices. Third-partyapplicationsregaintheabilitytoreadandmodifydatalocatedanywhereonexternalstorage,suchasonSDcards.However,thosemustbeadaptedtothestorageaccessframeworkofAndroidAPIlevel21orhigher.[213][214] Pinningofanapplication'sscreenforrestricteduseractivity.[211] Recentlyusedapplicationsarerememberedevenafterrestartingthedevice.[211] WebViewsreceiveupdatesindependentlythroughGooglePlayforsecurityreasons,insteadofrelyingonsystem-widevendorupdates.[215] Additionof15newlanguages:Basque,Bengali,Burmese,Chinese(HongKong),Galician,Icelandic,Kannada,Kyrgyz,Macedonian,Malayalam,Marathi,Nepali,Sinhala,TamilandTelugu.[216] TapandGoallowsuserstoquicklymigratetoanewAndroiddevice,usingNFCandBluetoothtotransferGoogleAccountdetails,configurationsettings,userdataandinstalledapplications.[211] Aflashlight-styleapplicationisincluded,workingonsupporteddeviceswithacameraflash.[211] User-customizableprioritiesforapplicationnotifications.[217] Smartlockfeature.[218] SELinuxinenforcingmodeforalldomains. Updatedemoji.[219] Improvedaccessibilitysupport(e.g.switchaccesssupport).[220] Block-basedover-the-air(OTA)updatesfornewdevices.[221] Tasklistingaccessdisabledforthird-partyapplications. Android 5.0homescreen 5.0.1 December2,2014[222] Afewbugfixes,includingresolvingissueswithvideoplaybackandpasswordfailureshandling. 5.0.2 December19,2014[223] FixesabugwithTRIMsupport(introducedinVersion4.3),whichpreventeddevicesfromrunningon-chargercleanupsoffilesystemallocationsifthedevicewasturnedoffatmidnight,orifitwaschargedonlywheninuse.[224] ChangeshowalarmswaketheCPU,andhowalarmscompeteforsystemresources.[225] Android5.1Lollipop Android5.1Lollipop(API22) Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 5.1 March2,2015[30] ImprovementsandbugfixestotheOverviewscreen. AbilitytojoinWi-FinetworksandcontrolpairedBluetoothdevicesfromquicksettings. OfficialsupportformultipleSIMcards.[226] Deviceprotection:ifadeviceislostorstolenitwillremainlockeduntiltheownersignsintotheirGoogleaccount,evenifthedeviceisresettofactorysettings. High-definitionvoicecalls,availablebetweencompatible4GLTEdevicesrunningAndroid5.1.[226] Improvementstothenotificationprioritysystem,tomorecloselyreplicatethesilentmodethatwasremovedfromAndroid 5.0.[227] 5.1.1 April20,2015[228][229] Variousbugfixes[229] NativeWi-Ficallingsupport.[230] Android6.0Marshmallow Android6.0Marshmallow(API23) Android6.0"Marshmallow"wasunveiledunderthecodename"Android M"duringGoogleI/OonMay28,2015,fortheNexus 5andNexus 6phones,Nexus 9tablet,andNexusPlayerset-topbox,underthebuildnumberMPZ44Q.[231]Thethirddeveloperpreview(MPA44G)wasreleasedonAugust17,2015fortheNexus 5,Nexus 6,Nexus 9andNexusPlayerdevices,[232]andwasupdatedtoMPA44IthatbroughtfixesrelatedtoAndroidforWorkprofiles.[233] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 6.0 October2,2015[31][234] Precludedrudimentaryfilemanager(packagename:com.android.documentsui),accessiblefromstoragesettings.[235] Memorycardmountedto/storage/????-????/ratherthan/storage/extSdCard/,withahexadecimalvolumeserialnumberinplaceofthewildcardthequestionmarks.[236] Contextualsearchfromkeywordswithinapps.[237] IntroductionofDozemode,whichreducesCPUspeedwhilethescreenisoffinordertosavebatterylife.[238] AppStandbyfeature. Alphabeticallyaccessibleverticalapplicationdrawer.[239] Applicationsearchbarandfavorites. Nativefingerprintreadersupport. DirectSharefeaturefortarget-specificsharingbetweenapps.[240] Renamed"Priority"modeto"DoNotDisturb"mode. AppLinkingforfasterinstinctiveopeningoflinkswithcorrespondingapplications.[241][242] LargerApplicationfolderswithmultiplepages. Post-install/run-timepermissionrequests. USB-Csupport. DemoModefeatureforscreenshot-captureusage.[243] Automaticfulldatabackupandrestoreforapps.[244] 4Kdisplaymodeforapps.[245] AdoptableExternalstoragetobehavelikeInternalStorage.[246][247] MIDIsupportformusicalinstruments.[248] Experimentalmulti-windowfeature.[249][250] Supportforactionsbythird-partyappsinthetextselectionmenu.[110] Apppermissionsnowgrantedindividuallyatrun-time,notall-or-nothingatinstalltime.SimilartoAppOps.[251] Miracastsupportdropped.[110] ManynewessentialcommandssupportedbyAndroid'sLinuxshell(/bin/sh). Noscreenrotationduringtouch. Android 6.0homescreen 6.0.1 December7,2015[252] Unicode7.0&8.0emojisupport.[253] DescriptionsforUSBconnectionoptions. Double-pressthepowerbuttontoopenthecamera. Android7.0Nougat Android7.0Nougat(API24) Android"Nougat"(codenamedNin-development)istheseventhmajorreleaseoftheAndroidoperatingsystem.ItwasfirstreleasedasadeveloperpreviewonMarch9,2016,withfactoryimagesforsupportedNexusdevices,aswellaswiththenew"AndroidBetaProgram"whichallowssupporteddevicestobeupgradeddirectlytotheAndroidNougatbetaviaanover-the-airupdate.ThefinalreleasewasonAugust22,2016.ThefinalpreviewbuildwasreleasedonJuly18,2016,[254]withthebuildnumberNPD90G. Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 7.0 August22,2016[255] Supportforfile-basedencryption.[256] Unicode9.0emojiandskintonemodifiersupport(andexposesasubsetofICU4JAPIs).[257] Abilitytodisplaycolorcalibration. Abilitytozoominthescreen. Abilitytoswitchtothelastopenedappbydouble-tappingtheoverviewbutton. AddedanEmergencyinformationpart. Addedthe"ClearAll"buttontotheOverviewscreen. Anothersystempartition,whichgetsupdatedwhennotinuse,allowingforseamlesssystemupdates. Daydreamvirtualrealityplatform(VRinterface). ImprovedDozefunctionality,whichaimstoprolongbatterylife. Improvementstothefilebrowser. AbilitytomovefilesaddedtoStorageAccessFramework[258] MoreQuickSettingsoptions. Multi-windowsupport,whichsupportsfloatingappsonadesktoplayout. NewDataSavermode,whichcanforceappstoreducebandwidthusage. NewJITCompiler,makingfor75percentfasterappinstallationsanda50percentreductionincompiledcodesize. JustinTime(JIT)compilerwithcodeprofilingtoART,whichletsitconstantlyimprovetheperformanceofAndroidappsastheyrun.[259] Picture-in-picturesupportforAndroidTV. Redesignednotificationshade,featuringinstantaccesstocertainsettings. RedesignedOverviewscreen. Replacednotificationcardswithnotificationsheets. Settingsappnavigationdrawer. Vulkan3DrenderingAPI. MultipleDeviceLocales[260] DiscontinuationofAndroidCameraV1API[261] Restrictedfilesystemaccess[262] Android 7.0homescreen Android7.1Nougat Android7.1Nougat(API25) OnOctober19,2016,GooglereleasedAndroid7.1.1asadeveloperpreviewfortheNexus5X,Nexus6PandthePixelC.AsecondpreviewbecameavailableonNovember22,2016,beforethefinalversionwasreleasedtothepubliconDecember5,2016. Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 7.1 October4,2016[263] Rearrangednotificationshade. "Restart"optionaddedtopowerbuttonmenu[264] Touch/displayperformanceimprovements. Moves(Fingerprintswipedowngesture –opt-in). Opt-inwithnewhardwarerequired: SeamlessA/Bsystemupdates. DaydreamVRmode. Developerfeatures: ShortcutmanagerAPIs. Circularappiconssupport. Keyboardimageinsertion. Fingerprintsensorgesturetoopen/closenotificationshade. ManualstoragemanagerIntentforapps. ImprovedVRthreadscheduling. Enhancedwallpapermetadata. Multi-endpointcallsupport. SupportforvariousMNOrequirements. PCDMAvoiceprivacyproperty. SourcetypesupportforVisualVoicemail. Carrierconfigoptionsformanagingtelephonevideos. Manualstoragemanager –identifiesfilesandappsusingstorage. Android 7.1homescreen 7.1.1[265] December1,2016[266] Newsetofemojisaddingdifferentskintonesandhaircutstoexistingones. SendGIFsdirectlyfromthedefaultkeyboard. Appshortcuts:Launchactionsonappsbylong-pressingtheappicon. DeveloperOptions:ShowCPUUsagefeatureremoved. 7.1.2[267][268] April2,2017[269] Batteryusagealerts. Android8.0Oreo Android8.0Oreo(API26) AndroidOreoistheeighthmajorreleaseoftheAndroidoperatingsystem.Itwasfirstreleasedasadeveloperpreview,codenamedAndroidO,onMarch21,2017,withfactoryimagesforsupportedNexusandPixeldevices.ThefinaldeveloperpreviewwasreleasedonJuly24,2017,withthestableversionreleasedinAugust2017. Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 8.0[270] August21,2017 ProjectTreble,thebiggestchangetothefoundationsofAndroidtodate:amodulararchitecturethatmakesiteasierandfasterforhardwaremakerstodeliverAndroidupdates. Picture-in-picturesupport. SupportforUnicode10.0emoji(5.0)andreplacementofallblob-shapedemojisbyroundoneswithgradientsandoutlines. RedesignedQuickSettingsandSettingswithawhitebackgroundandrespectivelyblackandAccentfontcolors. RestructuredSettingsbyregroupingsectionsintosimilarentries. Adaptiveicons Notificationimprovements. Notificationchannels. Notificationdots(badges). Notificationsnoozing. Notificationshademulti-colors(formusicalbumart,messengers,etc.). System-wideAutofillframework. SupportforAAC,Sony'sLDACandQualcomm'saptXandaptXHDcodecs.[271] App-specificunknownsources. Multi-displaysupport. 2timesfasterboottimecomparedtoNougataccordingtoGoogle,testingontheirPixeldevices.[270] Appsbackgroundexecutionandlocationlimits. GooglePlayProtect. Downloadablefonts. Integratedprintingsupport. Colormanagement(deepcolorandwidecolorgamut). Wi-FiAssistant. Android 8.0homescreen Android8.1Oreo Android8.1Oreo(API27) Android8.1OreoisthesixteenthminorreleaseoftheAndroidoperatingsystem.ItwasfirstreleasedasadeveloperpreviewonOctober25,2017,withfactoryimagesforcurrentNexusandPixeldevices.AseconddeveloperpreviewwasmadeavailableonNovember27,2017,forNexusandPixeldevices,beforethestableversionwasreleasedonDecember5,2017. Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 8.1[272][273] December5,2017[274][275] NeuralnetworksAPI. SharedmemoryAPI. WallpaperColorsAPI. Bluetoothbatterylevelforconnecteddevices,accessibleinQuickSettings. AndroidOreoGoEdition,alightweightdistributionofAndroidthatrunsbetterthannormalAndroidondeviceswithlessthan1 GBofRAM.[276] Autofillframeworkupdates. ProgrammaticSafeBrowsingactions. Navigationbuttonsdimwhennotinuse. Visualchangesto'PowerOff'and'Restart',includinganewscreenandfloatingtoolbar. Toastmessagesarenowwhitewiththesameexistingtransparency. Automaticlightanddarkthemes. NewEastereggintheformofanofficialOreocookiepicture.[277] Android8.1homescreen Android9Pie Android9Pie(API28) AndroidPieistheninthmajorversionoftheAndroidoperatingsystem.ItwasfirstannouncedbyGoogleonMarch7,2018,andthefirstdeveloperpreviewwasreleasedonthesameday.Thesecondpreview,consideredbetaquality,wasreleasedonMay8,2018.ThefinalbetaofAndroidPie(fifthpreview,alsoconsideredasa"ReleaseCandidate")wasreleasedonJuly25,2018.ThefirstofficialreleasewasreleasedonAugust6,2018. Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 9 August6,2018 Newuserinterfaceforthequicksettingsmenu.[278] Theclockhasmovedtotheleftofthenotificationbar.[279] The"dock"nowhasasemi-transparentbackground.[279] BatterySavernolongershowsanorangeoverlayonthenotificationandstatusbars.[278] A"screenshot"buttonhasbeenaddedtothepoweroptions.[279] Anew"Lockdown"modewhichdisablesbiometricauthenticationonceactivated. RoundedcornersacrosstheUI. Newtransitionsforswitchingbetweenapps,oractivitieswithinapps. Richermessagingnotifications,whereafullconversationcanbeseenwithinanotification,full-scaleimages,andsmartrepliesakintoGoogle'snewapp,Reply. Supportfordisplaycutouts. Redesignedvolumeslider. BatterypercentagenowshowninAlways-OnDisplay. LockscreensecuritychangesincludethepossiblereturnofanimprovedNFCUnlock. Experimentalfeatures(whicharecurrentlyhiddenwithinamenucalledFeatureFlags)suchasaredesignedAboutPhonepageinsettings,andautomaticBluetoothenablingwhiledriving. DNSoverTLS.[280] Anewoptionalgesture-basedsysteminterface,allowinguserstonavigatetheOSusingswipesmoreoftenthanthetraditionalUI. RedesignedmultitaskappswitcherwiththeGooglesearchbarandappdrawerbuilt-in. AndroidDashboard,whichtellstheuserhowmuchtimetheyarespendingontheirdeviceandinapps,andallowstheusertosettimelimitsonapps. "Shush",anenhancedversionofDoNotDisturbmodeactivatedbyplacingthephonefacedown,whichmutesstandardnotifications. "AdaptiveBattery"prediction,whichmakesuseofDozetohibernateuserappstheOSdeterminestheuserwillnotuse. Auto-Brightnessfeaturemodifiesscreenbrightnessbasedonuserhabits. WindDownoptionletsAndroiduserssetaspecificbedtimethatenablesDoNotDisturbandturnstheentirephone'sinterfacegraytodiscouragefurtheruseatnight. Vulkan1.1support. Callrecordingoptionsfullydisabled[281] Android9homescreen Android10 Android10(API29) Android10isthetenthmajorversionoftheAndroidoperatingsystem.ThestableversionofAndroid10wasreleasedonSeptember3,2019. Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 10 September3,2019 Revampedfull-screengesturenavigationwithnewappopen/closeanimations.[282][283][284] Scopedstoragerestrictions[285] Newpermissionsrequiredtoaccesslocationinbackgroundandtoaccessphoto,videoandaudiofiles.[286] Backgroundappscannolongerjumpintotheforeground.[286] Limitedaccesstonon-resettabledeviceidentifiers.[286] Background(idle)accesstocamera,microphoneandsensorsdisabledformoreprivacyprotectionwiththesideeffectofdisablingantitheftsoftware.[287][288][289] Sharingshortcuts,whichallowsharingcontentwithacontactdirectly.[286] Floatingsettingspanel,thatallowschangingsystemsettingsdirectlyfromapps.[286] Dynamicdepthformatforphotos,whichallowchangingbackgroundbluraftertakingaphoto.[286] SupportfortheAV1videocodec,theHDR10+videoformatandtheOpusaudiocodec.[286] SupportforaptXAdaptive,LHDC,LLAC,CELTandAACLATMcodecs[290][291] AnativeMIDIAPI,allowinginteractionwithmusiccontrollers.[286] Bettersupportforbiometricauthenticationinapps.[286] SupportfortheWPA3Wi-Fisecurityprotocol.[286] Supportforfoldablephones.[286] SupportforNotificationBubbles.[292][293] Newsystem-widedarktheme/mode[294][295] TLSv1.3supportadded. ProjectMainline,allowscoreOScomponentstobeupdatedviatheGooglePlayStore,withoutrequiringacompletesystemupdate[296] Android10homescreen Android11 Android11(API30) Android11istheeleventhmajorversionoftheAndroidoperatingsystem.ItwasfirstannouncedbyGoogleonFebruary19,2020,andthefirstdeveloperpreviewreleasedonthesameday.[297][298] Android11BetawaspostponedfrombeinglaunchedonJune3,2020toJune10,2020.[299] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 11 September8,2020 Chatbubbles. Screenrecorder. Notificationhistory. Newpermissionscontrols. APIdistinctionbetweenstandalone5GNRandnon-standalone5G. One-timepermission[300] Permissionsauto-reset.[300] WirelessAndroidAutoondeviceswith5GHzWi-Fi.[301] IncreasednumberofupdatablecoreOScomponentsinGooglePlayfrom12to21.[300][302] Enterpriseworkprofileprivacyprotectionsnowapplyoncompany-owneddevices.[303] Independentleftandrightedgesensitivityforgesturenavigation.[304] Android11homescreen Android12 Android12(API31) Android12isthetwelfthmajorversionoftheAndroidoperatingsystem.ItwasfirstannouncedbyGoogleonFebruary18,2021,andthefirstdeveloperpreviewreleasedonthesameday.[305][306] Version Releasedate Features Image(s) 12 October4,2021 EasierWi-Fisharing. AVIFimagesupport. MaterialYou,anupdateddesignlanguagebasedonMaterialDesign. ScrollingScreenshot.[307] OneHandedMode.[308] AndroidRuntime(ART)moduleaddedtotheupdatablecoreOScomponentsviaGooglePlay,addedfunctionalitytoexistingmodules.[309][310] AreaMagnificationcanzoominanycontentondevice.[311] ExtraDimreducesbrightnessbelowminimumlevel.[312] BoldText. Greyscale. MicandCameraindicatorandtoggle.[313] Optiontochoosepreciseorapproximatelocation.[314] PrivacyDashboard.[315] Gesturescanworkinimmersivemode.[316] Performanceimprovementstosystemservicestoimprovetransitions,powerefficiency,andreduceappstartuptimes.[317] Android12homescreenwiththemediconsandwidgets Hardwarerequirements Seealso:Android(operatingsystem)§ Hardware ThemainhardwareplatformforAndroidistheARMarchitecture(ARMv7andARMv8-Aarchitectures;formerlyalsoARMv5),withx86[c]andMIPS[d]architecturesalsoofficiallysupportedinlaterversionsofAndroid,butMIPSsupporthassincebeendeprecatedandsupportwasremovedinNDKr17.[320] Android 1.0through1.5requireda2megapixelcamerawithautofocuscamera.Thiswasrelaxedtoafixed-focuscamerawithAndroid 1.6.[321] In2012,AndroiddeviceswithIntelprocessorsbegantoappear,includingphones[322]andtablets.Whilegainingsupportfor64-bitplatforms,Androidwasfirstmadetorunon64-bitx86andthenonARM64.[323][324]SinceAndroid 5.0Lollipop,64-bitvariantsofallplatformsaresupportedinadditiontothe32-bitvariants. RequirementsfortheminimumamountofRAMfordevicesrunningAndroid 7.1dependonscreensizeanddensityandtypeofCPU,rangingfrom816 MB–1.8 GBfor64-bitand512 MB–1.3 GBfor32-bitmeaninginpractice1 GBforthemostcommontypeofdisplay(whileminimumforAndroidwatchis416 MB).[325][e]TherecommendationforAndroid 4.4istohaveatleast512 MBofRAM,[326]whilefor"lowRAM"devices340 MBistherequiredminimumamountthatdoesnotincludememorydedicatedtovarioushardwarecomponentssuchasthebasebandprocessor.[172]Android4.4requiresa32-bitARMv7,MIPSorx86architectureprocessor,[327]togetherwithanOpenGLES2.0compatiblegraphicsprocessingunit(GPU).[328]AndroidsupportsOpenGLES1.1,2.0,3.0,3.2andsinceAndroid7.0Vulkan(andversion1.1availableforsomedevices[329]).SomeapplicationsmayexplicitlyrequireacertainversionoftheOpenGLES,andsuitableGPUhardwareisrequiredtorunsuchapplications.[328]In2021,AndroidwasportedtoRISC-V.[330]In2021,Qualcommsaiditwillsupportmoreupdates.[331] Seealso Computerprogrammingportal iOSversionhistory WearOS§ Versionhistory 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