Posner cueing task - Wikipedia

The Posner cueing task, also known as the Posner paradigm, is a neuropsychological test often used to assess attention. Formulated by Michael Posner, ... Posnercueingtask FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch PosnercueingtaskPurposeassessfocalbraininjury ThePosnercueingtask,alsoknownasthePosnerparadigm,isaneuropsychologicaltestoftenusedtoassessattention.FormulatedbyMichaelPosner,[1]itassessesaperson'sabilitytoperformanattentionalshift.Ithasbeenusedandmodifiedtoassessdisorders,focalbraininjury,andtheeffectsofbothonspatialattention. Contents 1Method 1.1Cues 1.2Validandinvalidtrials 1.3Overtandcovertattention 1.4Stimulusonsetasynchronies 2Experimentalfindings 3References Method[edit] Posner'sspatialcueingtaskhasbeenusedtomeasuremanualandeye-movementreactiontimestotargetstimuliinordertoinvestigatetheeffectsofcovertorientingofattentioninresponsetodifferentcueconditions. Inthegeneralparadigm,observersareseatedinfrontofacomputerscreenateyelevel,andinstructedtofixateatacentralpointonthescreen,markedbyadotorcross.Totheleftandrightofthepointaretwoboxes.Forabriefperiod,acueispresentedonthescreen.Followingabriefintervalafterthecueisremoved,atargetstimulus,usuallyashape,appearsineithertheleftorrightbox.Theobservermustrespondtothetargetimmediatelyafterdetectingit.Tomeasurereactiontime(RT),aresponsemechanismisplacedinfrontoftheobserver,usuallyacomputerkeyboardwhichispressedupondetectionofatarget.Followingasetinter-trialinterval,usuallybetween2500and5000ms,theentireparadigmisrepeatedforasetnumberoftrialspredeterminedbytheexperimenter.Theparadigmappearstobeveryeffectiveinrecastingattentionalallocation.[2] EndogenousandexogenouscuesinthePosnerParadigm. Cues[edit] Twomajorcuetypesareusedtoanalyzeattentionbasedonthetypeofvisualinput.Anendogenouscueispresentedinthecenterofthescreen,usuallyatthesameplaceasthecenteroffocus.Itisanarroworotherdirectionalcuepointingtotheleftorrightboxonthescreen.Thiscuereliesoninputfromthecentralvisualfield.Anexogenouscueispresentedoutsidethecenteroffocus,usuallyhighlightingtheleftorrightbox.Anexogenouscuecanalsobeanobjectorimageintheperiphery,anumberofdegreesawayfromthecentre,butstillwithinthevisualangle.Thiscuereliesonvisualinputfromtheperipheralvisualfield. Validandinvalidtrials[edit] Posnerdevisedaschemeofusingvalidandinvalidcuesacrosstrials.Invalidtrials,thestimulusispresentedintheareaasindicatedbythecue.Forexample,ifthecuewasanarrowpointingtotheright,thesubsequentstimulusindeeddidappearintheboxontheright.Conversely,ininvalidtrials,thestimulusispresentedonthesideoppositetothatindicatedbythecue.Inthiscase,thearrowpointedtotheright(directingattentiontotheright),butthestimulusinfactappearedintheboxontheleft.Posnerusedaratioof80%validtrialsand20%invalidtrialsinhisoriginalstudies.[1]Theobserverlearnsthatusuallythecueisvalid,reinforcingthetendencytodirectattentiontothecuedside.Sometrialsdonotpresentcuespriortopresentingthetarget.Theseareconsideredneutraltrials.Sometasksuseneutraltrialsthatdopresentcues.Theseneutralcuesgivetheparticipantanideaastowhenthetargetwillappear,butdonotgiveanyindicationofwhichsideitislikelytoappearon.Forexample,aneutralcuecouldbeadouble-sidedarrow.[3]Thecomparisonofperformanceonneutral,invalid,andvalidtrialsallowsfortheanalysisofwhethercuesdirectattentiontoaparticularareaandbenefitorhinderattentionalperformance.Sincetheparticipantisnotallowedtomovetheireyesinresponsetothecue,butremainfixatedonthecentreofthescreen,differencesinreactiontimebetweentargetstimuliprecededbythesethreecueconditionsindicatesthatcovertorientingofattentionhasbeenemployed.[3] Overtandcovertattention[edit] Insomestudiesusingthisparadigm,eyemovementsaretrackedwitheithervideo-basedeyetrackingsystemsorelectricpotentialsrecordedfromelectrodespositionedaroundtheeye,aprocesscalledelectrooculography(EOG).Thismethodisusedtodifferentiateovertandcovertattention.Overtattentioninvolvesdirectedeyemovements,knownassaccades,toconsciouslyfocustheeyeonatargetstimulus.Covertattentioninvolvesmentalfocusorattentiontoanobjectwithoutsignificanteyemovement,andisthepredominantareaofinterestwhenusingthePosnercueingtaskforresearch. Bymaking80%trialsvalidand20%trialsinvalid,Posnerencouragescovertshiftsofattentiontotakeplaceinresponsetocueing.Theratiomakesitbeneficialforaparticipanttocovertlyshiftattentiontowardsthecuedlocation,asitwouldbeanaccuratepredictorforthemajorityofthetime,givingrisetoquickertargetdetectionandresponse.[3] Whenweattendtoalocation,evenwithoutdirectlylookingatit,itfacilitatesprocessinganddecreasesthetimeweneedtorespondtoinformationoccurringinthatgivenspace.ThisresultsindecreasedreactiontimesinPosner'sspatialcueingtaskforvalidlycuedtargets,[3]andslowerreactiontimesinresponsetoinvalidlycuedtargets:"Detectionlatenciesarereducedwhensubjectsreceiveacuethatindicateswhereinthevisualfieldthesignalwilloccur"(Posner,Snyder&Davidson,1980).[4] Covertshiftsofattentiondonotonlydecreasereactiontime.Theyalsoresultinmoreintenseprocessingofstimuli,[5]andincreasetheprobabilityofanindividualdetectinganear-thresholdeventoccurringintheperiphery(suchasaslightlightingupofaboxintheperiphery,thatmaynothavebeennoticedhadattentionbeenelsewhere).[2] Stimulusonsetasynchronies[edit] Thetimeintervalinbetweentheonsetofthecueandtheonsetofthetargetisdefinedasthestimulusonsetasynchrony(SOA).Previousstudiesusingthisspatialcueingtaskfoundthatinadditiontocuevalidity,behaviouralreactionswerealsoaffectedbySOA.TheeffectoftheSOAvariesdependingonwhetheracentralorperipheralcueisused.[6] Experimentalfindings[edit] VariationsofthePosnercueingtaskhavebeenusedinmanystudiestoassesstheeffectoffocaldamageordisordersonattentionalabilityaswellastobetterunderstandspatialattentioninhealthypeople.ThefollowingfindingsareonlyafewofthemanyresultsthathavebeenestablishedthroughtheuseofthePosnercueingtask: Attentionalshifttoatargetareaoccurspriortoanyeyemovement[1] Spatialattentionisnotcompletelyreliantonconsciousvisualinput[1] Therearethreementaloperationsthatoccurduringcovertorienting:disengagementofcurrentfocus,movementtoselectedtarget,andengagementofselectedtarget[7] InjurytoareasofthemidbrainandParkinson'sdiseaseaffectorientingabilityindirectionsinwhicheyemovementsareimpaired[7][8] Parietallobedamageaffectstheabilitytoorientanddetecttargetsfrominvalidtrials(wheretargetsarepresentedontheoppositesitethatisdirectedbythecue)[7] Childrenwithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderhaveslowerreactiontimesinbothvalidandinvalidtrialsthandotypicallydevelopingchildren,especiallytotargetspresentedintheleftvisualfield.Liketypicallydevelopingchildrenhowever,theyperformedbetteronvalidtrialsthaninvalidtrials.[9] Itismostlyheldthatendogenousandexogenousvisualspatialattentionaresubservedbystronglyinteracting,yetseparableneuralnetworks,[10][11][12][13][14]althoughsomeresearcherssuggestthatexogenousandendogenousattentionshiftsaremediatedbythesamefronto-parietalnetwork,consistingofthepremotorcortex,posteriorparietalcortex,medialfrontalcortexandrightinferiorfrontalcortex.[15] Cuedattentionisaffectedbyage:olderobserversshowlongerengagementanddelayeddisengagementfromcuescomparedtoyoungerobservers,whoshowincreasedabilityinattentionalshiftinganddisengagementrelativetoolderobservers.[16] Reorientationofattentiontoobjectsina3Dspaceisrelatedtoproximityandunexpectedness[17] References[edit] ^abcdPosner,M.I.(1980)."Orientingofattention".QuarterlyJournalofExperimentalPsychology.32(1):3–25.doi:10.1080/00335558008248231.PMID 7367577. ^abBashinskiHS,BacharachVR(1980).Enhancementofperceptualsensitivityastheresultofselectivelyattendingtospatiallocations.Perception&Psychophysics,28(3):241-248. ^abcdPosnerMI,NissenMJ,OgdenWC(1978).Attendedandunattendedprocessingmodes:theroleofsetforspatiallocation.InH.L.PickandE.J.Saltzman(Eds.),ModesofPerceivingandProcessingInformation(pp.137-157).Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum. ^PosnerMI,SnyderCR,DavidsonBJ(1980).Attentionandthedetectionofsignals.JournalofExperimentalPsychology,109(2):160-174. ^PrinzmetalW,McCoolC,ParkS(2005).Attention:Reactiontimeandaccuracyrevealdifferentmechanisms.JournalofExperimentalPsychology-General,134(1):73-91. ^PosnerMI,CohenY(1984).Componentsofvisualorienting.InH.Bouma&D.G. Bouwhuis(Eds.),AttentionandPerformanceX:Controloflanguageprocesses(pp.531-556). Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum. ^abcPosner,M.I.;Walker,J.A.;Friedrich,F.J.;Rafal,R.D.(1984)."Effectsofparietalinjuryoncovertorientingofattention".TheJournalofNeuroscience.4(7):1863–1874.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-07-01863.1984.PMC 6564871.PMID 6737043. ^Mari,M.;Bennett,K.M.;Scarpa,M.;Brighetti,G.;Castiello,U.(1997)."ProcessingefficiencyoftheorientingandthefocusingofcovertattentioninrelationtothelevelofdisabilityinParkinson'sdisease".Parkinsonism&RelatedDisorders.3(1):27–36.doi:10.1016/s1353-8020(96)00036-3.PMID 18591051. ^McDonald,S.;Bennett,K.M.;Chambers,H.;Castiello,U.(1999)."Covertorientingandfocusingofattentioninchildrenwithattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder".Neuropsychologia.37(3):345–356.doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00078-5.PMID 10199647. ^Corbetta,M.,Shulman,G.L.,2002.Controlofgoal-directedandstimulus-drivenattentioninthebrain.NatureReviewsNeuroscience3,201-215. ^Chica,A.B.,Bartolomeo,P.,Lupiáñez,J.,2013.Twocognitiveandneuralsystemsforendogenousandexogenousspatialattention.BehaviouralBrainResearch237,107-123. ^Hahn,B.,Ross,T.J.,Stein,E.A.,2006.Neuroanatomicaldissociationbetweenbottom-upandtop-downprocessesofvisuospatialselectiveattention.Neuroimage32,842-853. ^Hopfinger,J.B.,West,V.M.,2006.Interactionsbetweenendogenousandexogenousattentiononcorticalvisualprocessing.Neuroimage31,774-789. ^Kincade,J.M.,Abrams,R.A.,Astafiev,S.V.,Shulman,G.L.,Corbetta,M.,2005.Anevent-relatedfunctionalmagneticresonanceimagingstudyofvoluntaryandstimulus-drivenorientingofattention.JNeurosci25,4593-4604. ^Peelen,M.V.;Heslenfeld,D.J.;Theeuwes,J.(2004)."Endogenousandexogenousattentionshiftsaremediatedbythesamelarge-scaleneuralnetwork".NeuroImage.22(2):822–830.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.59.5946.doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.044.PMID 15193611. ^Langley,L.K.;Friesen,C.K.;Saville,A.L.;Ciernia,A.T.(2011)."Timingofreflexivevisuospatialorientinginyoung,young-old,andold-oldadults".Attention,Perception,&Psychophysics.73(5):1546–1561.doi:10.3758/s13414-011-0108-8.PMC 3387807.PMID 21394555. ^Chen,Q.;Weidner,R.;Vossel,S.;Weiss,P.H.;Fink,G.R.(2012)."NeuralMechanismsofAttentionalReorientinginThree-DimensionalSpace".JournalofNeuroscience.32(39):13352–13362.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1772-12.2012.PMC 6621370.PMID 23015426. vteNeuropsychologicaltestsBattery Cognistat Halstead-ReitanNeuropsychologicalBattery Luria-Nebraskaneuropsychologicalbattery MontrealCognitiveAssessment RepeatableBatteryfortheAssessmentofNeuropsychologicalStatus Arousal/Attention ContinuousPerformanceTask D2TestofAttention Fourboxestest GalvestonOrientationandAmnesiaTest Morningness-eveningnessquestionnaire PacedAuditorySerialAdditionTest Posnercueingtask Testofeverydayattention TestofVariablesofAttention Sensation/Perception Bender-GestaltTest BentonVisualRetentionTest Dotcancellationtest JudgmentofLineOrientation Navonfigure Rey–Osterriethcomplexfigure Memory 1-2-AXworkingmemorytask CaliforniaVerbalLearningTest Corsiblock-tappingtest Digitsymbolsubstitutiontest DoorsandPeople MCIScreen WechslerMemoryScale Language BostonDiagnosticAphasiaExamination BostonNamingTest ComprehensiveAphasiaTest ControlledOralWordAssociationTest ThurstoneWordFluencyTest Motor Compensatorytrackingtask PurduePegboardTest Problem-solving Delis–KaplanExecutiveFunctionSystem HaylingandBrixtontests TowerofLondontest TrailMakingTest WisconsinCardSortingTest Sleep EpworthSleepinessScale Specificimpairments BritishColumbiaPostconcussionSymptomInventory ClinicalDementiaRating DigitCancellationTest DisabilityRatingScale FloridaCognitiveActivitiesScale GlasgowComaScale GlasgowOutcomeScale PediatricAttentionDisordersDiagnosticScreener Rivermeadpost-concussionsymptomsquestionnaire Intelligence NationalAdultReadingTest WechslerAdultIntelligenceScale WechslerIntelligenceScaleforChildren WechslerPreschoolandPrimaryScaleofIntelligence WechslerTestofAdultReading Bed-side Abbreviatedmentaltestscore Addenbrooke'sCognitiveExamination GeneralPractitionerAssessmentOfCognition Mini–MentalStateExamination SocialVinelandAdaptiveBehaviorScaleMalingeringTestofMemoryMalingering Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posner_cueing_task&oldid=1043077974" Categories:NeuropsychologicaltestsNeuropsychologyAttention Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages DeutschEspañolMagyarPortuguês Editlinks