Global city - Wikipedia

Global Cities Index Globalcity FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Cityimportanttotheworldeconomy "Worldcity"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeWorldcity(disambiguation). Londonisconsideredaglobalcity.[1] Aglobalcity(powercity,worldcity,alphacity,worldcenter)isacitythatisaprimarynodeintheglobaleconomicnetwork.Theconceptcomesfromgeographyandurbanstudies,andfromtheideathatglobalizationiscreatedandfurtheredinstrategicgeographiclocalesaccordingtoahierarchyoftheirimportancetotheoperationoftheglobalsystemoffinanceandtrade. Themostcomplexnodeistheglobalcity,withlinksbindingittoothercitiesthathavedirect,tangibleeffectsonglobalsocio-economicaffairs.[2]Thetermmegacityenteredcommonuseinthelate19thorearly20thcentury;oneoftheearliestdocumentedusesofthetermwasbytheUniversityofTexasin1904.[3]ThetermglobalcitywaspopularizedbysociologistSaskiaSasseninherworkTheGlobalCity:NewYork,London,Tokyo(1991).[4]Thetermworldcity,meaningacityheavilyinvolvedinglobaltrade,appearedinaMay1886descriptionofLiverpool,byTheIllustratedLondonNews.[5]PatrickGeddesusedthetermworldcityin1915.[6]Morerecently,thetermhasfocusedonacity'sfinancialpowerandhigh-technologyinfrastructure,withotherfactorsbecominglessrelevant.[7][8] Contents 1Criteria 1.1Characteristics 2Rankings 2.1GaWCstudy 2.1.1Alpha++ 2.1.2Alpha+ 2.2GlobalCityCompetitivenessIndex 2.3GlobalCitiesIndex 2.4GlobalCitiesInitiative 2.5GlobalCityLab 2.6GlobalEconomicPowerIndex 2.7GlobalPowerCityIndex 2.8SchrodersGlobalCitiesIndex 2.9TheWealthReport 2.10TheWorld'sMostLiveableCities 2.11TheWorld'sMostTalkedAboutCities 2.12TheWorld'sBestCities 3Summaryofrankings 4Seealso 5References 6Externallinks Criteria Competinggroupshavedevelopedmultiplealternativemethodstoclassifyandrankworldcitiesandtodistinguishthemfromnon-worldcities.[6]Althoughthereisaconsensusontheleadingworldcities,[9]thechosencriteriaaffectwhichothercitiesareincluded.[6]Selectioncriteriamaybebasedonayardstickvalue(e.g.,iftheproducer-servicesectoristhelargestsectorthencityXisaworldcity)[6]oronanimminentdetermination(iftheproducer-servicesectorofcityXisgreaterthanthecombinedproducer-servicesectorsofNothercitiesthencityXisaworldcity.)[6] Citiescanfallfromranking,asinthecaseofcitiesthathavebecomelesscosmopolitanandlessinternationallyrenownedinthecurrentera. Characteristics Althoughcriteriaarevariableandfluid,typicalcharacteristicsofworldcitiesare:[10] Avarietyofinternationalfinancialservices,[11]notablyinfinance,insurance,realestate,banking,accountancy,andmarketing Headquartersofseveralmultinationalcorporations Theexistenceoffinancialheadquarters,astockexchange,andothermajorfinancialinstitutions Dominationofthetradeandeconomyofalargesurroundingarea Majormanufacturingcentreswithportandcontainerfacilities Considerabledecision-makingpoweronadailybasisandatagloballevel Centresofnewideasandinnovationinbusiness,economics,culture,andpolitics Centresofmediaandcommunicationsforglobalnetworks Dominanceofthenationalregionwithgreatinternationalsignificance Highpercentageofresidentsemployedintheservicessectorandinformationsector High-qualityeducationalinstitutions,includingrenowneduniversities,internationalstudentattendance,[12]andresearchfacilities Multi-functionalinfrastructureofferingsomeofthebestlegal,medical,andentertainmentfacilitiesinthecountry Highdiversityinlanguage,culture,religion,andideologies Rankings Globalcityrankingsarenumerous,withonestudysuggestingasmanyas300.[13]MostrankedcitiesareinNorthAmericaandEurope.NewYork,London,Tokyo,andParis,notablyfourofthemostsignificantmetropolises,[14][15]havebeenrankedintopfourpositionsinGlobalCitiesIndexandGlobalPowerCityIndexsincebothindices'inceptionin2008,withNewYorkandLondonexclusivelyintoptwopositions. GaWCstudy Mainarticle:GlobalizationandWorldCitiesResearchNetwork AmapshowingthedistributionofGaWC-rankedworldcities(2010data) JonBeaverstock,RichardG.Smith,andPeterJ.TaylorestablishedtheGlobalizationandWorldCitiesResearchNetwork(GaWC).AlistofworldcitiesintheGaWCResearchBulletin5isrankedbytheirconnectivitythroughfour"advancedproducerservices":accountancy,advertising,banking/finance,andlaw.[9]TheGaWCinventoryidentifiesthreelevelsofglobalcitiesandseveralsub-ranks,[16]althoughtheauthorscautionthat"concernforcityrankingsoperatesagainstthespiritoftheGaWCproject"[17](emphasisinoriginal). The2004rankingsaddedseveralnewindicatorswhilecontinuingtorankcity-economicsmoreheavilythanpoliticalandculturalfactors.The2008versionofthelist,similartothe1998version,issortedintocategoriesofAlphaworldcities(withfoursub-categories),Betaworldcities(threesub-categories),Gammaworldcities(threesub-categories),andcitieswithHighsufficiencyandSufficiencypresence.Thecitiesinthetoptwoclassificationsinthe2020editionareasfollows:[18] Alpha++ /London /NewYork Alpha+ /HongKong Singapore Shanghai Beijing /Dubai /Paris /Tokyo /LosAngeles Chongqing /SãoPaulo /MexicoCity /Dhaka Karachi Istanbul GlobalCityCompetitivenessIndex In2012,theEconomistIntelligenceUnit(TheEconomistGroup)rankedthecompetitivenessofglobalcitiesaccordingtotheirdemonstratedabilitytoattractcapital,businesses,talent,andvisitors.[19] GlobalCitiesIndex In2008,theAmericanjournalForeignPolicy,workingwiththeconsultingfirmA.T.KearneyandtheChicagoCouncilonGlobalAffairs,publishedarankingofglobalcities,basedonconsultationwithSaskiaSassen,WitoldRybczynski,andothers.[20]ForeignPolicynotedthat"theworld'sbiggest,mostinterconnectedcitieshelpsetglobalagendas,weathertransnationaldangers,andserveasthehubsofglobalintegration.Theyaretheenginesofgrowthfortheircountriesandthegatewaystotheresourcesoftheirregions."[21]Therankingisbasedon27metricsacrossfivedimensions—businessactivity,humancapital,informationexchange,culturalexperience,andpoliticalengagement—andwasupdatedin2010,2012,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,and2019.[22]Since2015,ithasbeenpublishedwithaseparateindex,theGlobalCitiesOutlook,whichisaprojectionofacity'spotentialbasedonrateofchangein13indicatorsacrossfourdimensions:personalwell-being,economics,innovation,andgovernance.Thetoprankedcitiesin2021were:[23] /NewYorkCity /London /Paris /Tokyo /LosAngeles Beijing /HongKong /Chicago Singapore Shanghai GlobalCitiesInitiative AstudybyBrookingsInstitutionconductedin2016introduceditsowntypology,sortingglobalcitiesintosevencategories:GlobalGiants,AsianAnchors,EmergingGateways,FactoryChina,KnowledgeCapitals,AmericanMiddleweights,andInternationalMiddleweights.[24] TheGlobalGiantsclassificationincludeswealthy,extremelylargemetropolitanareasthatarethelargestcitiesindevelopednations.Theyarehubsforfinancialmarketsandmajorcorporations,andserveaskeynodesinglobalflowsofcapitalandoftalent. /London /LosAngeles /NewYorkCity /Osaka-Kobe /Paris /Tokyo GlobalCityLab AnanalysisreportcompiledbytheGlobalCityLaboftheGlobalTop500CitieswasreleasedinNewYorkon30December2021.[25] Thetop10ofthe"2020GlobalTop500Cities"bybrandvaluewereasfollows: /NewYorkCity /London /Tokyo /Paris /Sydney Singapore /LosAngeles /Toronto /Berlin /HongKong GlobalEconomicPowerIndex In2015,thesecondGlobalEconomicPowerIndex,ametalistcompiledbyRichardFlorida,waspublishedbyTheAtlantic(distinctfromanamesakelist[26]publishedbytheMartinProsperityInstitute),withcitycompositerankbasedonfiveotherlists.[26][27] GlobalPowerCityIndex TheTokyo-basedInstituteforUrbanStrategiesatTheMoriMemorialFoundation,issuedacomprehensivestudyofglobalcitiesin2008.Theyarerankedinsixcategories:economy,researchanddevelopment,culturalinteraction,livability,environment,andaccessibility,with70individualindicatorsamongthem.Thetoptenworldcitiesarealsorankedbysubjectivecategories,includingmanager,researcher,artist,visitorandresident.[28] Thetop10citiesinthe2021GlobalPowerCityIndexwere:[29] /London /NewYorkCity /Tokyo /Paris Singapore /Amsterdam /Berlin /Seoul /Madrid Shanghai SchrodersGlobalCitiesIndex TheBritishassetmanagementcompanySchrodersrankedthecompetitiveness[vague]ofglobalcities.Thetop10citiesforthe2021editionareasfollows:[30] /London /SanFrancisco /Boston /Paris /NewYork /HongKong /Toronto /SanJose Seattle /Melbourne TheWealthReport "TheWealthReport"(aglobalperspectiveonprimepropertyandwealth)ismadebytheLondon-basedestateagentKnightFrankLLPandtheCitiPrivateBank.Thereportincludesa"GlobalCitiesSurvey",evaluatingwhichcitiesareconsideredthemostimportanttotheworld'sHNWIs(high-net-worthindividuals,havingover$25millionofinvestableassetseach).FortheGlobalCitiesSurvey,CitiPrivateBank'swealthadvisors,andKnightFrank'sluxurypropertyspecialistswereaskedtonamethecitiesthattheyconsideredthemostimportanttoHNWIs,inregardto"economicactivity","politicalpower","knowledgeandinfluence",and"qualityoflife".[31][32] MostimportantcitiestoUHNWIsin2020:[33] 1./London(tie) 1./NewYork(tie) 3./Paris 4./Tokyo 5./HongKong 6./Chicago(tie) 6./LosAngeles(tie) 8.Singapore 9./Munich 10./Amsterdam MostimportantcitiestoUHNWIsin2025:[citationneeded] /NewYork /London /HongKong Singapore Shanghai Beijing /Miami /Dubai /Paris /Zurich TheWorld'sMostLiveableCities TheGlobalLiveabilityRankingisanyearlyindexpublishedbytheEconomistIntelligenceUnit(EIU)ofthetop140globalcitiesfortheirurbanqualityoflifebasedonassessmentsofstability,healthcare,cultureandenvironment,educationandinfrastructure.The2021editionlistedthetop5citiesas: /Auckland /Osaka /Adelaide /Wellington Perth TheWorld'sMostTalkedAboutCities AstudybyINGMedia,aLondon-basedbuiltenvironmentcommunicationsfirm,hasranked250globalcitiesbytotalonlinementionsacrosssocialmediaandonlinenewsfor2019.ItfoundthatafifthofdigitalmentionswereforTokyo,NewYorkCity,London,andParis,identifyingtheseastheworld'ssuperbrands.[34][35]TheTop10inthe2019editionwere:[36] /Tokyo /NewYork /London /Paris /Madrid /Dubai /Rome /Barcelona /Seoul /Osaka TheWorld'sBestCities RealestateadvisorResonanceConsultancyevaluateseachcityacrossthesixdimensions:place("perceivedqualityofacity’snaturalandbuiltenvironment"),product("keyinstitutions,attractionsandinfrastructure"),programming("arts,culture,entertainmentandculinaryscene"),people("immigrationrateanddiversity"),prosperity("employmentandcorporateheadoffices"),andpromotion("stories,referencesandrecommendationssharedonline").[37][38][39] In2021,thetop10was:[40] /London /Paris /NewYork /Moscow /Dubai /Tokyo Singapore /LosAngeles /Barcelona /Madrid Summaryofrankings City GaWC2020[18] Mori2021[29] A.T.Kearney2021[23] GlobalCityLab2020[41] INGMostTalked2019[36] CASS&UNHSP2019[42] KnightFrank2020[33] Schroder2021[30] Resonance2021[40] /London 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 /NewYork 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 5 3 /Tokyo 9 3 4 4 1 6 4 6 /Paris 8 4 3 3 4 21 3 4 2 Singapore 4 5 9 5 18 3 8 11 7 /HongKong 3 13 7 10 13 13 5 6 29 /LosAngeles 11 16 5 7 15 9 6 14 8 Beijing 6 17 6 13 19 17 11 25 25 /Chicago 19 26 8 19 14 20 6 13 /Toronto 12 20 20 8 22 30 17 7 18 /Seoul 26 8 17 17 9 15 42 Shanghai 5 10 10 9 23 10 14 28 75 /Sydney 10 12 15 6 36 63 13 19 /SanFrancisco 38 23 11 12 28 7 2 15 /Berlin 58 7 13 11 17 48 12 20 /Moscow 22 32 18 21 11 62 4 /Boston 44 27 21 29 26 16 3 31 /Dubai 7 14 23 49 6 72 5 /Amsterdam 14 6 22 18 30 93 10 16 /Munich 41 26 57 8 9 20 39 /KualaLumpur 20 39 83 83 /Jakarta 23 45 102 /Bangkok 31 35 49 119 Istanbul 30 34 27 23 12 41 23 /Madrid 21 9 19 5 125 16 26 10 /Barcelona 62 18 28 8 66 9 Shenzhen 46 34 65 4 19 Guangzhou 34 50 18 /Washington,D.C. 51 37 14 82 85 20 21 22 /Osaka 101 36 10 29 53 /Melbourne 29 11 12 58 123 10 30 /Lisbon 34 66 152 51 Seattle 92 64 24 9 36 /Rome 55 7 137 11 /SanJose 142 154 5 8 54 /Miami 54 16 19 34 /Warsaw 25 88 193 69 /Taipei 36 38 52 Seealso Citiesportal Worldportal Ecumenopolis Financialcentre Globalization ListofcitiesbyGDP Megalopolis(citytype) Metropolis Primatecity Ranallycityratingsystem References ^"TheGlobalCity".CityofLondon.23November2021.Retrieved7April2022. ^Sassen,Saskia-Theglobalcity:strategicsite/newfrontierArchived18October2006attheWaybackMachine ^"Hemisfile:perspectivesonpoliticalandeconomictrendsintheAmericas".5–8.InstituteoftheAmericas.1904:12.Retrieved16July2015.{{citejournal}}:Citejournalrequires|journal=(help) ^Sassen,Saskia-TheGlobalCity:NewYork,London,Tokyo.Archived16March2015attheWaybackMachine(1991)-PrincetonUniversityPress.ISBN 0-691-07063-6 ^"UKHistory".History.ac.uk.18December2009.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23June2012.Retrieved9May2012. ^abcdeDoel,M.&Hubbard,P.,(2002),"TakingWorldCitiesLiterally:MarketingtheCityinaGlobalSpaceofflows",City,vol.6,no.3,pp.351–68.Subscriptionrequired ^"AsianCitiesPayHiddenPriceforGlobalStatus".TheDiplomat.15February2015.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1February2016.Retrieved25January2016. ^"TheWorld'sMostInfluentialCities".Forbes.14August2014.Archivedfromtheoriginalon5September2017.Retrieved29August2017. ^abGaWCResearchBulletin5Archived8August2011attheWaybackMachine,GaWC,LoughboroughUniversity,28July1999 ^Pashley,Rosemary."HSCGeography".PascalPress,2000,p.164 ^J.V.Beaverstock,WorldCityNetworks'FromBelow'Archived8March2006attheWaybackMachine,GaWC,LoughboroughUniversity,29September2010 ^K.O'Connor,InternationalStudentsandGlobalCitiesArchived5February2006attheWaybackMachine,GaWC,LoughboroughUniversity,17February2005 ^"DecodingCityPerformance".www.jll.co.uk.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16October2019.Retrieved16October2019. ^"StrugglingGiants".UniversityofMinnesotaPress.Retrieved31December2020. ^Abrahamson,Mark(2004).Globalcities(PDF)(1st ed.).NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.p. 4.ISBN 978-0195142044.Retrieved9January2021. ^"TheWorldAccordingtoGaWCArchived30November2012attheWaybackMachine".GaWC.Retrieved21November2012. ^Taylor,P.J."MeasuringtheWorldCityNetwork:NewResultsandDevelopments".Archivedfromtheoriginalon29September2018.Retrieved1November2018. ^ab"GaWC-GlobalizationandWorldCities".www.lboro.ac.uk. ^"Benchmarkingglobalcitycompetitiveness"(PDF).EconomistIntelligenceUnit.EconomistIntelligenceUnit.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on9July2014. ^"2012GlobalCitiesIndexandEmergingCitiesOutlook".Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on20October2013.Retrieved9May2012. ^Themainparametersare"Businessactivity"(30%),"Humancapital"(30%),"Informationexchange"(15%),"Culturalexperience"(15%)and"Politicalengagement"(10%)."The2008GlobalCitiesIndex".ForeignPolicy(November/December2008).21October2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7January2010.Retrieved31October2008. ^"Read@ATKearney:UnaCuestióndeTalento:CómoelCapitalHumanoDeterminarálosPróximosLíderesMundiales".www.atkearney.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon20December2019.Retrieved16October2019. ^ab"Read@Kearney:GlobalCities:divergentprospectsandnewimperativesintheglobalrecovery".www.kearney.com. ^"RedefiningGlobalCities".Archivedfromtheoriginalon28October2019.Retrieved28October2019. ^"2021GlobalTop500Cities".GlobalNewsWire.30December2021.Retrieved7April2022. ^abRichardFlorida(3March2015)."Sorry,London:NewYorkIstheWorld'sMostEconomicallyPowerfulCity".TheAtlanticMonthlyGroup.Archivedfromtheoriginalon14March2015.Retrieved16March2015.OurnewrankingputstheBigApplefirmlyontop. ^"TheTop10mostpowerfulcitiesintheworld".Yahoo!IndiaFinance.11May2012.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18March2013.Retrieved19June2013. ^"GlobalPowerCityIndex2021".TheMoriMemorialFoundation.Retrieved18February2022. ^ab"GlobalPowerCityIndex2021".TheMoriMemorialFoundation. ^abSchrodersGlobalCitiesIndex-Schroders,2021 ^"TheWealthReport2015".KnightFrankLLP.Archivedfromtheoriginalon18June2015.Retrieved18June2015. ^"GlobalCitiesSurvey"(PDF).Archived(PDF)fromtheoriginalon23March2015.Retrieved18June2015. ^ab"CityWealthIndex2020:wheredothewealthywanttolive?".KnightFrank.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10March2021. ^Laker,Benjamin."TheWorld'sMostTalkedAboutCityIsTokyo.ButWhyNotNewYorkCity,London,OrParis?".Forbes.Archivedfromtheoriginalon13February2020.Retrieved13February2020. ^Intelligence,fDi."Tokyoworld'smosttalkedaboutcityonline".www.fdiintelligence.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon1February2020.Retrieved1February2020. ^ab"TheWorld'sMostTalkedAboutCities".INGMedia-PropertyPR|ArchitecturePR|StrategiccommunicationsfortheBUILTENVIRONMENT.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23December2019.Retrieved23December2019. ^"AboutUs".BestCities. ^Theworld’sbestcitiesfor2021havebeenrevealed,TimeOut ^Newreportrevealsthebestcitiesintheworldfor2021,LonelyPlanet ^ab"TheWorld'sBestCities".BestCities. ^"GlobalCityLab".globalcitylab.com. ^"GlobalUrbanCompetitivenessReport(2019-2020)"(PDF). Externallinks WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoGlobalCity. RepositoryofLinksRelatingtoUrbanPlaces TheWorld-System'sCitySystem:AResearchAgendabyJeffreyKentorandMichaelTimberlakeoftheUniversityofUtahandDavidSmithofUniversityofCalifornia,Irvine UN-HABITAT.:.TheStateoftheWorld'sCities vteCitiesUrbangeography Urbanarea Citycentre Downtown Suburb Exurb Corecity Twincities Satellitecity Edgecity Commutertown Cityproper limits Conurbation Metropolitanarea Metropolis Megalopolis Citieswiththemostskyscrapers Urbanization Suburbanization Shrinkingcities Ghosttown Lostcity Closedcity Collegetown Urbangovernment Citystatus Municipality direct-controlled Independentcity City-state Autonomouscity Capitalcity Urbaneconomics World'scitiesbyGDP Globalcity Centralbusinessdistrict Mostexpensivecities Cheapestcities Mostlivablecities Urbandecay Ghetto Modernruins Slum Urbanrenewal Municipalbond HabitatIII Urbanplanning Historyofurbanplanning Theoriesofurbanplanning Technicalaspectsofurbanplanning Urbanplanners Zoning Mixed-usedevelopment Urbandesign Gridplan Concentriczonemodel Sectormodel Multiplenucleimodel Linearcity Landuse Smartcity Urbanpopulation World'slargestcities throughouthistory Mostdenselypopulatedcities Mostpopulousnationalcapitals Mostpopuloussatellitecities Urbanism Urbanwarfare Urbanstudies Urbanmorphology Urbanculture Urbansociology Anti-urbanism Urbanexploration Urbanhomesteading Unitaryurbanism Environment Climatechange Greenurbanism Sustainablecity Sustainableurbanism SustainableDevelopmentGoal11 Urbanheatisland Urbanecology  Citiesportal Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Germany Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_city&oldid=1093164474" Categories:TypesofcitiesEconomicgeographyMetropolitanareasUrbanareasListsofcitiesEconomicglobalizationLoughboroughUniversityCulturalgeographyIndexnumbersHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1errors:missingperiodicalArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromFebruary2021Wikipediaindefinitelysemi-protectedpagesAllWikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationWikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromFebruary2022AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromFebruary2022CommonslinkisonWikidataArticleswithGNDidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadViewsourceViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommons Languages AcèhAlemannischالعربيةArpetanAsturianuবাংলাभोजपुरीБългарскиCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGalego客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어ՀայերենHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaInterlinguaItalianoעבריתქართულიLadinoMagyarമലയാളംBahasaMelayuNaVosaVakavitiNederlands日本語NorskbokmålپنجابیPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийScotsSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaСрпски/srpskiSuomiSvenskaTagalogతెలుగుTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệt吴语粵語中文 Editlinks