Social Comparison Theory - Video & Lesson Transcript

In essence, social comparison theory states that people compare themselves to one another because of an innate human desire to improve. 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Viewbio Instructor NatalieBoyd NatalieisateacherandholdsanMAinEnglishEducationandisinprogressonherPhDinpsychology. Viewbio Learnwhatthesocialcomparisontheoryis,itshypotheses,andwhodevelopedit.Seethetypesofcomparisonswithexamplesandlearntheirconsequences. Updated:01/07/2022 TableofContentsFestinger'sSocialComparisonTheoryWhatisSocialComparisonandWhydoPeopleCompareThemselvestoOthers?ConsequencesofSocialComparisonLessonSummaryShow Createanaccount Festinger'sSocialComparisonTheoryEveryonecomparesthemselvestootherstosomedegree.Thenameofthisphenomenonissocialcomparison.SocialcomparisontheorycameaboutthankstoapsychologistbythenameofLeonFestinger.Festinger'ssocialcomparisontheory,developedin1954,statesthatpeoplecomparethemselvesinordertoself-evaluate.Thereasonself-evaluationisimportantisthatitishowpeoplelearnmoreaboutthemselves,liketheircapabilitiesandpersonality.Festinger,inhisarticleATheoryofSocialComparisonProcesseshadninehypothesesthatheprovided,andarewrittenasfollows: HypothesisI:Thereexists,withinthehumanorganism,adrivetoevaluatehisopinionsandabilities. HypothesisII:Totheextentthatobjective,non-socialmeansarenotavailable,peopleevaluatetheiropinionsandabilitiesbycomparisonrespectivelywiththeopinionsandabilitiesofothers. HypothesisIII:Thetendencytocompareoneselfwithsomeotherspecificpersondecreasesasthedifferencebetweenhisopinionorabilityandone'sownincreases. HypothesisIV:Thereisaunidirectionalupwarddriveinthecaseofabilitieswhichisabsentinopinions. HypothesisV:Therearenon-socialrestraintsthatmakeitdifficultorevenimpossibleforanindividualtochangehisability.Thesenon-socialrestraintsareabsentforopinions. HypothesisVI:Thecessationofcomparisonwithothersisaccompaniedbyhostilityorderogationtotheextentthatcontinuedcomparisonwiththosepersonsimpliesunpleasantconsequences. HypothesisVII:Anyfactorswhichincreaseagroup'simportanceasacomparisongroupforsomeparticularopinionorabilitywillincreasethe"pressuretowarduniformity"concerningthatabilityoropinionwithinthatgroup. HypothesisVIII:Ifpersonswhoareverydivergentfromone'sownopinionorabilityareperceivedasdifferentfromoneselfonattributesconsistentwiththedivergence,thetendencytonarrowtherangeofcomparabilitybecomesstronger. HypothesisIX:Whenthereisarangeofopinionsorabilitiesinagroup,therelativestrengthofthemanifestationsofpressurestowarduniformityisdifferentforthosewhoareclosetothemodeofthegroup.Thishappenswhenthereisarangeofopinionsorabilitiesinagroup.Thoseclosetothemodeofthegroupwillhavestrongertendenciestochangethepositionsofothers,relativelyweakertendenciestonarrowtherangeofcomparison,andmuchweakertendenciestochangetheirownposition. Anerroroccurredtryingtoloadthisvideo. Tryrefreshingthepage,orcontactcustomersupport. YoumustcCreateanaccounttocontinue watching Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher TryStudy.com,risk-free Asamember,you'llalsogetunlimitedaccesstoover84,000 lessonsinmath,English,science,history,andmore.Plus,getpracticetests,quizzes,andpersonalizedcoachingtohelpyou succeed. Getunlimitedaccesstoover84,000lessons. Tryitrisk-free Itonlytakesafewminutestosetupandyoucancancelanytime. Itonlytakesafewminutes.Cancelanytime. Alreadyregistered?Loginherefor access  Back WhatteachersaresayingaboutStudy.com Tryitrisk-freefor30days Alreadyregistered? Loginhereforaccess Comingupnext: Self-Monitoring,Ingratiation,andSelf-Handicapping:Definition&Examples You'reonaroll.Keepupthegoodwork! TakeQuiz Watch NextLesson  Replay Justcheckingin.Areyoustillwatching? Yes!Keepplaying. Yournextlessonwillplayin 10seconds 0:06SocialComparisonTheory 2:11UpwardandDownward… 4:33SocialComparisonBias 5:26LessonSummary Save Save Save Wanttowatchthisagainlater? LoginorsignuptoaddthislessontoaCustomCourse. LoginorSignup Timeline Autoplay Autoplay Speed Speed 37Kviews Video Quiz Course 37K views WhatisSocialComparisonandWhydoPeopleCompareThemselvestoOthers?Festinger'shypothesesandsocialcomparison'sdefinitionprovideacompellinganswer.Inessence,socialcomparisontheorystatesthatpeoplecomparethemselvestooneanotherbecauseofaninnatehumandesiretoimprove.Self-evaluationiskeytoimproving,asthisprocessrevealstheirstrengthsandweaknesses.Otherpeopleprovideaframeworkforthisevaluation.Otherwise,theindividualwouldhavetocomeupwiththeirowndefinitionsofwhatconstitutesastrengthandaweakness.Instead,theyletsocietydothework,andcomparethemselvestoothersinsocietytogetanideaofwheretheystand.Itisalsoimportanttonotethatsocialcomparisononlyworkswhenthosethatarebeingcomparedaresimilarenoughthatacomparisonmakessense.So,apianistwillcomparethemselvestoanotherpianist.Theycouldalsocomparethemselvestoaguitarist,thoughitismuchlesslikely.Itisimpossibleforthemtocomparethemselvestoabusinessmanbecausewhilethatbusinessmanmightbeoneofthebestintheirfield,theyareincompletelydifferentrealmsofexpertise. Socialcomparisoncanhelppeoplegetanideaoftheirstrengthsandweaknessesandhelpthemimprove. Self-ComparisonSelf-comparisonistheprocessofcomparingone'sownselftoanotherpersonorgroupofpeople.Thisisbrokendownintoupwardanddownwardsocialcomparisons.UpwardSocialComparisonUpwardsocialcomparisonoccurswhenapersoncomparesthemselvestosomeonethatisperceivedas"better"insomeregard.Thiscanbeahelpfultoolwhenusedcorrectly.Ononehand,apersonthatcomparesupwardcanfeelhopefulforthemselves,feelinginspiredanddriventoachievetheirgoals.Ontheotherhand,apersoncanfeeldissatisfactionthattheyarenotatthesamelevelasthepersontheyarecomparingthemselvestoandenvytheirposition.Theycanhavealoweredsenseofself-esteembecauseothersaredoingbetterthanthem.Whenupwardscomparisonleadstothosefeelingsofenvyandnegativebehavior,itcalledissocialcomparisonbias.DownwardSocialComparisonDownwardsocialcomparisonoccurswhenapersoncomparesthemselvestosomeonethatisperceivedas"worse"insomeregard,ornotaswelloffasothers.Justlikeupwardcomparison,thiscanbebothhelpfulandharmful.Apersoncanfeelgratitudewhencomparingdownwards,seeingthattheyareinabetterpositionthanthatpersonandfeelgratefulforwhattheyhave.Thiscanalsoturnsourbecauseapersoncanfeelcontemptforthosethatareworseoffthantheyarebecausetheyarenotasvaluable.Theycanalsofeelaboostinself-esteembecausetheyaredoingbetterthanothersandcanfeelmoreconfidentinthemselves.Theycanalsofeelalackofdriveandthereforemakeareducedefforttowardstheirgoalsbecausetheyarealreadydoingwell. SocialComparisonExamplesSallyisanaspiringwriter.Shereadsavidly,especiallyfromherfavoriteauthor.Sheoftencomparesherownwritingtothisauthor.However,itoftenleavesherdiscouraged.Comparingherselftoawell-establishedauthorisleavingherdissatisfiedwithherownwork,butitispossibleforhertoseeitasagoaltoreachinherwriting.Inthiscase,Sallyiscomparingupwards.Nathanhadatalentforchesssincehewasyoungandhasplayednearlyeverydaysinceanearlyage.Assuch,heishighlyrankedandhasevenplayedinsomelocalcompetitions.Heisalsoapartofthechessclubinhisschool,whereheplaysagainstmanyofhispeers.Onesuchpeerhasbeenplayingforjustaslongashehas,thoughheisnotasgoodasNathan.Asaresult,Nathanisoftenfrustratedwithhimandlooksdownonhimbecauseheshouldbebettergiventhelengthoftimehehasbeenplaying.However,Nathancouldalsofeelgratitudeforhispositionbyseeingthatheisnaturallygiftedwiththegame,somethingthatnoteveryonehas.Inthiscase,Nathaniscomparingdownwards.ConsequencesofSocialComparisonTherearepositiveandnegativeconsequencesofsocialcomparisontomakenoteof: Impactonself-esteeminrelationtothedirectionofcomparison. Feelingsofregretincomparingoutcomesofactions Feelingsofenvyincasesofupwardscomparison Competitiveness,asseeingsomeonethatisbettercanincreasedrivetodobetteraswell. Competitioncanbeahealthymotivatortoaspiretogreaterheights. Impactsonself-esteemcangoeitherway.Self-esteemcanincrease,forinstance,whenapersondoesbetteronanexamthantheirpeers,thoughitcangotheotherwaytoo.Ifmanypeopledobetteronthattestandthepersondoesnot,theirself-esteemcanbeharmedandtheycanfeellessconfidentinthemselves.Whencomparingactionstakenwithanotherperson,peoplecanfeelregretbecausetheytookanactionthatledtonegativeconsequences,whenthepersontheyarecomparingthemselvestotookadifferentrouteandfoundsuccess.Competitioncanbeagreatthinginsomeinstances.Itcanhelpindividualsfeeldriventodobetterthantheirpeers,andasaresult,everyonebenefitsbecausethebestareimproving.Theywanttomaintaintheirposition,andtherestconstantlyseekimprovementtooutpacethebestperson.However,competitioncanalsobreedbadbehavior,likeinsulting,name-calling,orevenphysicalharm.LessonSummarySocialcomparisontheorystatesthatpeoplecomparethemselvestooneanotherinordertodeterminehowtheyaredoinginrelationtoothers.ThistheorywasdevelopedbycognitivepsychologistLeonFestingerin1954,whereninehypothesesareoutlinedinhisarticle,ATheoryofSocialComparisonProcesses.Socialcomparisoncanbebrokendownintotwodirections,upwardsanddownwards.Upwardscomparisoniswhenapersoncomparesthemselvestosomeonethatisbetterthantheyareinsomerespect.Upwardscomparisoncanleadtofeelingsoflowself-esteem,thoughjustaseasily,itcanbeamotivatortoachievegoals.Ifanaspiringwritercomparesthemselvestoasuccessfulwriter'swork,thisisanupwardcomparison.Whenthisdirectionofcomparisonleadstonegativefeelingslikeenvyandjealousy,itiscalledsocialcomparisonbias.Downwardscomparisonistheopposite,whereapersoncomparesthemselvestosomeonethatisworsethantheyareinsomerespect.Thatpersoncanfeelgratitude,thinkingthattheirsituationisn'tsobadwhencomparedtoothers.Itcanalsoraisetheirself-esteem,lettingthemfeelmoreconfidentinthemselves.However,thiscanbedetrimentalinthatsincetheyfeelliketheyarebetteroff,theydonotneedtoputinasmuchefforttoachievetheirgoals. TounlockthislessonyoumustbeaStudy.comMember. Createyouraccount FrequentlyAskedQuestions Whointroducedthetheoryofsocialcomparison? ThetheoryofsocialcomparisonwasdevelopedbycognitivepsychologistLeonFestingerin1954.Hisarticle,"ATheoryofSocialComparisonProcesses,"outlinestheninehypothesesintegraltohistheory. Whatarethetypesofsocialcomparisons? Socialcomparisonisbrokendownintotwotypes,basedondirection.Upwardcomparisonoccurswhenapersoncomparesthemselvestosomeoneperceivedasbetterinsomerespect.Downwardcomparisonoccurswhenapersoncomparesthemselvestosomeoneperceivedasworseinsomerespect. Whatdoesthesocialcomparisontheorystate? Socialcomparisontheorystatesthatpeoplewilltrytocomparethemselvestoothersinordertoself-evaluate.Thisneedforself-evaluationcomesfromadesiretounderstandone'sownpositioninsociety. Registertoviewthislesson Areyouastudentorateacher? Iamastudent Iamateacher UnlockYourEducation Seeforyourselfwhy30millionpeopleuseStudy.com BecomeaStudy.commemberandstartlearningnow. BecomeaMember Alreadyamember?LogIn  Back WhatteachersaresayingaboutStudy.com Tryitrisk-freefor30days Alreadyregistered? Loginhereforaccess Createanaccount SocialComparisonTheory|WhatisSocialComparison? Tryitrisk-freefor30days Psychology / Psychology104:SocialPsychology Psychology104:SocialPsychology 11chapters| 105lessons |9 flashcardsets {{courseNav.course.topics.length}}chapters| {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}lessons |{{course.flashcardSetCount}} flashcardset{{course.flashcardSetCoun>1?'s':''}} Ch1. IntroductiontoSocial... Goto IntroductiontoSocialPsychology Ch2. ResearchMethodsandEthics Goto ResearchMethodsandEthics Ch3. SocialCognition&Perception Goto SocialCognition&Perception Ch4. TheSelfinaSocialContext TheSelf:ExecutiveandOrganizationalFunctions&GenderandCulturalDifferences 5:34 IntrospectionandSelf-AwarenessTheoryinPsychology:Definition&Examples 5:11 Self-PerceptionTheory:DefinitionandExamples 4:22 IntrinsicandExtrinsicMotivationinEducation:Definition&Examples 5:31 Two-FactorTheoryofEmotions:DefinitionandRelationtotheMisattributionofArousal 5:08 Social-ComparisonTheory:Upwardvs.Downward 6:06 4:31 NextLesson Self-Monitoring,Ingratiation,andSelf-Handicapping:Definition&Examples ImpressionManagement:Festinger'sStudyofCognitiveDissonance,Post-DecisionDissonance&CounterattitudinalAdvocacy 5:14 AttributionsandtheCorrespondenceBiasinPsychology:Definition&Dispositionsvs.SituationalBehavior 5:14 EffortJustification:Aronson&MillsStudy,Examples&Applications 4:39 Self-ServingAttributions:Definition,Bias&Examples 4:31 Goto TheSelfinaSocialContext Ch5. AttitudesandPersuasion Goto AttitudesandPersuasion Ch6. GroupDecisions Goto GroupDecisions Ch7. Attraction&CloseRelationships Goto Attraction&CloseRelationships Ch8. Stereotypes,Prejudice,&... Goto Stereotypes,Prejudice,&Discrimination Ch9. AppliedSocialPsychology Goto AppliedSocialPsychology Ch10. SocialPsychology&theInternet Goto SocialPsychology&theInternet Ch11. 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Describedownwardsocialcomparison. Whatissocialcomparison? AlthoughMiamadea60onherpaper,sheishappybecauseotherpeoplemade50s.Thissupportstheideathathappinessisinfluencedby:\\a.adaptationlevelb.socialcomparisonc.therelationshipbetweenarousalandperformanced.aneedhierarch AccordingtoLeonFestinger,whichofthefollowingfillsneedsforsocialcomparison?(a)groupmembership(b)socialconformity(c)socialpower(d)prejudice. Whenyouandyourfriendsareplayingtennis,youconsideryourselfaverygoodtennisplayer.However,whenyouwatchprofessionaltennisplayersplayinginatournament,youconsideryourselfapoortoaveragetennisplayer.Thus,thinkingofyourselfa Meaningfulevaluationsarebasedoncomparingoneselfwithpeoplewhoarea.expertsintheareaofcomparison.b.moreadvanced,butnotexperts,intheareaofcomparison.c.ofsimilarbackgrounds,abilities,andcircumstances.d.strangers. Ourdesireforself-evaluationprovidesamotiveforassociatingwithothers,andindoingso,influenceswhichgroupswejoin,accordingtothe_______theory.(a)socialcomparison(b)roleexchange(c)normreferencing(d)socialnetworking. Createanaccounttostartthiscoursetoday Tryitrisk-freefor30days! Createanaccount Likethislesson Share Exploreourlibraryofover84,000 lessons Search Browse Browsebysubject CollegeCourses Business English ForeignLanguage History Humanities Math Science SocialScience SeeAllCollegeCourses HighSchoolCourses AP CommonCore GED HighSchool SeeAllHighSchoolCourses OtherCourses College&CareerGuidanceCourses CollegePlacementExams EntranceExams GeneralTestPrep K-8Courses SkillsCourses TeacherCertificationExams SeeAllOtherCourses Upgradetoenroll × Enrollinginacourseletsyouearnprogressbypassingquizzesandexams. 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