TGV - Wikipedia

TGV technology outside France TGV FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch State-ownedintercityhigh-speedrailserviceofFrance Forotheruses,seeTGV(disambiguation). TGVTGVSud-Est(left),thefirstequipmentusedontheserviceandTGV2N2(right),thenewestequipmentusedontheservice,atGaredeLyonstation,2019.OverviewLocaleFrance,withservicesextendingtoBelgium,Luxembourg,Germany,Switzerland,Italy,SpainandtheNetherlandsDatesofoperation1981–presentTechnicalTrackgauge1,435 mm(4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)(standardgauge)OtherWebsiteTGVonsncf.com TGVnetworkHigh-speedlinesinFrance TheTGV(French:TrainàGrandeVitesse,"high-speedtrain";previouslyTurboTrainàGrandeVitesse)isFrance'sintercityhigh-speedrailservice,operatedbySNCF.SNCFworkedonahigh-speedrailnetworkfrom1966to1974andpresentedtheprojecttoPresidentGeorgesPompidouwhoapprovedit.Originallydesignedasturbotrainstobepoweredbygasturbines,TGVprototypesevolvedintoelectrictrainswiththe1973oilcrisis.In1976theSNCFordered87high-speedtrainsfromAlstom.FollowingtheinauguralservicebetweenParisandLyonin1981ontheLGVSud-Est(LGVforLigneàGrandeVitesse;"high-speedline"),thenetwork,centeredonParis,hasexpandedtoconnectmajorcitiesacrossFrance(includingMarseille,Lille,Bordeaux,Strasbourg,RennesandMontpellier)andinneighbouringcountriesonacombinationofhigh-speedandconventionallines.TheTGVnetworkinFrancecarriesabout110millionpassengersayear. Thehigh-speedtracks,maintainedbySNCFRéseau,aresubjecttoheavyregulation.Confrontedwiththefactthattraindriverswouldnotbeabletoseesignalsalongthetrack-sidewhentrainsreachfullspeed,engineersdevelopedtheTVMcab-signallingtechnology,whichwouldlaterbeexportedworldwide.Itallowsforatrainengaginginanemergencybrakingtorequestwithinsecondsallfollowingtrainstoreducetheirspeed;ifadriverdoesnotreactwithin1.5 km(0.93 mi),thesystemoverridesthecontrolsandreducesthetrain'sspeedautomatically.TheTVMsafetymechanismenablesTGVsusingthesamelinetodeparteverythreeminutes.[1][2] ATGVtesttrainsettheworldrecordforthefastestwheeledtrain,reaching574.8 km/h(357.2 mph)on3April2007.[3]ConventionalTGVservicesoperateupto320 km/h(200 mph)ontheLGVEst,LGVRhin-RhôneandLGVMéditerranée.[4]In2007,theworld'sfastestscheduledrailjourneywasastart-to-stopaveragespeedof279.4 km/h(173.6 mph)betweentheGaredeChampagne-ArdenneandGaredeLorraineontheLGVEst,[5][6]notsurpasseduntilthe2013reportedaverageof283.7 km/h(176.3 mph)expressserviceontheShijiazhuangtoZhengzhousegmentofChina'sShijiazhuang–Wuhanhigh-speedrailway.[7] TheTGVwasconceivedatthesameperiodasothertechnologicalprojectssponsoredbytheGovernmentofFrance,includingtheAriane1rocketandConcordesupersonicairliner;thosefundingprogrammeswereknownaschampionnationalpolicies(literaltranslation:nationalchampion).Thecommercialsuccessofthefirsthigh-speedlineledtoarapiddevelopmentofservicestothesouth(LGVRhône-Alpes,LGVMéditerranée,LGVNîmes–Montpellier),west(LGVAtlantique,LGVBretagne-PaysdelaLoire,LGVSudEuropeAtlantique),north(LGVNord,LGVInterconnexionEst)andeast(LGVRhin-Rhône,LGVEst).NeighbouringcountriesItaly,SpainandGermanydevelopedtheirownhigh-speedrailservices.[citationneeded] TheTGVsystemitselfextendstoneighbouringcountries,eitherdirectly(Italy,Spain,Belgium,LuxembourgandGermany)orthroughTGV-derivativenetworkslinkingFrancetoSwitzerland(Lyria),toBelgium,GermanyandtheNetherlands(Thalys),aswellastotheUnitedKingdom(Eurostar).Severalfuturelinesareplanned,includingextensionswithinFranceandtosurroundingcountries.CitiessuchasToursandLeManshavebecomepartofa"TGVcommuterbelt"aroundParis;theTGValsoservesCharlesdeGaulleAirportandLyon–Saint-ExupéryAirport.Avisitorattractioninitself,itstopsatDisneylandParisandintouristcitiessuchasAvignonandAix-en-Provenceaswell.Brest,Chambéry,Nice,ToulouseandBiarritzarereachablebyTGVsrunningonamixofLGVsandmodernisedlines.In2007,SNCFgeneratedprofitsof€1.1billion(approximatelyUS$1.75billion,£875million)drivenlargelybyhighermarginsontheTGVnetwork.[8][9] Contents 1History 1.1Development 1.2Service 1.3Milestones 1.4Passengerusage 2Linesinoperation 2.1Existinglines 2.2UnderConstruction 2.3Plannedlines 3Rollingstock 3.1TGVSud-Est 3.2TGVAtlantique 3.3TGVRéseau 3.4TGVDuplex 3.5TGVPOS 3.6AveliaEuroduplex(TGV2N2) 4TGVtechnologyoutsideFrance 5FutureTGVs 5.1AveliaHorizon 6Accidents 6.1OnLGVs 6.2Onclassiclines 7ProtestsagainsttheTGV 8Mailservices 9Mobilehospitalservice 10Rebranding 10.1TGVinOui 10.2Ouigo 11Seealso 12Notesandreferences 13Furtherreading 14Externallinks History[edit] Europe'shigh-speedrailsystem,includingTGVLinesinFrance TheideaoftheTGVwasfirstproposedinthe1960s,afterJapanhadbegunconstructionoftheShinkansen(alsoknownasthe"bullettrain")in1959.AtthetimetheGovernmentofFrancefavourednewtechnology,exploringtheproductionofhovercraftandtheAérotrainair-cushionvehicle.Simultaneously,theSNCFbeganresearchinghigh-speedtrainsonconventionaltracks.In1976,theadministrationagreedtofundthefirstline.Bythemid-1990s,thetrainsweresopopularthatSNCFPresidentLouisGalloisdeclaredthattheTGVwas"thetrainthatsavedFrenchrailways".[10] Development[edit] Mainarticle:DevelopmentoftheTGV ItwasoriginallyplannedthattheTGV,thenstandingfortrèsgrandevitesse("veryhighspeed")orturbinegrandevitesse("high-speedturbine"),wouldbepropelledbygasturbines,selectedfortheirsmallsize,goodpower-to-weightratioandabilitytodeliverhighpoweroveranextendedperiod.Thefirstprototype,TGV001,wastheonlygas-turbineTGV:followingtheincreaseinthepriceofoilduringthe1973energycrisis,gasturbinesweredeemeduneconomicandtheprojectturnedtoelectricityfromoverheadlines,generatedbynewnuclearpowerstations. TGV001wasnotawastedprototype:[11]itsgasturbinewasonlyoneofitsmanynewtechnologiesforhigh-speedrailtravel.Italsotestedhigh-speedbrakes,neededtodissipatethelargeamountofkineticenergyofatrainathighspeed,high-speedaerodynamics,andsignalling.Itwasarticulated,comprisingtwoadjacentcarriagessharingabogie,allowingfreeyetcontrolledmotionwithrespecttooneanother.Itreached318 km/h(198 mph),whichremainstheworldspeedrecordforanon-electrictrain.ItsinteriorandexteriorwerestyledbyFrenchdesignerJacquesCooper,whoseworkformedthebasisofearlyTGVdesigns,includingthedistinctivenoseshapeofthefirstpowercars. ChangingtheTGVtoelectrictractionrequiredasignificantdesignoverhaul.Thefirstelectricprototype,nicknamedZébulon,wascompletedin1974,testingfeaturessuchasinnovativebodymountingofmotors,pantographs,suspensionandbraking.Bodymountingofmotorsallowedover3 tonnestobeeliminatedfromthepowercarsandgreatlyreducedtheunsprungweight.Theprototypetravelledalmost1,000,000 km(620,000 mi)duringtesting. In1976theFrenchadministrationfundedtheTGVproject,andconstructionoftheLGVSud-Est,thefirsthigh-speedline(French:ligneàgrandevitesse),beganshortlyafterwards.ThelinewasgiventhedesignationLN1,LigneNouvelle1("NewLine1").Aftertwopre-productiontrainsets(nicknamedPatrickandSophie)hadbeentestedandsubstantiallymodified,thefirstproductionversionwasdeliveredon25April1980. Service[edit] Mainarticle:ListofTGVservices ATGVDuplexinHéricourt,Haute-SaôneontheLGVRhin-Rhône TGVservice(partlyonclassiclines)toBourg-Saint-MauriceintheFrenchAlpsispopularinthewinterseason. TheTGVopenedtothepublicbetweenParisandLyonon27September1981.Contrarytoitsearlierfastservices,SNCFintendedTGVserviceforalltypesofpassengers,withthesameinitialticketpriceastrainsontheparallelconventionalline.TocounteractthepopularmisconceptionthattheTGVwouldbeapremiumserviceforbusinesstravellers,SNCFstartedamajorpublicitycampaignfocusingonthespeed,frequency,reservationpolicy,normalprice,andbroadaccessibilityoftheservice.[12]ThiscommitmenttoademocratisedTGVservicewasenhancedintheMitterranderawiththepromotionalslogan"Progressmeansnothingunlessitissharedbyall".[13]TheTGVwasconsiderablyfaster(intermsofdoortodoortraveltime)thannormaltrains,cars,oraeroplanes.Thetrainsbecamewidelypopular,thepublicwelcomingfastandpracticaltravel. TheEurostarservicebeganoperationin1994,connectingcontinentalEuropetoLondonviatheChannelTunnelandtheLGVNord-EuropewithaversionoftheTGVdesignedforuseinthetunnelandtheUnitedKingdom.ThefirstphaseoftheBritishHighSpeed1linewascompletedin2003,thesecondphaseinNovember2007.Thefastesttrainstake2 hours15 minutesLondon–Parisand1 hour51 minutesLondon–Brussels.Thefirsttwice-dailyLondon-Amsterdamserviceran3April2018,andtook3 hours47 minutes.[14] Milestones[edit] RecordrunsoftheTGV TheTGVwastheworld'sthirdcommercialandstandardgaugehigh-speedtrainservice,[15]afterJapan'sShinkansen,whichconnectedTokyoandOsakafrom1October1964,andBritain'sInterCity125onmainlinessuchastheEastCoastMainLine,whichenteredservicein1976. AmodifiedTGVtesttrainholdstheworldspeedrecordforconventionaltrains.On3April2007amodifiedTGVPOStrainreached574.8 km/h(357.2 mph)undertestconditionsontheLGVEstbetweenParisandStrasbourg.Thelinevoltagewasboostedto31kV,andextraballastwastampedontothepermanentway.Thetrainbeatthe1990worldspeedrecordof515.3 km/h(320.2 mph),setbyasimilarlyshortenedtrain(twopowercarsandthreepassengercars),alongwithunofficialrecordssetduringweeksprecedingtheofficialrecordrun.ThetestwaspartofanextensiveresearchprogrammebyAlstom.[16][17] In2007theTGVwastheworld'sfastestconventionalscheduledtrain:onejourney'saveragestart-to-stopspeedfromChampagne-ArdenneStationtoLorraineStationis279.3 km/h(173.5 mph).[5][6] Thisrecordwassurpassedon26December2009bythenewWuhan-GuangzhouHigh-SpeedRailway[18]inChinawherethefastestscheduledtraincovered922 km(573 mi)atanaveragespeedof312.54 km/h(194.20 mph).However,on1July2011inordertosaveenergyandreduceoperatingcoststhemaximumspeedofChinesehigh-speedtrainswasreducedto300 km/h,butservicesbetweenShijiazhuangandZhengzhouEastonthelinestillachieve283.4 km/h(176.1 mph)ineachdirectionin2015.[19]Therevivalof350 km/hoperationin2017ontheBeijing–Shanghaihigh-speedrailwayallowsforseveralservicestocompletethe1,318 km(819 mi)journeybetweenShanghaiandBeijingin4hoursand24minwithanaveragespeedof299.5 km/h(186.1 mph).[20] AEurostar(TGV)trainbroketherecordforthelongestnon-stophigh-speedinternationaljourneyon17May2006carryingthecastandfilmmakersofTheDaVinciCodefromLondontoCannesfortheCannesFilmFestival.The1,421-kilometre(883 mi)journeytook7 hours25 minutesonanaveragespeedof191.6 km/h(119.1 mph).[21] Thefastestsinglelong-distancerunontheTGVwasdonebyaTGVRéseautrainfromCalais-FrethuntoMarseille(1067.2 km,663 mi)in3 hours29 minutesataspeedof306 km/h(190 mph)fortheinaugurationoftheLGVMéditerranéeon26May2001.[22] Passengerusage[edit] On28November2003theTGVnetworkcarrieditsonebillionthpassenger,adistantsecondonlytotheShinkansen'sfivebillionthpassengerin2000. Excludinginternationaltraffic,theTGVsystemcarried98millionpassengersduring2008,anincreaseof8million(9.1%)onthepreviousyear.[23] TGVpassengersinmillionsfrom1981to2010[24] 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 – 1.26 6.08 9.20 13.77 15.38 15.57 16.97 18.10 19.16 1990s[t1][t2] 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 29.93 37.00 39.30 40.12 43.91 46.59 55.73 62.60 71.00 74.00 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 79.70 83.50 87.90 86.70 90.80 94.00 97.00 106.00 114.00 122.00 2010s 2010 114.45 ^from1994includingEurostar ^from1997includingThalys Linesinoperation[edit] OverviewofFrenchTGVlines Line Connectedcities/stations Yearofinauguration Operationaltopspeed Typeoftrains Northcorridor LGVNord Paris-Nord·Péronne·Arras·Lille·Calais 1993 300km/h HSL1 1997 South-westcorridor LGVAtlantique 24September1989 300km/h 25September1990 LGVSudEuropeAtlantique 2July2017 320km/h LGVBretagne-PaysdelaLoire 350km/h South-eastcorridor LGVSud-Est Paris·LeCreusot·Mâcon·Lyon 22September1981 300km/h LGVRhône-Alpes LGVMéditerranée LGVRhin-Rhône 11December2011 320km/h TGVDuplex,TGVRéseau,TGVPOS,VelaroD LGVPerpignan–Figueres Eastcorridor LGVEst Paris-Est·Besannes·LesTrois-Domaines·Louvigny 10June2007 Louvigny·Vendenheim·Strasbourg 3July2016 InJune2021therewereapproximately2,800 kmofLignesàGrandeVitesse(LGV),withfouradditionallinesectionsunderconstruction.ThecurrentlinesandthoseunderconstructioncanbegroupedintofourroutesradiatingfromParisandonethatcurrentlyonlyconnectstoParisthroughasectionofclassicaltrack: LGVInterconnexionEstconnectsLGVSud-EsttoLGVNordaroundParis. Existinglines[edit] LGVRhône-Alpes(LyontoValence)(opened1992) LGVInterconnexionEst(LGVSud-EsttoLGVNordEurope,eastofParis)(opened1994) LGVMéditerranée(AnextensionofLGVRhône-Alpes:ValencetoMarseille-Saint-Charles)withabranchtoNîmes(opened2001) LGVPerpignan–Figueres(SpaintoFrance)(constructionfinished17February2009,TGVservicefrom19December2010)[25] LGVRhin-Rhône[26](Lyon–Dijon–Mulhouse),firstphaseopened11December2011. LGVSudEuropeAtlantique(Tours–Bordeaux),extendingthesouthernbranchoftheLGVAtlantique(alsocalledLGVSud-Ouest);[27]openedon2July2017. LGVBretagne-PaysdelaLoire(LeMans–Rennes),extendingthewesternbranchoftheLGVAtlantique;[28][29]openedon2July2017. Nîmes-Montpellierbypassextendingthesouth-westernstuboftheLGVMéditerranéeby60 kmtowardstheSpanishborder;openedon12December2017forfreight(July2018forpassengers).Itishowevercurrentlylimitedtoamaximumspeedof220 km/h,sincetheinstallationofETCSLevel2allowingspeedsupto300 km/hisyettobeplanned. UnderConstruction[edit] Lyon–Turin(Lyon–Chambéry–Turin),connectingtotheItalianTAVnetwork.[30] Plannedlines[edit] In2017FrenchPresidentEmmanuelMacronannouncedaplanto"reassess"plannedLGVconstruction,implyingthatmanyoftheprojectslistedherewillbedelayedornotconstructedatall.Contrarytothis,theFrenchgovernmentconfirmed5newlinesinlatesummer2018.[31] LGVMontpellier–Perpignan,thelastgapinEurope'slongesthigh-speedroutebetweenParisandMálaga/Seville. LGVBordeaux–Toulouse LGVPoitiers–Limoges[32] LGVProvence-Alpes-Côted'Azur(Marseille–Nice),wouldreduceParis–Nicetraveltimesfrom5h25to3h50.[33] LGVSudEuropeAtlantiquePhase3(BordeauxtoSpanishBorder)[34] LGVRhin-Rhône[26](Lyon–Dijon–Mulhouse),secondphaseoftheeasternbranchconstructioninitiallyplannedtostartin2014,butfundingisunclearforthewesternandsouthernbranches. ExtensiontoNarbonneoftheLGVBordeaux–Toulouse LGVPicardie(Paris–Amiens–Calais),cuttingoffthecorneroftheLGVNord-EuropeviaLille.[30] LGVNormandiewouldrunfromParistoRouen,LeHavre,CaenandCherbourg.ThelinewouldhaveastopinLaDéfensewhereitwouldmeetwithaproposedlinktoLGVNordandaproposedEurostarservicetoterminateinLaDéfense.[35] LGVParis–Orléans–Clermont-Ferrand–Lyon(POCL) [fr]On30July2010,thegovernmentofthenPresidentSarkozyannouncedthatitexpectedtostartworkonasecondLGVbetweenParisandLyonbetween2020and2030.ThetrainlinewouldrunviaOrléansandClermont-Ferrand,atalengthof410 km,andisexpectedtocost€12bn.[36]TheroutewillbeknownasLGVPOCL(Paris,Orléans,Clermont-FerrandandLyon).Fourpotentialroutesarebeingstudiedasof2011,withconsultationscontinuinginto2012.Workwouldnotstartbefore2025.[37] Rollingstock[edit] TGVshavesemi-permanentlycoupledarticulatedun-poweredcoaches,withJacobsbogiesbetweenthecoachessupportingbothofthem.Powercarsateachendofthetrainshavetheirownbogies.TrainscanbelengthenedbycouplingtwoTGVs,usingcouplershiddeninthenosesofthepowercars.Thearticulateddesignisadvantageousduringaderailment,asthepassengercarriagesaremorelikelytostayuprightandinlinewiththetrack.Normaltrainscouldsplitatcouplingsandjackknife,asseenintheEschedetraindisaster.Adisadvantageisthatitisdifficulttosplitsetsofcarriages.Whilepowercarscanberemovedfromtrainsbystandarduncouplingprocedures,specialiseddepotequipmentisneededtosplitcarriages,byliftingtheentiretrainatonce.Onceuncoupled,oneofthecarriageendsisleftwithoutabogieatthesplit,soabogieframeisrequiredtosupportit.UsingPowerCarsinsteadofElectricMultipleUnitseasilyallowsforahighridequalityandlesselectricalequipment.[38] TherearefivetypesofTGVequipmentinuse: TGVAtlantique(10carriages) TGVRéseau(similartoAtlantique,but8carriages) TGVDuplex(twofloorsforgreaterpassengercapacity) TGVPOS(originallyforroutestoGermany,nowusedtoSwitzerland) TGV2N2(AveliaEuroduplex)(upgradeoftheTGVDuplex) Retiredsets: TGVSud-Est(retiredinDecember2019) TGVLaPoste(retiredinJune2015) Futuresets: AveliaHorizon(Entryintoservicein2023) SeveralTGVtypeshavebrokenrecords,includingtheV150andTGV001.V150wasaspeciallymodifiedfive-cardouble-decktrainsetthatreached574.8 km/h(357.2 mph)undercontrolledconditionsonatestrun.Itnarrowlymissedbeatingtheworldtrainspeedrecordof581 km/h(361 mph).[39]Therecord-breakingspeedisimpracticalforcommercialtrainsduetomotorovercharging,emptytrainweight,railandenginewearissues,eliminationofallbutthreecoaches,excessivevibration,noiseandlackofemergencystoppingmethods. TGVstravelatupto320 km/h(200 mph)incommercialuse.Allareatleastbi-current,whichmeansthattheycanoperateat25 kV,50 Hz AC(includingLGVs)andat1.5 kV DC(suchasthe1.5 kVlignesclassiquessouthofParis).TrainstoGermany,Switzerland,BelgiumandtheNetherlandsmustaccommodateothervoltages,requiringtri-currentandquadri-currentTGVs.TGVshavetwopairsofpantographs,twoforACuseandtwoforDC.Whenpassingbetweenareasofdifferentsupplyvoltage,markerboardsremindthedrivertoturnoffpower,lowerthepantograph(s),adjustaswitchtoselecttheappropriatesystem,andraisethepantograph(s).Pantographsandpantographheightcontrolareselectedautomaticallybasedonthevoltagesystemchosenbythedriver.Oncethetraindetectsthecorrectsupply,adashboardindicatorilluminatesandthedrivercanswitchonthetractionmotors.Thetraincoastsacrosstheboundarybetweensections. Equipmenttype Topspeed Seatingcapacity Overalllength Width Weight,empty(t) Weight,full(t) Power,at25 kV(kW) Power-to-weightratio,empty(kW/t) Firstbuilt km/h mph m ft m ft TGVAtlantique* 300 190 485,459(rebuilt) 238 781 2.90 9.5 444 484 8,800 19.82 1988 TGVRéseau 320 200 377,361(rebuilt) 200 660 2.90 9.5 383 415 8,800 22.98 1992 TGVDuplex 320 200 508 200 660 2.90 9.5 380 424 8,800 23.16 1994 TGVPOS 320 200 361 200 660 2.90 9.5 383 415 9,280 24.23 2005 Euroduplex 320 200 509(SNCF),533(ONCF) 200 660 2.90 9.5 380 424 9,400 24.74 2011 TGVSud-Est[edit] Mainarticle:SNCFTGVSud-Est ATGVSud-Estsetintheoriginalorangelivery,sincesupersededbysilverandblue TheSud-Estfleetwasbuiltbetween1978and1988andoperatedthefirstTGVservice,fromParistoLyonin1981.Therewere107passengersets,ofwhichninearetri-current(including15 kV,16+2⁄3 Hz ACforuseinSwitzerland)andtherestbi-current.Thereweresevenbi-currenthalf-setswithoutseatsthatcarriedmailforLaPostebetweenParis,LyonandProvence,inadistinctiveyellowliveryuntiltheywerephasedoutin2015. Eachsetweremadeupoftwopowercarsandeightcarriages(capacity345seats),includingapoweredbogieinthecarriagesadjacenttothepowercars.Theyare200 m(660 ft)longand2.81 m(9.2 ft)wide.Theyweigh385 tonneswithapoweroutputof6,450 kWunder25 kV. Thesetswerebuilttorunat270 km/h(170 mph)butmostwereupgradedto300 km/h(190 mph)duringmid-liferefurbishmentinpreparationfortheopeningoftheLGVMéditerranée.Thefewsetsthatstillhaveamaximumspeedof270 km/hoperateonroutesthatincludeacomparativelyshortdistanceonLGV,suchastoSwitzerlandviaDijon;SNCFdidnotconsideritfinanciallyworthwhiletoupgradetheirspeedforamarginalreductioninjourneytime. InDecember2019,thetrainswerephasedoutfromservice.Inlate2019andearly2020,TGV01(NicknamedPatrick),whichwastheveryfirstTGVtrain,didafarewellservicethatincludedallthreeliveriesthatwerewornduringtheirservice.[40] TGVAtlantique[edit] Mainarticle:SNCFTGVAtlantique TGVAtlantiqueatLaRochellestation. The105-strongbi-currentAtlantiquefleetwasbuiltbetween1988and1992fortheopeningoftheLGVAtlantiqueandentryintoservicebeganin1989.Theyare237.5 m(779 ft)longand2.9 m(9.5 ft)wide.Theyweigh444tonnes,andaremadeupoftwopowercarsandtencarriageswithacapacityof485seats.Theywerebuiltwithamaximumspeedof300 km/h(190 mph)and8,800 kWofpowerunder25 kV.TheefficiencyoftheAtlantiquewithallseatsfilledhasbeencalculatedat767PMPG,thoughwithatypicaloccupancyof60%itisabout460PMPG(aToyotaPriuswiththreepassengersis144PMPG).[41] Modifiedunit325settheworldspeedrecordin1990ontheLGVbeforeitsopening.Modificationssuchasimprovedaerodynamics,largerwheelsandimprovedbrakingweremadetoenablespeedsofover500 km/h(310 mph).Thesetwasreducedtotwopowercarsandthreecarriagestoimprovethepower-to-weightratio,weighing250tonnes.Threecarriages,includingthebarcarriageinthecentre,istheminimumpossibleconfigurationbecauseofthearticulation. TGVRéseau[edit] Mainarticle:SNCFTGVRéseau ATGV-ReseauLacroixwithnumber549attheLuxembourgstation. ThefirstRéseau(Network)setsenteredservicein1993.Fiftybi-currentsetswereorderedin1990,supplementedby40tri-currentsetsin1992/1993.Tentri-currentsetscarrytheThalysliveryandareknownasThalysPBA(Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam)sets.AswellasusingstandardFrenchvoltages,thetri-currentsetscanoperateundertheNetherlands'1.5kVandItalianandBelgian3kVDCsupplies. Theyareformedoftwopowercars(8,800 kWunder25 kV–asTGVAtlantique)andeightcarriages,givingacapacityof377seats.Theyhaveatopspeedof320 km/h.Theyare200 m(660 ft)longandare2.90 m(9.5 ft)wide.Thebi-currentsetsweigh383tonnes:owingtoaxle-loadrestrictionsinBelgiumthetri-currentsetshaveaseriesofmodifications,suchasthereplacementofsteelwithaluminiumandhollowaxles,toreducetheweighttounder17tperaxle. OwingtoearlycomplaintsofuncomfortablepressurechangeswhenenteringtunnelsathighspeedontheLGVAtlantique,theRéseausetsarenowpressure-sealed.TheycanbecoupledtoaDuplexset. TGVDuplex[edit] Mainarticle:SNCFTGVDuplex TheTGVDuplexpowercarsuseamorestreamlinednosethanpreviousTGVs TheDuplexwasbuilttoincreaseTGVcapacitywithoutincreasingtrainlengthorthenumberoftrains.Eachcarriagehastwolevels,withaccessdoorsatthelowerleveltakingadvantageoflowFrenchplatforms.Astaircasegivesaccesstotheupperlevel,wherethegangwaybetweencarriagesislocated.Thereare512seatsperset.OnbusyroutessuchasParis-Marseilletheyareoperatedinpairs,providing1,024seatsintwoDuplexsetsor800inaDuplexsetplusaReseauset.Eachsethasawheelchairaccessiblecompartment. Afteralengthydevelopmentprocessstartingin1988(duringwhichtheywereknownastheTGV-2N)theoriginalbatchof30wasbuiltbetween1995and1998.Furtherdeliveriesstartedin2000withtheDuplexfleetnowtotalling160units,makingitthebackboneoftheSNCFTGV-fleet.Theyweigh380tonnesandare200 m(660 ft)long,madeupoftwopowercarsandeightcarriages.ExtensiveuseofaluminiummeansthattheyweighnotmuchmorethantheTGVRéseausetstheysupplement.Thebi-currentpowercarsprovide8,800 kW,andtheyhaveaslightlyincreasedspeedof320 km/h(200 mph). DuplexTGVsarenowoperatingonalloftheFrenchhighspeedlines.[42] TGVPOS[edit] Mainarticle:SNCFTGVPOS TGVPOShavethenewerpowercarsunlikeaTGVRéseau TGVPOS(Paris-Ostfrankreich-SüddeutschlandorParis-EasternFrance-SouthernGermany)areusedontheLGVEst. TheyconsistoftwoDuplexpowercarswitheightTGVRéseau-typecarriages,withapoweroutputof9,600 kWandatopspeedof320 km/h(200 mph).UnlikeTGV-A,TGV-RandTGV-D,theyhaveasynchronousmotors,andisolationofanindividualmotorispossibleincaseoffailure. AveliaEuroduplex(TGV2N2)[edit] Mainarticle:Euroduplex TGV2N2traininParisGaredeLyonstation. Thebi-currentTGV2N2(AveliaEuroduplex)canberegardedasthe3rdgenerationofDuplex.TheserieswascommissionedfromDecember2011forlinkstoGermanyandSwitzerland(tri-currenttrains)andtocopewiththeincreasedtrafficduetotheopeningoftheLGVRhine-Rhone. Theyarenumberedfrom800,andarelimitedto320 km/h(200 mph).ERTMSmakesthemcompatibletoallowaccesstoSpainsimilartoDasye. TGVtechnologyoutsideFrance[edit] TGVtechnologyhasbeenadoptedinanumberofothercountries:[43] AVE(AltaVelocidadEspañola),inSpain.[44] ThalysinBelgium,theNetherlandsandGermany. KoreaTrainExpress(KTX),inSouthKorea.[45] BritishRailClass373operateEurostarservicesbetweentheUnitedKingdom,France,Belgium. AcelaExpress,ahigh-speedtiltingtrainbuiltbyTGVparticipantBombardierfortheNortheastCorridorintheUnitedStates.TheAcelausesseveralTGVtechnologiesincludingthemotors,electrical/drivetrainsystem(rectifiers,inverters,regenerativebrakingtechnology),truckstructureanddiscbrakes,andcrashenergymanagementtechnologytocontrolstructuraldeformationsinaccidents.[46]However,theAcela'stilting,non-articulatedcarriagesarederivedfromtheBombardier'sCanadianLRCtrainsandarecustombuiltforU.S.FederalRailroadAdministrationcrashstandards.[46] AveliaLiberty,thereplacementfortheAcelaExpressintheUnitedStates.Expectedtoenterservicein2022. TheMoroccangovernmentagreedtoa€2 billioncontractforAlstomtobuildAl-Boraq,anLGVbetweenTangierandCasablancawhichopenedin2018.[47] Italianopen-accesshigh-speedoperatorNuovoTrasportoViaggiatorihassignedupwithAlstomtopurchase25AGV11-carsets(TGV4thgeneration,runningat350 km/h(220 mph))fordeliverystartingin2009.[48] FutureTGVs[edit] SNCFandAlstomareinvestigatingnewtechnologythatcouldbeusedforhigh-speedtransport. ThedevelopmentofTGVtrainsisbeingpursuedintheformoftheAutomotriceàgrandevitesse(AGV)high-speedmultipleunitwithmotorsundereachcarriage.[49]InvestigationsarebeingcarriedoutwiththeaimofproducingtrainsatthesamecostasTGVswiththesamesafetystandards.AGVsofthesamelengthasTGVscouldhaveupto450seats.Thetargetspeedis360kilometresperhour(220 mph).TheprototypeAGVwasunveiledbyAlstomon5February2008.[50] ItalianoperatorNTVisthefirstcustomerfortheAGV,andbecamethefirstopen-accesshigh-speedrailoperatorinEurope,startingoperationin2011.[48] ThedesignprocessofthenextgenerationofTGVsbeganin2016whenSNCFandAlstomsignedanagreementtojointlydevelopthetrainsets,withgoalsofreducingpurchaseandoperatingcosts,aswellasimprovedinteriordesign.[51] AveliaHorizon[edit] Mainarticle:AveliaHorizon ThedesignthatemergedfromtheprocesswasnamedAveliaHorizon,andinJuly2018SNCFordered100trainsetswithdeliveriesexpectedtobeginin2023.[52]Theyareexpectedtocost€25millionper8-carset. Accidents[edit] Mainarticle:TGVaccidents Inalmostthreedecadesofhigh-speedoperation,theTGVhasnotrecordedasinglepassengerfatalityduetoaccidentswhilerunningathighspeedonnormalpassengerservice.Therehavebeenseveralaccidents,includingthreederailmentsatorabove270 km/h(170 mph),butinonlyoneofthese—atestrunonanewline—didcarriagesoverturn.Thisiscreditedinparttothestiffnessthatthearticulateddesignlendstothetrain.TherehavebeenfatalaccidentsinvolvingTGVsonlignesclassiques,wherethetrainsareexposedtothesamedangersasnormaltrains,suchaslevelcrossings.Theseincludeoneterroristbombing,whichcouldaswellhaveoccurredathighspeedasnot. OnLGVs[edit] 14December1992:TGV920fromAnnecytoParis,operatedbyset56,derailedat270 km/h(170 mph)atMâcon-LochéTGVstation(Saône-et-Loire).Apreviousemergencystophadcausedawheelflat;thebogieconcernedderailedwhilecrossingthepointsattheentrancetothestation.Nooneonthetrainwasinjured,but25passengerswaitingontheplatformforanotherTGVwereslightlyinjuredbyballastthatwasthrownupfromthetrackbed. 21December1993:TGV7150fromValenciennestoParis,operatedbyset511,derailedat300 km/h(190 mph)atthesiteofHautePicardieTGVstation,beforeitwasbuilt.Rainhadcausedaholetoopenupunderthetrack;theholedatedfromtheFirstWorldWarbuthadnotbeendetectedduringconstruction.Thefrontpowercarandfourcarriagesderailedbutremainedalignedwiththetrack.Ofthe200passengers,onewasslightlyinjured. 5June2000:Eurostar9073fromParistoLondon,operatedbysets3101/2ownedbytheNationalRailwayCompanyofBelgium,derailedat250 km/h(155 mph)intheNord-PasdeCalaisregionnearCroisilles.[53]Thetransmissionassemblyontherearbogieofthefrontpowercarfailed,withpartsfallingontothetrack.Fourbogiesoutof24derailed.Outof501passengers,sevenwerebruised[54]andotherstreatedforshock.[55] 14November2015:TGV2369wasinvolvedintheEckwersheimderailment,nearStrasbourg,whilebeingtestedonthethen-unopenedsecondphaseoftheLGVEst.Thederailmentresultedin11deathsamongthoseaboard,whilethe11othersaboardthetrainwereseriouslyinjured.[56]Excessivespeedhasbeencitedasthecause.[57] Onclassiclines[edit] 31December1983:AbomballegedlyplantedbytheterroristorganisationofCarlostheJackalexplodedonboardaTGVfromMarseilletoParis;twopeoplewerekilled. 28September1988:TGV736,operatedbyset70"Melun",collidedwithalorrycarryinganelectrictransformerweighing100tonnesthathadbecomestuckonalevelcrossinginVoiron,Isère.ThevehiclehadnotobtainedtherequiredcrossingpermitfromtheFrenchDirectiondépartementaledel'équipement.Theweightofthelorrycausedaveryviolentcollision;thetraindriverandapassengerdied,and25passengerswereslightlyinjured. 4January1991:afterabrakefailure,TGV360ranawayfromChâtillondepot.ThetrainwasdirectedontoanunoccupiedtrackandcollidedwiththecarloadingrampatParis-Vaugirardstationat60 km/h(37 mph).Noonewasinjured.Theleadingpowercarandthefirsttwocarriageswereseverelydamaged,andwererebuilt. 25September1997:TGV7119fromParistoDunkerque,operatedbyset502,collidedat130 km/h(81 mph)witha70tonneasphaltpavingmachineonalevelcrossingatBierne,nearDunkerque.Thepowercarspunroundandfelldownanembankment.Thefronttwocarriagesleftthetrackandcametoastopinwoodsbesidethetrack.Sevenpeoplewereinjured. 31October2001:TGV8515fromParistoIrunderailedat130 km/h(81 mph)nearDaxinsouthwestFrance.Alltencarriagesderailedandtherearpowerunitfellover.Thecausewasabrokenrail. 30January2003:aTGVfromDunkerquetoPariscollidedat106 km/h(66 mph)withaheavygoodsvehiclestuckonthelevelcrossingatEsquelbecqinnorthernFrance.Thefrontpowercarwasseverelydamaged,butonlyonebogiederailed.Onlythedriverwasslightlyinjured. 19December2007:aTGVfromParistoGenevacollidedatabout100 km/h(62 mph)withatruckonalevelcrossingnearTossiatineasternFrance,neartheSwissborder.Thedriverofthetruckdied;onthetrain,onepersonwasseriouslyinjuredand24wereslightlyinjured.[58] 17July2014:aTERtrainranintotherearofaTGVatDenguin,Pyrénées-Atlantiques.Fortypeoplewereinjured. Followingthenumberofaccidentsatlevelcrossings,anefforthasbeenmadetoremovealllevelcrossingsonlignesclassiquesusedbyTGVs.TheligneclassiquefromTourstoBordeauxattheendoftheLGVAtlantiquehasnolevelcrossingsasaresult. ProtestsagainsttheTGV[edit] ThefirstenvironmentalprotestsagainstthebuildingofanLGVoccurredinMay1990duringtheplanningstagesoftheLGVMéditerranée.Protestersblockedarailwayviaducttoprotestagainsttheplannedroute,arguingthatitwasunnecessary,andthattrainscouldkeepusingexistinglinestoreachMarseillefromLyon.[59] TheTurin–Lyonhigh-speedrailway(Lyon-Chambéry-Turin),whichwouldconnecttheTGVnetworktotheItalianTAVnetwork,hasbeenthesubjectofdemonstrationsinItaly.WhilemostItalianpoliticalpartiesagreeontheconstructionofthisline,someinhabitantsofthetownswhereconstructionwouldtakeplaceopposeitvehemently.[citationneeded]Theconcernsputforwardbytheprotesterscentreonstorageofdangerousmaterialsminedduringtunnelboring,likeasbestosandperhapsuranium,intheopenair.[citationneeded]Thishealthdangercouldbeavoidedbyusingmoreexpensivetechniquesforhandlingradioactivematerials.[citationneeded]Asix-monthdelayinthestartofconstructionhasbeendecidedinordertostudysolutions.Inadditiontotheconcernsoftheresidents,RFB–aten-year-oldnationalmovement–opposesthedevelopmentofItaly'sTAVhigh-speedrailnetworkasawhole.[60] GeneralcomplaintsaboutthenoiseofTGVspassingneartownsandvillageshaveledtheSNCFtobuildacousticfencingalonglargesectionsofLGVtoreducethedisturbancetoresidents,butprotestsstilltakeplacewhereSNCFhasnotaddressedtheissue.[61] Mailservices[edit] Inadditiontoitsstandardservices,maildeliveryserviceswerealsooperatedbyTGVs. Formanyyears,aservicetermedSNCFTGVLaPostetransportedmailfortheFrenchmailservice,LaPoste.ItusedwindowlessbutotherwisestandardTGVrollingstock,paintedintheyellowandblueliveryofLaPoste.However,theserviceceasedinJune2015. Mobilehospitalservice[edit] DuringtheCOVID-19pandemic,severalTGVtrainsweretransformedintomobilehospitals,inordertotransportcriticallyillpatientsfromoverwhelmedhospitalsintheEastofFrancetohospitalsinthewest.[62] Everycoachallowsforupto6patients,allowingforthetransportofseveraldozenpatients,attendedbyastaffof50medicalworkers.Althoughthetrainmovesathighspeed,itacceleratesanddeceleratessmoothly,allowingformedicalprocedurestobeperformedduringtransport.[63] Rebranding[edit] SinceJuly2017,TGVservicesaregraduallybeingrebrandedasTGVinOuiandOuigoinpreparationfortheopeningoftheFrenchHSRmarkettocompetition.[64][65][66] TGVinOui[edit] Mainarticle:TGVinOui TGVinOuiisSNCF'spremiumhigh-speedrailservice.ThenameinOuiwaschosenbecauseitsoundsliketheFrenchwordinouïmeaning"extraordinary"(ormoreliterally,"unheardof").[67] Ouigo[edit] Mainarticle:Ouigo OuigoisSNCF'slow-costhigh-speedrailservice.Trainshaveahigh-densityone-classconfigurationandreducedon-boardservices.Theservicestraditionallyoperatefromlessbusysecondarystations,sometimesoutsideofthecitycentre.[68]Theliteraltranslationofthebrandnameis"yesgo",butthenameisalsoaplayontheEnglishhomonym,"wego". Seealso[edit] iDTGV High-speedrailinFrance TER-GV–TGVsoperatingonrelativelyshortdistancesalongtheLGVNord TGVtrackconstruction TGVworldspeedrecord–overviewandchronologyofspeedrecordattempts V150(train) AVE YHT Intercity-Express Notesandreferences[edit] ^"SympozjumCSTransportwCNTK"(inPolish).Archivedfromtheoriginalon26June2018.Retrieved18May2009. ^Gruere,Y(1989)."TVM400-amodularandflexibleATCsystem".Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^"FrenchTrainHits357mphBreakingWorldSpeedRecord".foxnews.com.4April2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon4May2011.Retrieved11February2010. ^LeTGVrulerbientôtà360km/h,LeFigaro(inFrench),17December2007. ^ab,"WorldSpeedSurvey:Newlinesboostrail'shighspeedperformance".RailwayGazetteInternational.4September2007.Retrieved1May2009. ^abRailwayGazetteInternational2007WorldSpeedSurveyTablesArchived31July2009attheWaybackMachineRailwayGazetteInternational(September2007) ^"WorldSpeedSurvey2013:Chinasprintsoutinfront".RailwayGazetteInternational.Retrieved2July2013. ^Gow,David(9July2008)."Europe'srailrenaissanceontrack".guardian.co.uk.London.Retrieved9February2010. ^Fried,Ben(15July2008)."FrenchTrainsTurn$1.75BProfit,LeaveAmericanRailintheDust".StreetsblogNewYorkCity.streetsblog.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon22March2010.Retrieved9February2010. ^Fender,Keith(August2010)."TGV:HighSpeedHero".Trains.Kalmbach.70(8). ^"EarlyTGVhistory".TGVWeb.Retrieved18April2008. ^Meunier,Jacob.OnTheFastTrack:FrenchRailwayModernisationandtheOriginsoftheTGV,1944–1983.pp. 209–210. ^Meunier,Jacob.OnTheFastTrack:FrenchRailwayModernisationandtheOriginsoftheTGV,1944–1983.p. 7. ^"Eurostar'sfirstevertrainfromLondontoAmsterdamarrivesinstyle".standard.co.uk.5April2018. ^"Generaldefinitionsofhighspeed".UIC.28November2006.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10December2006.Retrieved3January2007. ^"AlstomcommitsitselftotheFrenchveryhighspeedrailprogramme".Alstom.18December2006.Retrieved4February2007.[deadlink] ^"Frenchhigh-speedTGVbreaksworldconventionalrail-speedrecord".DeutschePresse-Agentur(reprintedbyMonstersandCritics).14February2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18February2007.Retrieved14February2007. ^Wuhan-Guangzhoulineopensat380 km/h,"Archivedcopy".Archivedfromtheoriginalon12February2010.Retrieved17May2010.CS1maint:archivedcopyastitle(link) ^Ltd,DVVMediaInternational."WorldSpeedSurvey2015:Chinaremainsthepacesetter".RailwayGazetteInternational.Retrieved3December2018. ^"京沪高铁明提速"复兴号"将在中途超车"和谐号"".Retrieved3December2018. ^"EurostarsetsnewGuinnessWorldRecordwithcastandfilmmakersofColumbiaPictures'TheDaVinciCode".Eurostar.17May2006.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14May2007.Retrieved15February2007. ^"Frenchtrainbreaksspeedrecord".BBCNews.27May2001.Retrieved26August2007. ^"Bilandel'année2008 :Perspectives2009"(PDF)(inFrench).SNCF.12February2009.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on19March2009.Retrieved7March2009. ^Pepy,G.:25YearsoftheTGV.ModernRailways10/2006,pp.67–74 ^"TGVticketstoFigueresonsale".RailwayGazetteInternational.24November2010. ^ab"(untitled)".LGVRhin-Rhone.Archivedfromtheoriginalon6March2012.Retrieved28December2014.[fullcitationneeded] ^"ExtrafundswillspeedupFrenchinvestment".RailwayGazetteInternational.4February2009.Retrieved27August2009. ^"FundingagreedforLGVBretagne".RailwayGazetteInternational.31July2008.Retrieved27August2009. ^"ThreeshortlistedforLGVBretagne".RailwayGazetteInternational.29June2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10May2010.Retrieved27August2009. ^ab"Long-termTGVplans".RailwayGazetteInternational.2June2008.Retrieved27August2009. ^"MacronConsidersCutsto$34BillionInfrastructurePlan".Bloomberg.com.28June2017. ^"CPDPProjetLGVPoitiers–Limoges".debatpublic.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon21February2009.Retrieved1May2009. ^"FranceApprovesRouteforMarseille-NiceTGV".TheTransportPolitic.July2009.Retrieved1July2009. ^"Bordeaux–Espagne".RailwayGazetteInternational.Retrieved21April2012. ^"Normandieupgradingmovesahead".RailwayGazetteInternational.16October2009. ^"SNITmakesrailapriority".RailwayGazetteInternational.30July2010. ^"ParistoClermont-Ferrandhighspeedlineplansoutlined".RailwayGazetteInternational.1June2011. ^http://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr17/pdf/f40_technology.pdf ^"FrenchTrainSetsNewWorldSpeedRecord".London.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7May2008. ^"[SNCF]FarewelltourforPatrick,thefirstTGVtrain".EngNews24h.7February2020.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15February2020.Retrieved18May2020. ^EnergyEfficiencyofdifferentmodesoftransportation,accessedMarch21,2009Archived1March2009attheWaybackMachine ^TheElectricRailwaySociety(March2015)."TheHistoryoftheFrenchHighSpeedRailNetworkandTGV".Retrieved19October2016. ^"FrenchRailwayIndustry:Thepathsofexcellence"(PDF).DGE/UBIFRANCE.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on21November2008.Retrieved1May2009. ^Takagi,Ryo."High-speedRailways:Thelasttenyears"(PDF).JapanRailway&TransportReview.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on20June2009.Retrieved1May2009. ^"Koreadevelopshigh-speedambitions:athoroughprogrammeofresearchanddevelopmentwillsoondeliverresultsforKorea'srailindustryintheformoftheindigenousKTXIIhigh-speedtrain.DrKihwanKimoftheKoreaRailroadResearchInstituteexplainsthedevelopmentofthenewtrain".BNET(InternationalRailwayJournal).May2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16December2008.Retrieved31December2008. ^ab"TGVwebAcelaExpresspage".TGVweb.May2009.Retrieved10May2009. ^"EngineersbeginworkonMoroccanhigh-speedraillink".BNET(InternationalRailwayJournal).May2008.Retrieved9April2009. ^ab"AlstomawardedItalianAGVcontract".RailwayGazetteInternational.17January2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15April2012. ^"AlstomunveilsAGVprototypetrain".RailwayGazetteInternational.5February2008. ^"Franceunveilssuper-fasttrain".BBCNews.5February2008.Retrieved5February2008. ^Barrow,Keith(7September2016)."Next-generationTGVtoenterservicein2022". ^"SNCFconfirmsTGVoftheFutureorder".RailwayGazetteInternational.26July2018.Retrieved2August2018. ^"TGVAccidents".trainweb.org.1May2009. ^Eurostarderails;sevenpassengersbruised[permanentdeadlink]AssociatedPress(5June2000),Retrieved24November2005 ^"EurostartrainderailsinFrance".BBCNews.5June2000.Retrieved10May2009. ^"Atleast11killedinrailcrashinFrance".BBCNews.Retrieved20December2017. ^Bach,Christian;Poivret,Aurélien(14November2015)."Uneramed'essaid'unTGVserenverseetprendfeuàEckwersheim,prèsdeStrasbourg :cinqmorts".DernieresNouvellesD'Alsace(inFrench). ^FrenchTGVtrainhitslorryandkillsoneReutersUK(December2007) ^"High-SpeedProtest".NewScientist.2June1990.Archivedfromtheoriginalon17December2007.Retrieved15November2005. ^"EnvironmentalProtestersBlockFrench-ItalianRailway".planetark.com.1November2005.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7October2007.Retrieved1November2005. ^Davey,Tom."Trainàgrandevitessecausesdistress".www.esemag.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16January2010.Retrieved24November2005. ^High-speed'hospital':TraintransportsFrance'scoronaviruspatientsFrance2426March2020 ^Photos:HospitalizedcoronaviruspatientsarebeingmovedoutofParisbytrainQuartz3April2020 ^SNCFtorebrandTGVservicesasinOuiRailwayGazetteInternational27May2017 ^"SNCFrebrandsTGVas"inOui"".InternationalRailwayJournal.30May2017.Retrieved4August2021. ^"SNCFconfirmsnewInOuinameforTGV".businesstraveller.com.30May2017.Retrieved4August2021. ^"WhywerenamedTGVservice'inOui'".TheConnexion.Retrieved28May2020. ^"SNCF:lesTGVlow-costOuigodésormaisaudépartdeParis".BFMBUSINESS(inFrench).Retrieved15February2020. Furtherreading[edit] Allen,GeoffreyFreeman(December1982–January1982)."It'saknockout".RailEnthusiast.EMAPNationalPublications.pp. 34–37.ISSN 0262-561X.OCLC 49957965. Cooper,Basil(January1983)."What'sinaTGV?".RailEnthusiast.EMAPNationalPublications.pp. 18–20.ISSN 0262-561X.OCLC 49957965. Perren,Brian(October1983)."TGV:thecompletionofadream".RailEnthusiast.EMAPNationalPublications.pp. 32–40.ISSN 0262-561X.OCLC 49957965. Cinotti,EricandTréboul,Jean-Baptiste(2000)LesTGVeuropéens :Eurostar,Thalys,Paris :PressesuniversitairesdeFrance,ISBN 2-13-050565-1(inFrench) Perren,Brian(2000)TGVhandbook,2nded.,HarrowWeald :CapitalTransport,ISBN 1-85414-195-3 Malaspina,Jean-Pierre(2005).DesTEEauxTGV[TEEtoTGV].Trainsd'Europe(inFrench).1.Paris:LaVieduRail.ISBN 2915034486. Soulié,ClaudeandTricoire,Jean(2002).LegrandlivreduTGV,Paris:LaVieduRail,ISBN 2-915034-01-X(inFrench) Externallinks[edit] MediarelatedtoTGVatWikimediaCommons OfficialSNCFWebsite(inEnglish) OfficialTGVWebsite(inEnglish) Portals:TrainsFrance vteHigh-speedrailinFranceLinesinservice LGVAtlantique LGVBretagne-PaysdelaLoire LGVEst LGVInterconnexionEst LGVMéditerranée LGVNord LGVRhin-Rhône LGVRhône-Alpes LGVSud-Est LGVSudEuropeAtlantique LGVPerpignan–Barcelona LGVNîmes–Montpellier Lineunderconstruction LGVLyon–Turin Plannedorprojectedlines LGVBordeaux–Spain LGVInterconnexionSud LGVMontpellier–Perpignan LGVNormandie LGVPicardie LGVPoitiers–Limoges LGVProvence-Alpes-Côted'Azur LGVBordeaux–Toulouse LGVToulouse–Narbonne Rollingstock TGV2N2 TGVAtlantique TGVDuplex TGVPBKA TGVPOS TGVRéseau/PBA TGVSud-Est TGVTMST Internationalservices Artésia Elipsos Eurostar TGVLyria Thalys Associatedhigh-speedlines HighSpeed1 HSL1 HSL2 HSL3 Cologne–Aachen HSL4 HSL-Zuid Madrid–Barcelona Exporttrainsets Acela 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Acela ACS-64 Adelante APT RenfeClass101 ChinaRailwayDJJ1,CRH6 ER200 GMBClass71(Flytoget) HHP-8 IC4 ICNG InterCity125,225 ICET,TD ICE4(ICx) Javelin NSBClass73 NSBClass74 Pendolino Railjet Regina Shinkansenseries0,100,400,E1,E4 SBBRABDe500,RABDe502,RABe502,Re460 SC-44 SCB-40 X2000,SJX40 Z-TER(Z21500) Sokol BritishRailClasses800,801,802,803,805,807,810 TalgoXXI Voyager/Meridian X3 Experimentalandprototypehigh-speedtrains(category)High-speedrailwayline Listofhigh-speedrailwaylines BycountriesandterritoriesplannednetworksinitalicsAfrica Morocco Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Mexico UnitedStates Asia China HongKong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kazakhstan SouthKorea Philippines SaudiArabia Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Croatia CzechRepublic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Latvia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey UnitedKingdom Oceania Australia Proposedhigh-speedrailbycountry vteSNCFSubsidiaries AREP Elipsos(50%) Eurostar(55%) TGVinOui Keolis(70%) Ouigo Oui.sncf Raileurope.co.uk SNCFLogistics CaptrainFrance COMSARailTransport(25%) TGVLyria Thalys(62%) WESTbahn(17%) Formersubsidiaries Ouibus(95%) SeaFrance SNCFInfra Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TGV&oldid=1062384062" 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