Can, could or may ? - 當代英語文法- 劍橋線上詞典
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When we talk about possibility, we use can, could and may, but they are different in meaning. ... Can you please refrain from chewing gum.
Can,couldormay?
Grammar>Easilyconfusedwords>Can,couldormay?Whenwetalkaboutpossibility,weusecan,couldandmay,buttheyaredifferentinmeaning.CompareItcanbedangeroustocycleinthecity.Thisexpresseswhatthespeakerbelievesisageneraltruthorknownfact,orastrongpossibility.Itcould/maybedangeroustocycleinthecity.Thisdoesnotexpressageneraltruth.Thespeakerisonlyexpressingaweakpossibility.It’sdangeroustocycleinthecity.Thisexpressesarealfactusingthepresentsimple.Thespeakeriscertainandnomodalityisused.Seealso:CouldMayWeusecan,couldandmaytoaskforpermission.Weusecanandmay,butnotcould,togivepermission.Mayislesscommon:Compareaskingforpermissionformal/polite?givingpermissionformal/polite?CanIaskyouaquestion?informalYes,youcan.Yes,youmay.Yes,youcould.informalCouldIuseyourphone?moreformal/politeformal/politeMayIuseyourphone?evenmoreformal/politeSeealso:MightWhenwemakerequests,wecanusecanorcould(butnotmay).Couldismorepolitethancan:Canyoucallbacklater?I’mbusynow.Couldyoucallbacklater?I’mbusynow.Teachersandparentsoftenusecanandcouldinrequests:Canyouopenyoubooksatpage34,please.Canyoupleaserefrainfromchewinggum.Couldyoujustsitdownandlisten!Seealso:RequestsPolitenessCouldinthepresentonlyexpressesweakpossibility.Canexpressesstrongpossibility:IcantravelinJulybecausemyexamswilldefinitelybefinishedatthebeginningofthatmonth.(strongpossibility)IcouldtravelinJulybecausemyexamswillprobablybefinishedatthebeginningofthatmonth.(weakpossibility)Wedon’tnormallyusecouldtotalkaboutgeneraltruthswhichrefertothepresenttime.Weusecaninstead:Noteveryonecanaffordtobuyorganicfood.Not:Noteveryonecouldafford…Weusecould,notcan,toexpressfuturepossibility.Canexpressesthatwearecertainofsomething:WorkinginLondonnextsummercouldbeagreatexperience.(Thespeakerthinksthisispossible,inparticularcircumstances)Not:…canbeagreatexperience.
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Prefer
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Since
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Questions:yes-noquestions(Areyoufeelingcold?)
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Other,others,theotheroranother?
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Madefrom,madeof,madeoutof,madewith
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Hadbetter
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Adjectivesandadverbs
Easilyconfusedwords
Nouns,pronounsanddeterminers
Prepositionsandparticles
UsingEnglish
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AdjectivesAdjectives:formsAdjectives:orderAdjectivephrases:functionsAdjectivephrases:positionAdjectivesandadjectivephrases:typicalerrorsComparison:adjectives(bigger,biggest,moreinteresting)Comparison:clauses(biggerthanwehadimagined)Comparison:comparisonsofequality(astallashisfather)As…asAdverbsAdverbphrasesAdverbsandadverbphrases:positionAdverbsandadverbphrases:typicalerrorsAdverbs:formsAdverbs:functionsAdverbs:typesComparison:adverbs(worse,moreeasily)FairlyIntensifiers(very,atall)LargelyMuch,alot,lots,agooddeal:adverbsPrettyQuiteRatherReallyScarcelyVeryAboutAgoAlreadyAlwaysEarlyEverHardlyever,rarely,scarcely,seldomNextNolonger,notanylongerNomore,notanymoreNowOftenOnceSoonStillThenUsuallyEventuallyAdverbsasdiscoursemarkers(anyway,finally)Adverbsasshortresponses(definitely,certainly)AfraidAlikeHardLongOnlySame,similar,identicalLikelyandunlikelyAswell(as)EvenHardlyHopefullySurelyTooUltimatelyAboveorover?Across,overorthrough?Adviceoradvise?Affectoreffect?Allorevery?Allorwhole?Allow,permitorlet?Almostornearly?Alone,lonely,orlonesome?Alongoralongside?Already,stilloryet?Also,aswellortoo?Alternate(ly),alternative(ly)Althoughorthough?Altogetheroralltogether?Amountof,numberoforquantityof?Anymoreoranymore?Anyone,anybodyoranything?Apartfromorexceptfor?Ariseorrise?Aroundorround?Arouseorrouse?Asorlike?As,becauseorsince?As,whenorwhile?Beenorgone?Beginorstart?Besideorbesides?Betweenoramong?Bornorborne?Bring,takeandfetchCan,couldormay?Classicorclassical?Comeorgo?Considerorregard?Consist,compriseorcompose?Contentorcontents?Differentfrom,differenttoordifferentthan?Doormake?Down,downwardsordownward?Duringorfor?Eachorevery?Eastoreastern;northornorthern?Economicoreconomical?Efficientoreffective?Elder,eldestorolder,oldest?Endorfinish?Especiallyorspecially?Exceptorexceptfor?Expect,hopeorwait?Experienceorexperiment?Fallorfalldown?Faroralongway?Farther,farthestorfurther,furthest?Fast,quickorquickly?Fellorfelt?Femaleorfeminine;maleormasculine?Finally,atlast,lastlyorintheend?First,firstlyoratfirst?Fitorsuit?Followingorthefollowing?Fororsince?Forgetorleave?Fullorfilled?Funorfunny?Getorgo?Gratefulorthankful?Hearorlisten(to)?Highortall?Historicorhistorical?Houseorhome?Howis…?orWhatis…like?Iforwhen?Iforwhether?Illorsick?Implyorinfer?Inthewayorontheway?It’sorits?Lateorlately?Layorlie?Lendorborrow?Lessorfewer?Lookat,seeorwatch?Loworshort?Man,mankindorpeople?Maybeormaybe?Maybeorperhaps?Nearestornext?Neverornot…ever?Niceorsympathetic?Nodoubtorwithoutdoubt?Noornot?Nowadays,thesedaysortoday?Openoropened?Opportunityorpossibility?Oppositeorinfrontof?Other,others,theotheroranother?Outoroutof?Permitorpermission?Person,personsorpeople?Pickorpickup?Playorgame?Politics,political,politicianorpolicy?Priceorprize?Principalorprinciple?Quietorquite?Raiseorrise?Rememberorremind?Rightorrightly?Roborsteal?Sayortell?Sothatorinorderthat?Sometimesorsometime?Soundornoise?Speakortalk?Suchorso?There,theirorthey’re?Towardsortoward?Waitorwaitfor?Wake,wakeuporawaken?Worthorworthwhile?A/anandtheDeterminers(the,my,some,this)DeterminersandtypesofnounDeterminers:positionandorderDeterminers:typicalerrorsDeterminersusedaspronounsEveryPossession(John’scar,afriendofmine)SuchThis,that,these,thoseWholeNounsNouns:formNounsandprepositionsNouns:compoundnounsNouns:countableanduncountableNouns:formingnounsfromotherwordsNouns:singularandpluralAccommodationEquipmentFurnitureInformationLuckandluckyNewsProgressWeatherNounphrases:dependentwordsNounphrases:orderNounphrases:usesNounphrases:nounphrasesandverbsNounphrases:twonounphrasestogetherPronounsEachother,oneanotherEveryone,everybody,everything,everywhereItGenderNoone,nobody,nothing,nowhereOneOneandone’sPronouns:personal(I,me,you,him,it,they,etc.)Pronouns:possessive(my,mine,your,yours,etc.)Pronouns:reflexive(myself,themselves,etc.)Pronouns:indefinite(-body,-one,-thing,-where)Pronouns:one,you,we,theyRelativepronounsQuestions:interrogativepronouns(what,who)Someone,somebody,something,somewhereThatAbitAllAnyBothEitherEnoughLeast,theleast,atleastLessLittle,alittle,few,afewLots,alot,plentyManyMoreMost,themost,mostlyMuch,many,alotof,lotsof:quantifiersNo,noneandnoneofPlentySomeSomeandanyHowWhatWhenWhereWhichWho,whomWhoseWhyPiecewordsandgroupwordsComparison:nouns(moremoney,themostpoints)NounsandgenderReportedspeech:reportingnounsAgeHalfHolidayandholidaysMindOpinionPromiseReasonSort,typeandkindThingandstuffViewWayWork(noun)PrepositionsPrepositionalphrasesAboveAfter,afterwardsAgainstAmongandamongstAsAtAt,inandto(movement)At,onandin(place)At,onandin(time)BelowBeneathBeyondByDuringForFor+-ingFromInfrontofInspiteofanddespiteIn,intoNearandneartoOfOn,ontoOverToUnderUntilWithWithinWithoutCollocationCommandsandinstructionsCommentariesInvitationsOffersRequestsGreetingsandfarewells:hello,goodbye,HappyNewYearSuggestionsTelephoningWarningsDatesMeasurementsNumberTimeGeographicalplacesNamesandtitles:addressingpeopleNationalities,languages,countriesandregionsPlacenamesAbroadAwayandawayfromBackInsideNearbyOutsideUpPolitenessReportedspeechReportedspeech:directspeechReportedspeech:indirectspeechSexistlanguagePronunciationIntonationPolitenessInterjections(ouch,hooray)TagsChunksEllipsisHeadersandtailsHyperboleVagueexpressionsDowntonersHedges(just)SubstitutionAllrightandalrightPleaseandthankyouHereandthereJustKindofandsortofOhSoandnotwithexpect,hope,think,etc.SoYesAnywayDiscoursemarkers(so,right,okay)InfactOkay,OKWellYouknowYouseeBritishandAmericanEnglishDialectDoublenegativesandusageFormalandinformallanguageNewspaperheadlinesRegisterSlangStandardandnon-standardlanguageSwearingandtabooexpressionsAccordingtoActualandactuallyApproximations(aroundfouro’clock)AtallElseHearthat,seethatHowever,whatever,whichever,whenever,wherever,whoeverIt’stimeMayaswellandmightaswellMoreorlessOfcoursePointofviewApostrophe(’)AppositionContractionsContrastsDetachedimpersonalstyleInternetdiscourseandtextmessagesIt,thisandthatinparagraphsParagraphsPunctuationSpeechintowritingSpellingSuchasPastsimple(Iworked)Pastcontinuous(Iwasworking)Pastcontinuousorpastsimple?Pastsimpleorpresentperfect?UsedtoPastperfectsimple(Ihadworked)Pastperfectcontinuous(Ihadbeenworking)Pastperfectsimpleorpastperfectcontinuous?Pastperfectsimpleorpastsimple?PastverbformsreferringtothepresentPast:typicalerrorsPresentcontinuous(Iamworking)Presentperfectcontinuous(Ihavebeenworking)Presentperfectsimple(Ihaveworked)Presentperfectsimpleorpresentperfectcontinuous?Presentperfect:typicalerrorsPresentsimple(Iwork)Presentsimpleorpresentcontinuous?Present:typicalerrorsPresentverbformsreferringtothepastFuture:willandshallFuture:begoingto(Iamgoingtowork)Future:otherexpressionstotalkaboutthefutureFuturecontinuous(Iwillbeworking)FutureinthepastFutureperfectcontinuous(Iwillhavebeenworkingheretenyears)Futureperfectsimple(Iwillhaveworkedeighthours)Future:presentcontinuoustotalkaboutthefuture(I’mworkingtomorrow)Future:presentsimpletotalkaboutthefuture(Iworktomorrow)Future:typicalerrorsGoingtoFiniteandnon-finiteverbsImperativeclauses(Bequiet!)InfinitiveswithandwithouttoInfinitive:activeorpassive?Perfectinfinitivewithto(tohaveworked)Verbs:basicformsVerbs:formationHate,like,loveandpreferHear,see,etc.+object+infinitiveor-ingHelpsomebody(to)doLookforwardtoStop+-ingformorto-infinitiveVerbpatterns:verb+infinitiveorverb+-ing?Verbpatterns:verb+that-clauseVerbpatterns:withandwithoutobjectsWouldlikeWouldrather,wouldsoonerPhrasalverbsandmulti-wordverbsGetpassiveHavesomethingdonePassive:formsPassiveswithandwithoutanagentPassive:usesPassive:otherformsPassive:typicalerrorsCanCouldCould,mayandmightDareHadbetterMayMightModality:formsModality:meaningsandusesModality:tenseModality:otherverbsModality:othermodalwordsandexpressionsMustNeedOughttoShallShouldWillWouldConditionalsConditionals:ifConditionals:otherexpressions(unless,should,aslongas)Conditionals:typicalerrorsIfonlyIncase(of)Suppose,supposingandwhatifWishVerbs:typesVerbphrasesVerbsandverbphrases:typicalerrorsAppearAskandaskforBeBeexpressions(beableto,bedueto)ComeDoEnableEnjoyExplainGetGoHappenHaveHavegotandhaveHopeKnowLet,let’sLikeLookMadefrom,madeof,madeoutof,madewithMakeMarryanddivorceMatterMeanMissPreferPutSeeSeemSuggestTakeThinkWantTableofirregularverbsWordclassesandphraseclassesWordformationPrefixesSuffixesCompoundsAbbreviations,initialsandacronyms-ishand-yDiminutives(-let,-yandmini-)HyphensWordorderandfocusWordorder:structuresCleftsentences(ItwasinJunewegotmarried.)FrontingInversionNosoonerNotonly…butalsoAndAsifandasthoughAslongasandsolongasBecause,becauseofandcos,cosofBeforeButConjunctionsConjunctions:addingConjunctions:causes,reasons,resultsandpurposeConjunctions:contrastingConjunctions:timeEither…or…IfInordertoOrSinceUnlessWhereasWhetherWhileandwhilstYetAdjunctsClausesClauses:finiteandnon-finiteClausetypesComplementsDummysubjectsExclamationsHeadsObjectsSentencesSubjectsSubjectcomplementsSubject–verbagreementRelativeclausesRelativeclausesreferringtoawholesentenceRelativeclauses:definingandnon-definingRelativeclauses:typicalerrorsNeither,neither…norandnot…eitherNotNeither,neither…norandnot…eitherNotFormingnegativestatements,questionsandimperativesNegation:twonegativesNegativeclauseswithany,anybody,anyone,anything,anywhereNegationinnon-finiteclausesNegativeprefixesandsuffixesNegativeadverbs:hardly,seldom,etc.Negation:emphasisingNegationofthink,believe,suppose,hopeQuestions:alternativequestions(Isitblackorgrey?)Questions:statementquestions(you’reover18?)Questions:two-stepquestionsQuestions:typicalerrorsQuestions:wh-questionsQuestions:yes-noquestions(Areyoufeelingcold?)Questions:follow-upquestionsQuestions:echoandcheckingquestionsQuestions:shortforms
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